platinum group - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Abundance Of The Chemical Elements: Encyclopedia - Abundance Of The Chemical Elements
The abundance of a chemical element measures how common the element is, or how much of the element there is. Abundance of the chemical el...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rhodium: Encyclopedia Ii - Rhodium - Occurrence
The industrial extraction of rhodium is complex as the metal occurs in ores mixed with other metals such as palladium, silver, platinum, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Palladium: Encyclopedia Ii - Palladium - Notable Characteristics
Palladium is a soft steel-white metal that resembles platinum, doesn't tarnish in air, and is the least dense and has the lowest melting ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - Storage
Storage is the main technological problem of a viable hydrogen economy. Some attention has been given to the role of hydrogen to provide ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - Rationale
Electricity has revolutionized the quality of human life since the late 19th century by enabling easier use of available energy sources. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ruthenium: Encyclopedia Ii - Ruthenium - Notable Characteristics
A polyvalent hard white metal, ruthenium is a member of the platinum group, has four crystal modifications and does not tarnish at normal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Raney Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Raney Nickel - Preparation
Raney nickel - Alloy preparation. Alloys are prepared commercially by melting the active metal (nickel in this case, but iron and coppe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extractive Metallurgy: Encyclopedia Ii - Extractive Metallurgy - Mineral Processing
Mineral processing involves the use of physical processes to manipulate ore particle size, and concentrate valuable minerals using the pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abundance Of The Chemical Elements: Encyclopedia Ii - Abundance Of The Chemical Elements - Abundance Of Elements In Earth
Scientists believe that the Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun. Abundance of the chemical elements - Abundan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultramafic To Mafic Layered Intrusions: Encyclopedia Ii - Ultramafic To Mafic Layered Intrusions - Intrusive Mechanisms
It is difficult to precisely determine what causes large ultramaficmafic intrusives to be emplaced within the crust, but there are two ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fountain Pen: Encyclopedia Ii - Fountain Pen - History
The earliest historical record of a reservoir pen dates to the 10th century but it is likely that attempts at a fountain pen go back much...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ruthenium: Encyclopedia Ii - Ruthenium - Organometallic Chemistry
It is quite easy to form compounds with carbon ruthenium bonds, these compounds tend to be darker and react more quickly than the osmium ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ruthenium: Encyclopedia Ii - Ruthenium - Isotopes
Naturally occurring ruthenium is composed of seven isotopes. The most stable radioisotopes are Ru-106 with a half-life of 373.59 days, Ru...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ruthenium: Encyclopedia Ii - Ruthenium - Applications
Due to its highly effective ability to harden platinum and palladium, ruthenium is used in Pt and Pd alloys to make severe wear resistanc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ruthenium: Encyclopedia Ii - Ruthenium - History
Ruthenium (Latin Ruthenia meaning "Russia") was discovered and isolated by Karl Klaus in 1844. Klaus showed that ruthenium oxide containe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ruthenium: Encyclopedia Ii - Ruthenium - Occurrence
This element is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - The Short-term Future
The large market and sharply rising prices have also stimulated great interest in alternate, cheaper means of hydrogen production. One pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - Transportation
Hydrogen seems unlikely to be the cheapest carrier of energy over long distances in the near future. Advances in electrolysis and fuel ce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Raney Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Raney Nickel - Applications
Raney nickel is used in a large number of industrial processes and in organic synthesis because of its stability and high catalytic activ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Raney Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Raney Nickel - Safety
Due to its large surface area and high volume of contained hydrogen gas, dry, activated Raney nickel is a pyrophoric material that should...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultramafic To Mafic Layered Intrusions: Encyclopedia Ii - Ultramafic To Mafic Layered Intrusions - Causes Of Layering
The causes of layering in large ultramafic intrusions include convection, thermal diffusion, assimilation of wall rocks and fractional cr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Raney Nickel: Encyclopedia Ii - Raney Nickel - Properties
Macroscopically Raney nickel looks like a finely divided gray powder. Microscopically, each particle of this powder looks like a three-di...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - Examples
Several domestic US automobile manufactures have committed to develop vehicles using hydrogen. (They had previously committed to producin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - Storage
Storage is the main technological problem of a viable hydrogen economy. Some attention has been given to the role of hydrogen to provide ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - Environmental Concerns
48% of hydrogen gas is created through the natural gas steam reforming/water gas shift reaction method, outlined above. This creates carb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - Consumption
Hydrogen economy - Chemical feed. Hydrogen is used in chemical reactions - the Haber process and hydrocracking - as described in "The p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - Production
The production and distribution of hydrogen for the purpose of transportation is being tested in limited markets around the world, partic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Palladium: Encyclopedia Ii - Palladium - Occurrence
Palladium is found as a free metal and alloyed with platinum and gold with platinum group metals in placer deposits of the Ural Mountains...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fountain Pen: Encyclopedia Ii - Fountain Pen - Filling Mechanisms
The earliest fountain pens were mostly eyedropper fillers - that is, the pen was essentially an empty reservoir which one would fill with...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fountain Pen: Encyclopedia Ii - Fountain Pen - Cartridges
Most European fountain pen brands (for example Caran d'Ache, Faber-Castell, Dupont, Montegrappa, Stipula, Yard-O-Led, Pelikan, Waterman, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fountain Pen: Encyclopedia Ii - Fountain Pen - Fountain Pens As Works Of Art
Fountain pens are often prized as works of art. Ornate pens are sometimes made of precious metals and jewels; others are inlaid with lacq...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - The Present
Hydrogen production is a large and growing industry. Globally, about 50 million metric tons of hydrogen were produced in 2004; the growth...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fountain Pen: Encyclopedia Ii - Fountain Pen - Nibs
The nib of the fountain pen is usually made of stainless steel or gold. Gold nibs are tipped with a hard, wear-resistant alloy that typic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fountain Pen: Encyclopedia Ii - Fountain Pen - Using Fountain Pens
Together with the mass-manufactured pencil and the introduction of cheap wood-based paper, the fountain pen was responsible for a major t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abundance Of The Chemical Elements: Encyclopedia Ii - Abundance Of The Chemical Elements - Abundance Of Elements In The Universe
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the known Universe; helium is second. However, after this, the rank of abundance does not contin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Abundance Of The Chemical Elements: Encyclopedia Ii - Abundance Of The Chemical Elements - Abundance Of Elements In The Solar System
The Solar System was created from the remnants of previous stellar systems that went supernova, and is hence, relative to the rest of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Extractive Metallurgy: Encyclopedia Ii - Extractive Metallurgy - Pyrometallurgy
Pyrometallurgy involves the treatment of ores at high temperature to convert ore minerals to raw metals, or intermediate compounds for fu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - The Short-term Future
The large market and sharply rising prices have also stimulated great interest in alternate, cheaper means of hydrogen production. One pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - Rationale
Electricity has revolutionized the quality of human life since the late 19th century by enabling easier use of available energy sources. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Palladium: Encyclopedia Ii - Palladium - Applications
When it is finely divided, palladium forms a good catalyst and is used to speed up hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, as well a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Palladium: Encyclopedia Ii - Palladium - History
Palladium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston in 1803. This element was named by Wollaston in 1804 after the asteroid Pallas, which ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rhodium: Encyclopedia Ii - Rhodium - History
Rhodium (Greek rhodon meaning "rose") was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston soon after his discovery of palladium. Wollaston m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - Examples
Several domestic US automobile manufactures have committed to develop vehicles using hydrogen. (They had previously committed to producin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - Consumption
Hydrogen economy - Chemical feed. Hydrogen is used in chemical reactions - the Haber process and hydrocracking - as described in "The p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - Production
The production and distribution of hydrogen for the purpose of transportation is being tested in limited markets around the world, partic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - Transportation
Hydrogen seems unlikely to be the cheapest carrier of energy over long distances in the near future. Advances in electrolysis and fuel ce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hydrogen Economy: Encyclopedia Ii - Hydrogen Economy - Environmental Concerns
48% of hydrogen gas is created through the natural gas steam reforming/water gas shift reaction method, outlined above. This creates carb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rhodium: Encyclopedia Ii - Rhodium - Isotopes
Naturally occurring rhodium is composed of only one isotope (Rh-103). The most stable radioisotopes are Rh-101 with a half-life of 3.3 ye...   » Read the article