Plato - Metaphysics

Plato - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Plato

Plato (Greek: Πλάτων Plátōn) (ca. May 21? 427 BC – ca. 347 BC) was an immensely influential classical Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens. Plato lectured extensively at the Academy, and wrote on many philosophical issues. The most important writings of Plato are his dialogues, although a handful of epigrams also survive, and some letters have come down to us under his name. It is believed that all of Plato's authen ...

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Read more here: » Plato: Encyclopedia - Plato

Plato - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia II - Plato - Metaphysics Platonism has traditionally been interpreted as a form of metaphysical dualism, sometimes referred to as Platonic or Exaggerated Realism. According to this reading, Plato's metaphysics divides the world into two distinct aspects: the intelligible world of "forms", and the perceptual world we see around us. The perceptual world consists of imperfect copies of the intelligible forms or ideas. These forms are unchangeable and perfect, and are only comprehensible by the use of the intellect or understanding—i ...

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Aristotle - Biography

Aristotle - Aristotle's metaphysics

Aristotle - Aristotle's ethics

Aristotle - Nicomachean ethics

Aristotle - Named after Aristotle

Plato - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Universal science

Universal Science is a branch of Metaphysics. Originally, the idea of Universal Science comes from Plato's system of idealism, as Plato formulated using the teachings of Socrates. Universal science - External Sources. Heading 6, Philosophy as the Theological Science ...

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Universal science - External Sources

Plato - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Typology archaeology

In archaeology a typology is the result of the classification of things according to their characteristics. It is based on a view of the world familiar from Plato's metaphysics called essentialism. Essentialism is the idea that world is divided into real, discontinuous and immutable ‘kinds’. This idea is the basis for most typological constructions, particularly of stone artefacts where essential forms are often thought of as ‘mental templates’, or combinations of traits that are favoured by the maker. Variation in artefact fo ...

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Typology archaeology - References

Plato - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Nominalism

Nominalism is the position in metaphysics that there exist no universals outside of the mind. Nominalism is best understood in contrast to realism. Philosophical realism holds that when we use descriptive terms such as "green" or "tree," the Forms of those concepts really exist, independently of world in an abstract realm. Such thought is associated with Plato. Nominalism, by contrast, holds that ideas represented by word ...

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Plato - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Pythagoreanism

Pythagoreanism is a term used for the esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were much influenced by mathematics and probably a main inspiration source to Plato and platonism. One main subject that is part of pythagoreanism is musica universalis, the music of the spheres. Some Surat Shabda Yoga, Satgurus considered the music of the spheres to be a term synonymous with the Shabda or the Audible Life Stream in that tradition, becaus ...

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Plato - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Metaphysics

Metaphysics (Greek words meta = after/beyond and physics = nature) is a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of "first principles" and "being" (ontology). Metaphysics as a discipline was a central part of academic inquiry and scholarly education since before the age in which Aristotle coined the word. Long considered "the Queen of Sciences", its issues were considered no less important than the other main formal subjects of physical science, medicine, mathematics, poetics and music. Since the Age of Reaso ...

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Plato - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Xenocrates

Xenocrates of Chalcedon (396 - 314 BC) was a Greek philosopher and scholarch or rector of the Academy from 339 to 314 BC. Removing to Athens in early youth, he became the pupil of the Socratic Aeschines, but presently joined himself to Plato, whom he attended to Sicily in 361. Upon his master's death, in company with Aristotle he paid a visit to Hermias at Atarneus. In 339, Aristotle being then in Macedonia, Xenocrates succeeded Speusippus in the presidency of the school, defeating his competitors Menedemus and Heraclides Ponticus by a few votes. On three occasions he was member of an Athen ...

Plato - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Continental rationalism

Continental rationalism is an approach to philosophy based on the thesis that human reason can in principle be the source of all knowledge. It originated with René Descartes and spread during the 17th and 18th centuries, primarily in continental Europe. In contrast, the approach known as British Empiricism held that all ideas come to us through experience, either through the five external senses or through such inner sensations as pain and pleasure, and thus that knowledge (with the possible exception of mathematics) is essentially e ...

Plato - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Cosmology metaphysics

Cosmology is the branch of philosophy and metaphysics that deals with the world as the totality of all phenomena in space and time. Presocratic philosophers from the Ionian School are sometimes called cosmologists. There are nine basic cosmological positions that form the foundation of virtually all philosophies and religions. These are: Naturism: The universe is all that exists. Any God or gods are a product (derived) of the universe. (Western atheism) Negationism: God does not exist, but is a mere illusion. The universe does not exist; it too is a ...

Plato - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Aristotelian ethics

Aristotle believed that ethical knowledge is not certain knowledge (like metaphysics and epistemology) but is general knowledge. Also, as it is not a theoretical discipline, he thought a person had to study in order to become "good." Thus, if a person was to become virtuous, they could not simply study what virtue is, they had to actually do virtuous activity. We are not studying in order to know what virtue is, but to become good, for otherwise there would be no profit in it. (NE 2.2) Including:

Aristotelian ethics - Three Ethical Treatises

Aristotelian ethics - Nicomachean ethics

Plato - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia - Reason

Reason is a term used in philosophy and other human sciences to refer to the higher cognitive faculties of the human mind. It describes a type of thought or aspect of thought, especially abstract thought, and the ability to think abstractly, which is felt to be especially human. The concept of reason is connected to language, as reflected in the meanings of the Greek word "logos", later to be translated by Latin "ratio" and then French "raison", from which the English word is derived. Indeed it has often been held that h ...

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Reason - Reason and logic

Reason - Reason and faith

Read more here: » Reason: Encyclopedia - Reason

Plato - Metaphysics: Encyclopedia II - Aristotle - Methodology

Aristotle defines philosophy in terms of essence, saying that philosophy is "the science of the universal essence of that which is actual". Plato had defined it as the "science of the idea", meaning by idea what we should call the unconditional basis of phenomena. Both pupil and master regard philosophy as concerned with the universal; Aristotle, however, finds the universal in particular things, and called it the essence of things, while Plato finds that the universal exists apart from particular things, and is related to them as their prot ...

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