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plebeian | A Wisdom Archive on plebeian | | plebeian A selection of articles related to plebeian | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO plebeian | | | |  plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Roman Emperor - The lineages and epochsIn the listings of Roman Emperors below, the common name is given first, followed by the more formal name adopted upon accession to the purple, the name given at birth, and the years of his reign. So-called victory titles and other titles not forming an integral part of the name (Pontifex Maximus, Princeps Senatus, Pater Patriae, &c.) are not listed. Co-Emperors are listed in inferior text, along with notes identifying senior Emperors who had hitherto served as co-Emperors. Following abbreviations are used:
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See also:Roman Emperor, Roman Emperor - Overview, Roman Emperor - The first Roman Emperor, Roman Emperor - The Fall of the West, Roman Emperor - Eastern lineage, Roman Emperor - New Western lineage, Roman Emperor - Titles and Positions, Roman Emperor - Powers, Roman Emperor - The lineages and epochs, Roman Emperor - The Principate, Roman Emperor - The Crisis of the Third Century, Roman Emperor - The Dominate, Roman Emperor - The Late Empire Read more here: » Roman Emperor: Encyclopedia II - Roman Emperor - The lineages and epochs |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Pope Damasus I - Early life Damasus was the son of Antonius, a priest at the Church of San Lorenzo in Rome. The name of his mother, Laurentia, was not known until the beginning of the 21st century. Damasus was raised in service of the Church.
During Damasus' early years, Constantine I rose to rule first the Western Roman Empire, presiding over the Edict of Milan (313 AD) and winning religious freedom for Christians in all parts of the Roman Empire. A crisis precipitated by the rejection of religious freedom by Licinius, Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, in fa ...
See also:Pope Damasus I, Pope Damasus I - Early life, Pope Damasus I - Rise in the Church, Pope Damasus I - The succession crisis, Pope Damasus I - Allegations of immorality, Pope Damasus I - Association with Jerome Defending the Church against schism, Pope Damasus I - Associates Roman glory with Christianity, Pope Damasus I - Emperor Gratian, Pope Damasus I - Church of Saint Laurence, Pope Damasus I - Primacy of the Roman Church, Pope Damasus I - Letters of Jerome to Damasus, Pope Damasus I - Bibliography Read more here: » Pope Damasus I: Encyclopedia II - Pope Damasus I - Early life |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Pope Damasus I - Allegations of immorality Many in both pagan and Christian society saw in Damasus a man whose worldly ambitions outweighed his pastoral concerns. His entertainments were infamous for their lavishness. Praetextatus, a wealthy aristocrat and a high priest in the cults of numerous gods, reportedly joked to Damasus, "Make me bishop of Rome and I will become a Christian". Some of his critics called him "the ladies' ear-tickler."
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, "An accusation of adultery was laid against him (378) in the imperial court, but he was exonerated ...
See also:Pope Damasus I, Pope Damasus I - Early life, Pope Damasus I - Rise in the Church, Pope Damasus I - The succession crisis, Pope Damasus I - Allegations of immorality, Pope Damasus I - Association with Jerome Defending the Church against schism, Pope Damasus I - Associates Roman glory with Christianity, Pope Damasus I - Emperor Gratian, Pope Damasus I - Church of Saint Laurence, Pope Damasus I - Primacy of the Roman Church, Pope Damasus I - Letters of Jerome to Damasus, Pope Damasus I - Bibliography Read more here: » Pope Damasus I: Encyclopedia II - Pope Damasus I - Allegations of immorality |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Pope Damasus I - Association with Jerome Defending the Church against schism Damasus I was active in defending the Roman Church against the threat of schisms. In two Roman synods (368 and 369) he condemned Apollinarianism and Macedonianism, and sent legates to the Council of Constantinople that was convoked in 381 to address these heresies.
Damasus appointed Church historian Jerome, whom he appointed his confidential secretary. In Jerome's letter of 409 (letter cxx.10 [4]), he remarks, "A great many years ago when I was helping Damasus, bishop of Rome with his ecclesiastical correspondence, and writing his ans ...
See also:Pope Damasus I, Pope Damasus I - Early life, Pope Damasus I - Rise in the Church, Pope Damasus I - The succession crisis, Pope Damasus I - Allegations of immorality, Pope Damasus I - Association with Jerome Defending the Church against schism, Pope Damasus I - Associates Roman glory with Christianity, Pope Damasus I - Emperor Gratian, Pope Damasus I - Church of Saint Laurence, Pope Damasus I - Primacy of the Roman Church, Pope Damasus I - Letters of Jerome to Damasus, Pope Damasus I - Bibliography Read more here: » Pope Damasus I: Encyclopedia II - Pope Damasus I - Association with Jerome Defending the Church against schism |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Roman Emperor - Titles and Positions Although these are the commonest offices, titles, and positions, one should note that not all Roman Emperors used them, nor were all of them used at the same time. The consular and censorial offices especially were not an integral part of the Imperial dignity, and were usually held by persons other than the reigning Emperor.
Augustus (also "Αὔγουστος" or "Σεβαστός"), "Majestic" or "Venerable"; an ho ...
See also:Roman Emperor, Roman Emperor - Overview, Roman Emperor - The first Roman Emperor, Roman Emperor - The Fall of the West, Roman Emperor - Eastern lineage, Roman Emperor - New Western lineage, Roman Emperor - Titles and Positions, Roman Emperor - Powers, Roman Emperor - The lineages and epochs, Roman Emperor - The Principate, Roman Emperor - The Crisis of the Third Century, Roman Emperor - The Dominate, Roman Emperor - The Late Empire Read more here: » Roman Emperor: Encyclopedia II - Roman Emperor - Titles and Positions |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Marcus Licinius Crassus - Legacy Crassus' death is important for a number of reasons. While one of the most successful businessmen in Roman history, he still hungered for the military glory of his colleagues, Caesar and Pompey. Instead, he would be remembered as the man responsible for one of Rome's greatest military disasters. More significantly, his death severed the bonds between Pompey and Caesar, already strained by the death of Pompey's wife, and Caesar's daughter, Julia, in 54 BC. It is possible that civil war would have resulted if Crassus had ...
See also:Marcus Licinius Crassus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Early Life, Marcus Licinius Crassus - The Revolt of Spartacus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Consulship and the First Triumvirate, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Disaster in Parthia, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Legacy, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Chronology, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Derivatives, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Notes Read more here: » Marcus Licinius Crassus: Encyclopedia II - Marcus Licinius Crassus - Legacy |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Marcus Licinius Crassus - The Revolt of Spartacus Crassus had worked his way up to serving as praetor when the revolt of Spartacus and other ex-gladiators flamed into a general slave insurrection, an event that gave Crassus his greatest success in a career which longed for - but did not achieve - military glory. Rome had initially sent a praetor, Titus Glaber, against the growing hordes of gladiators, escaped slaves and camp followers holed up with Spartacus near Mt. Vesuvius. To Rome's dismay and surprise, Spartacus's despised slave army quickly routed the soldiers and went on to defeat tw ...
See also:Marcus Licinius Crassus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Early Life, Marcus Licinius Crassus - The Revolt of Spartacus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Consulship and the First Triumvirate, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Disaster in Parthia, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Legacy, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Chronology, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Derivatives, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Notes Read more here: » Marcus Licinius Crassus: Encyclopedia II - Marcus Licinius Crassus - The Revolt of Spartacus |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Marcus Licinius Crassus - Consulship and the First Triumvirate Because of their work in the slave rebellion, the two men overcame their differences, ran for, and were elected to, the consulship, in 70 BC. Pompey was returned as Senior Consul, Crassus as Junior. They then set about dismantling some of the most significant reforms instituted by their one-time patron, Sulla. Although Sulla's administrative reforms were largely retained, the two men returned the powers formerly belonging to the Tribunes of the Plebs, including the venerated, and increasingly anarchic, power of the tribunician veto. Unfortun ...
See also:Marcus Licinius Crassus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Early Life, Marcus Licinius Crassus - The Revolt of Spartacus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Consulship and the First Triumvirate, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Disaster in Parthia, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Legacy, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Chronology, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Derivatives, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Notes Read more here: » Marcus Licinius Crassus: Encyclopedia II - Marcus Licinius Crassus - Consulship and the First Triumvirate |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Marcus Licinius Crassus - Disaster in Parthia In an attempt to counter Caesar’s and Pompey’s growing fame and power, Crassus had intended to use Syria as a base for operations against the Parthian Empire, something which aroused considerable opposition since Parthia had never done the Romans any harm. When Crassus crossed the Euphrates into Mesopotamia, many cities with Greek populations came over to his side. He garrisoned them and then withdrew back to Syria for the winter. There he waited for his son ...
See also:Marcus Licinius Crassus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Early Life, Marcus Licinius Crassus - The Revolt of Spartacus, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Consulship and the First Triumvirate, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Disaster in Parthia, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Legacy, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Chronology, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Derivatives, Marcus Licinius Crassus - Notes Read more here: » Marcus Licinius Crassus: Encyclopedia II - Marcus Licinius Crassus - Disaster in Parthia |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Pope Damasus I - Associates Roman glory with Christianity Damasus also contributed greatly to the liturgical and aesthetic enrichment of the city churches. He employed a calligrapher, one Dionysius Philocalus, to adorn the shrines of martyrs and Roman bishops with epigrams.
These ceremonial embellishments and the emphasis on the Roman legacy of Peter and Paul amounted to a general claim to the Roman upper classes that the real glory of Rome was Christian and not pagan. All this made it more socially acceptable for the upper classes to convert to Christianity. Often, the women of the family w ...
See also:Pope Damasus I, Pope Damasus I - Early life, Pope Damasus I - Rise in the Church, Pope Damasus I - The succession crisis, Pope Damasus I - Allegations of immorality, Pope Damasus I - Association with Jerome Defending the Church against schism, Pope Damasus I - Associates Roman glory with Christianity, Pope Damasus I - Emperor Gratian, Pope Damasus I - Church of Saint Laurence, Pope Damasus I - Primacy of the Roman Church, Pope Damasus I - Letters of Jerome to Damasus, Pope Damasus I - Bibliography Read more here: » Pope Damasus I: Encyclopedia II - Pope Damasus I - Associates Roman glory with Christianity |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Pope Damasus I - Church of Saint Laurence According to legend, Laurence was slowly roasted to death on a grill, or gridiron, near the field of Verano in Rome; later, the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura ("St Lawrence outside the walls") was built to occupy the site.
After his martyrdom, Saint Laurence was buried in the Via Tiburtina in the Catacomb of Cyriaca by Hippolytus and Justinus, a presbyter. Constantine the Great is said to have built a small oratory in honour of the martyr. Pope Damasus rebuilt or repaired the church, which by the 7th century was a sta ...
See also:Pope Damasus I, Pope Damasus I - Early life, Pope Damasus I - Rise in the Church, Pope Damasus I - The succession crisis, Pope Damasus I - Allegations of immorality, Pope Damasus I - Association with Jerome Defending the Church against schism, Pope Damasus I - Associates Roman glory with Christianity, Pope Damasus I - Emperor Gratian, Pope Damasus I - Church of Saint Laurence, Pope Damasus I - Primacy of the Roman Church, Pope Damasus I - Letters of Jerome to Damasus, Pope Damasus I - Bibliography Read more here: » Pope Damasus I: Encyclopedia II - Pope Damasus I - Church of Saint Laurence |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Liberalism - Contemporary liberalism
Liberalism - A general overview of political positions.
The word liberalism is today used differently in various countries. (See Liberalism worldwide.) One of the greatest contrasts is between the usage in the United States and usage in Continental Europe. In the US, liberalism is usually contrasted with conservatism, and American liberals support broader tolerance and more readily embrace multiculturalism and positive discrimination. In Europe, on the other hand, liberalism is not only contrasted w ...
See also:Liberalism, Liberalism - The nature and origins of liberalism: an overview, Liberalism - Etymology and historical usage, Liberalism - Trends within liberalism, Liberalism - Comparative influences, Liberalism - Development of liberal thought, Liberalism - Origins of liberal thought, Liberalism - Revolutionary liberalism, Liberalism - Disputes within liberalism, Liberalism - Liberalism and the great depression, Liberalism - Liberalism against totalitarianism, Liberalism - Liberalism after World War II, Liberalism - The impact of liberalism in the modern world, Liberalism - Contemporary liberalism, Liberalism - A general overview of political positions, Liberalism - Political deviances, Liberalism - Comparative critiques, Liberalism - Liberal conservatism, Liberalism - Neoliberalism, Liberalism - Further reading on liberalism Read more here: » Liberalism: Encyclopedia II - Liberalism - Contemporary liberalism |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Causes of the French Revolution - Absolutism and privilege France in 1789 was, at least in theory, an absolute monarchy, an increasingly unpopular form of government at the time. In practice, the king's ability to act on his theoretically absolute power was hemmed in by the (equally resented) power and prerogatives of the nobility and the clergy, the remnants of feudalism. Similarly, the peasants covetously eyed the relatively greater prerogatives of the townspeople.
The large and growing middle class — and some of the nobility and of the working class — had absorbed the ideology of equal ...
See also:Causes of the French Revolution, Causes of the French Revolution - Absolutism and privilege, Causes of the French Revolution - Economics, Causes of the French Revolution - Debt, Causes of the French Revolution - Taxation, Causes of the French Revolution - Attempts at reforms, Causes of the French Revolution - The nobility's reaction, Causes of the French Revolution - Famine Read more here: » Causes of the French Revolution: Encyclopedia II - Causes of the French Revolution - Absolutism and privilege |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Sallust - His life After an ill-spent youth he entered public life, and was elected tribune of the people in 52, the year in which Clodius was killed in a street brawl by the followers of Milo. Sallust was opposed to Milo and to Pompey's party and to the old aristocracy of Rome.
From the first he was a decided partisan of Caesar, to whom he owed such political advancement as he attained. In 50 he was removed from the senate by the censor Appius Claudius Pulcher on the grounds of gross immorality, the real reason probably being his friendship for Caesar. In the following year, no doubt through Caesar's influence, he wa ...
See also:Sallust, Sallust - His life, Sallust - His works, Sallust - The Conspiracy of Catiline, Sallust - Jugurthine War, Sallust - Other works, Sallust - His significance Read more here: » Sallust: Encyclopedia II - Sallust - His life |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Vestal Virgin - History The priestly office of the College of Vestal Virgins was created by the second King of Rome, Numa Pompilius (Plutarch, Life). The second century Roman antiquarian Aulus Gellius writes that the first vestal virgin taken from her parents was led away in hand by Numa Pompilius . Originally, there were two, then four (in Plutarch's time), and then six Vestal Virgins. Numa also appointed the Pontifex Maximus to preside over rites, prescribe rules for pub ...
See also:Vestal Virgin, Vestal Virgin - Selection, Vestal Virgin - Obligations and rewards, Vestal Virgin - History, Vestal Virgin - Vestal festivals, Vestal Virgin - House of the Vestals, Vestal Virgin - List of well-known Vestal Virgins Read more here: » Vestal Virgin: Encyclopedia II - Vestal Virgin - History |
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| | | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Pope Damasus I - Primacy of the Roman Church Damasus was the first bishop of Rome to invoke the "Petrine text" (Matthew 16:18) in terms that sought to establish a serious theological and scriptural foundation on which the primacy of the Roman church could be based. From Damasus onwards, there is a marked increase in the volume and importance of claims of authority and primacy from the Roman bishops, claims reinforced by the forged correspondence with Jerome (see below).
Damasus spoke of Rome in terms of the "Apostolic See", as his predecessor Liberius had also done. This is one ...
See also:Pope Damasus I, Pope Damasus I - Early life, Pope Damasus I - Rise in the Church, Pope Damasus I - The succession crisis, Pope Damasus I - Allegations of immorality, Pope Damasus I - Association with Jerome Defending the Church against schism, Pope Damasus I - Associates Roman glory with Christianity, Pope Damasus I - Emperor Gratian, Pope Damasus I - Church of Saint Laurence, Pope Damasus I - Primacy of the Roman Church, Pope Damasus I - Letters of Jerome to Damasus, Pope Damasus I - Bibliography Read more here: » Pope Damasus I: Encyclopedia II - Pope Damasus I - Primacy of the Roman Church |
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| | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Pope Damasus I - Letters of Jerome to Damasus The letters from Jerome to Damasus have sometimes been adduced as examples of the primacy of the seat of Peter:
...Yet, though your greatness terrifies me, your kindness attracts me. From the priest I demand the safe-keeping of the victim, from the shepherd the protection due to the sheep. Away with all that is overweening; let the state of Roman majesty withdraw. My words are spoken to the successor of the fisherman, to the disciple of the cross. As I follow no leader save Christ, so I communicate with none but your blessedness ...
See also:Pope Damasus I, Pope Damasus I - Early life, Pope Damasus I - Rise in the Church, Pope Damasus I - The succession crisis, Pope Damasus I - Allegations of immorality, Pope Damasus I - Association with Jerome Defending the Church against schism, Pope Damasus I - Associates Roman glory with Christianity, Pope Damasus I - Emperor Gratian, Pope Damasus I - Church of Saint Laurence, Pope Damasus I - Primacy of the Roman Church, Pope Damasus I - Letters of Jerome to Damasus, Pope Damasus I - Bibliography Read more here: » Pope Damasus I: Encyclopedia II - Pope Damasus I - Letters of Jerome to Damasus |
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| | | | | | plebeian: Encyclopedia II - Roman Emperor Principate - Year of the Four Emperors The year 69 is often called the "Year of the Four Emperors" because it saw four usurpers successively claim the purple. The fourth Emperor is listed in the next section due to dynastic considerations.
Galba ("Ser. Galba Imp. Caesar Aug."; b. Ser. Sulpicius Galba), 68 – 69
Otho ("Imp. M. Otho Caesar Aug."; b. M. Salvius Otho), 69
Vitellius ("A. Vitellius Germ. Imp. Aug."; b. A. Vitellius), 69
Nero committed suicide on June 9, 68, to escape rebellious soldiers loyal to the disloyal Galba, g ...
See also:Roman Emperor Principate, Roman Emperor Principate - Julio-Claudian Dynasty, Roman Emperor Principate - Julio-Claudian Emperors, Roman Emperor Principate - Dynastic Relationships, Roman Emperor Principate - Year of the Four Emperors, Roman Emperor Principate - Flavian Dynasty, Roman Emperor Principate - Flavian Emperors, Roman Emperor Principate - Dynastic Relationships, Roman Emperor Principate - Nervan-Antonine Dynasty, Roman Emperor Principate - Nervan-Antonine Emperors, Roman Emperor Principate - Dynastic Relationships, Roman Emperor Principate - From Domitian to Severus, Roman Emperor Principate - Severan Dynasty, Roman Emperor Principate - Dynastic Relationships, Roman Emperor Principate - Macrinus and Diadumenianus, Roman Emperor Principate - Severan Dynasty Restored, Roman Emperor Principate - Dynastic Relationships Read more here: » Roman Emperor Principate: Encyclopedia II - Roman Emperor Principate - Year of the Four Emperors |
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