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platinum group | A Wisdom Archive on platinum group | | platinum group A selection of articles related to platinum group | |
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platinum group
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ARTICLES RELATED TO platinum group | |
| | |  platinum group: Encyclopedia II - Rhodium - OccurrenceThe industrial extraction of rhodium is complex as the metal occurs in ores mixed with other metals such as palladium, silver, platinum, and gold. It is found in platinum ores and obtained free as a white inert metal which it is very difficult to fuse. Principal sources of this element are located in South Africa, in river sands of the Ural Mountains, in North and South America and also in the copper-nickel sulfide mining area of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity at Sudbury is very small, the large amount of nickel ore proce ...
See also:Rhodium, Rhodium - Notable characteristics, Rhodium - Applications, Rhodium - History, Rhodium - Occurrence, Rhodium - Isotopes, Rhodium - Precautions Read more here: » Rhodium: Encyclopedia II - Rhodium - Occurrence |
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| | | | platinum group: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Storage Storage is the main technological problem of a viable hydrogen economy. Some attention has been given to the role of hydrogen to provide grid energy storage for unpredictable energy sources, like wind power. The primary difficulty with using hydrogen for grid energy storage is that converting power to hydrogen and back is not cheap. An alternative to using this method is pumped storage. Water turbines and dam infrastructure are currently more economical than electrolysis plants, fuel cells, and hydrogen pipelines. Pumped storage is presently more efficie ...
See also:Hydrogen economy, Hydrogen economy - The present, Hydrogen economy - The short-term future, Hydrogen economy - Rationale, Hydrogen economy - Production, Hydrogen economy - Fossil fuels, Hydrogen economy - Electrolysis, Hydrogen economy - Thermochemical production, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Storage, Hydrogen economy - Ammonia storage, Hydrogen economy - Metal hydrides, Hydrogen economy - Synthesized hydrocarbons, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Transportation, Hydrogen economy - Environmental concerns, Hydrogen economy - Consumption, Hydrogen economy - Chemical feed, Hydrogen economy - Energy source, Hydrogen economy - Problems, Hydrogen economy - Examples Read more here: » Hydrogen economy: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Storage |
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| | | | platinum group: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Rationale Electricity has revolutionized the quality of human life since the late 19th century by enabling easier use of available energy sources. Inventions such as the dynamo and electric lighting sparked its growth on direct current. Later the alternator and alternating current enabled electric power transmission over long distances in a grand scale.
Currently, grid load balancing is done by varying the output of generators. However, electricity is hard to store efficiently for future use. The most cost-efficient and widespread system for la ...
See also:Hydrogen economy, Hydrogen economy - The short-term future, Hydrogen economy - Rationale, Hydrogen economy - Envisioned centralized hydrogen sources, Hydrogen economy - Production, Hydrogen economy - Fossil fuels, Hydrogen economy - Electrolysis, Hydrogen economy - Thermochemical production, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Storage, Hydrogen economy - Ammonia storage, Hydrogen economy - Metal hydrides, Hydrogen economy - Synthesized hydrocarbons, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Transportation, Hydrogen economy - Environmental concerns, Hydrogen economy - Consumption, Hydrogen economy - Chemical feed, Hydrogen economy - Energy source, Hydrogen economy - Problems, Hydrogen economy - Examples Read more here: » Hydrogen economy: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Rationale |
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| | | | platinum group: Encyclopedia II - Ruthenium - Notable characteristics A polyvalent hard white metal, ruthenium is a member of the platinum group, has four crystal modifications and does not tarnish at normal temperatures, but does oxidize explosively. Ruthenium dissolves in fused alkalis, is not attacked by acids but is attacked by halogens at high temperatures and by hydroxides. Small amounts of ruthenium can increase the hardness of platinum and palladium. The corrosion resistance of titanium is increased mar ...
See also:Ruthenium, Ruthenium - Notable characteristics, Ruthenium - Applications, Ruthenium - History, Ruthenium - Occurrence, Ruthenium - Compounds, Ruthenium - Isotopes, Ruthenium - Organometallic chemistry, Ruthenium - Precautions Read more here: » Ruthenium: Encyclopedia II - Ruthenium - Notable characteristics |
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| | | | platinum group: Encyclopedia II - Fountain pen - History The earliest historical record of a reservoir pen dates to the 10th century but it is likely that attempts at a fountain pen go back much further into the past. The earliest surviving reservoir pens date to the 18th century. Progress in developing a reliable pen was slow, however, into the mid-19th century. That slow pace of progress was due to a very imperfect understanding of the role that air pressure played in the operation of the pens and because most inks were highly corrosive and full of sedimentary inclusions. Starting in the 1850's ...
See also:Fountain pen, Fountain pen - History, Fountain pen - Using fountain pens, Fountain pen - Nibs, Fountain pen - Filling Mechanisms, Fountain pen - Cartridges, Fountain pen - Fountain pens as works of art, Fountain pen - List of fountain pen manufacturers, Fountain pen - List of famous fountain pen inks Read more here: » Fountain pen: Encyclopedia II - Fountain pen - History |
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| | | | platinum group: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - The short-term future The large market and sharply rising prices have also stimulated great interest in alternate, cheaper means of hydrogen production. One particular method that has gained considerable commercial interest and U.S. government funding is high-temperature thermochemical electrolysis of water (H2O). Some prototype nuclear reactors operate at 850 to 1000 degrees Celsius, considerably hotter than existing commercial plants. Thermochemical electrolysis of water at these temperatures converts more of the initial heat energy into chemical ene ...
See also:Hydrogen economy, Hydrogen economy - The short-term future, Hydrogen economy - Rationale, Hydrogen economy - Envisioned centralized hydrogen sources, Hydrogen economy - Production, Hydrogen economy - Fossil fuels, Hydrogen economy - Electrolysis, Hydrogen economy - Thermochemical production, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Storage, Hydrogen economy - Ammonia storage, Hydrogen economy - Metal hydrides, Hydrogen economy - Synthesized hydrocarbons, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Transportation, Hydrogen economy - Environmental concerns, Hydrogen economy - Consumption, Hydrogen economy - Chemical feed, Hydrogen economy - Energy source, Hydrogen economy - Problems, Hydrogen economy - Examples Read more here: » Hydrogen economy: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - The short-term future |
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| | | | platinum group: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Transportation Hydrogen seems unlikely to be the cheapest carrier of energy over long distances in the near future. Advances in electrolysis and fuel cell technology have not addressed the underlying cost problem yet.
As of 2005, the cheapest method to move energy around the planet is in uranium by rail, but nuclear power has received negative responses. The next cheapest and currently most widely used is in the form of oil in a pipeline or supertanker, or coal by rail or bulk carrier vessel. Natural gas pipelines and liquefied natural gas tankers a ...
See also:Hydrogen economy, Hydrogen economy - The short-term future, Hydrogen economy - Rationale, Hydrogen economy - Envisioned centralized hydrogen sources, Hydrogen economy - Production, Hydrogen economy - Fossil fuels, Hydrogen economy - Electrolysis, Hydrogen economy - Thermochemical production, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Storage, Hydrogen economy - Ammonia storage, Hydrogen economy - Metal hydrides, Hydrogen economy - Synthesized hydrocarbons, Hydrogen economy - Other methods, Hydrogen economy - Transportation, Hydrogen economy - Environmental concerns, Hydrogen economy - Consumption, Hydrogen economy - Chemical feed, Hydrogen economy - Energy source, Hydrogen economy - Problems, Hydrogen economy - Examples Read more here: » Hydrogen economy: Encyclopedia II - Hydrogen economy - Transportation |
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| | | | platinum group: Encyclopedia II - Raney nickel - Applications Raney nickel is used in a large number of industrial processes and in organic synthesis because of its stability and high catalytic activity at room temperature.[2][4] It is typically used in the reduction of compounds that have multiple bonds, such as alkynes, alkenes[5], nitriles[6], dienes, aromaticsSee also:Raney nickel, Raney nickel - Preparation, Raney nickel - Alloy preparation, Raney nickel - Activation, Raney nickel - Properties, Raney nickel - Applications, Raney nickel - Safety, Raney nickel - Development Read more here: » Raney nickel: Encyclopedia II - Raney nickel - Applications |
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| | | | platinum group: Encyclopedia II - Raney nickel - Safety Due to its large surface area and high volume of contained hydrogen gas, dry, activated Raney nickel is a pyrophoric material that should be handled under an inert atmosphere. Raney nickel is typically supplied as a 50% slurry in water. Care should be taken never to expose Raney nickel to air. Even after reaction, Raney nickel contains significant amounts of hydrogen gas, and will ignite when exposed to air.
Raney nickel will produce hazardous fumes when burning, and therefore the use of a gas mask is recommended when extinguishing fi ...
See also:Raney nickel, Raney nickel - Preparation, Raney nickel - Alloy preparation, Raney nickel - Activation, Raney nickel - Properties, Raney nickel - Applications, Raney nickel - Safety, Raney nickel - Development Read more here: » Raney nickel: Encyclopedia II - Raney nickel - Safety |
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