plasma cosmology

Aetherometry is the name given to the experimental and theoretical study of "massfree energy" developed by biophysicist and molecular biologist Paulo Correa and his collaborator Alexandra Correa. They have also described it as the "science of the metrics of the massfree aether". The term "massfree energy" is not in use by mainstream physicists, and aetherometry is not supported by scientific consensus, being in conflict with established theories such as relativity, conventional or Lorentz electrodyn ...

Including:

• Aetherometry - Aims
• Aetherometry - Central Concepts
• Aetherometry - Massfree energy
• Aetherometry - Graviton energy
• Aetherometry - Ambipolar massfree energy Orgone and DOR aka Tesla radiation
• Aetherometry - Latent heat or latent massfree energy
• Aetherometry - Theoretical research
• Aetherometry - Explicit conflicts
• Aetherometry - Theory
• Aetherometry - The dynamic aether
• Aetherometry - Space and radiant energy
• Aetherometry - Matter motion light and gravity
• Aetherometry - Experiments
• Aetherometry - The electroscope
• Aetherometry - The pendulum
• Aetherometry - Reich's orgone
• Aetherometry - Tesla radiation
• Aetherometry - Vacuum discharge tubes
• Aetherometry - Predictions
• Aetherometry - Proponents

Read more here: » Aetherometry: Encyclopedia - Aetherometry

Pathological science, as defined by Langmuir, is a psychological process in which a scientist, originally conforming to the scientific method, unconsciously veers from that method, and begins a pathological process of wishful data interpretation. Some criteria for pathological science are: The maximum effect that is observed is produced by a causative agent of barely detectable intensity, and the magnitude of the effect is substantially independent of the intensity of the cause. The effect is of a magnitude that remains ...

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Pathological science, Pathological science - Pathological science, Pathological science - N-rays, Pathological science - Other examples, Pathological science - Scientific theories that are not pathological science, Pathological science - Criticisms

Read more here: » Pathological science: Encyclopedia II - Pathological science - Pathological science

Below, some of the most active areas of inquiry in cosmology are described, in roughly chronological order. This does not include all of the big bang cosmology, which is presented in cosmological timeline. Physical cosmology - The very early universe. While the early, hot universe appears to be well explained by the big bang from roughly 10-33 seconds onwards, there are several problems. One is that there is no compelling reason, using current particle physics, to expect the universe to be flat, ...

See also:

Physical cosmology, Physical cosmology - History of physical cosmology, Physical cosmology - Areas of study, Physical cosmology - The very early universe, Physical cosmology - Big bang nucleosynthesis, Physical cosmology - Cosmic microwave background, Physical cosmology - Formation and evolution of large-scale structure, Physical cosmology - Dark matter, Physical cosmology - Dark energy, Physical cosmology - Other areas of inquiry, Physical cosmology - External references, Physical cosmology - From groups, Physical cosmology - From individuals

Read more here: » Physical cosmology: Encyclopedia II - Physical cosmology - Areas of study

The term plasma is generally reserved for a system of charged particles large enough to behave as one. Even a partially ionized gas in which as little as 1% of the particles are ionized can have the characteristics of a plasma (i.e. respond to magnetic fields and be highly electrically conductive). In technical terms, the typical characteristics of a plasma are: Debye screening lengths that are short compared to the physical size of the plasma. Large number of particles within a sphere with a radius of the Debye length. Mean time between collisions usually is long when com ...

See also:

Plasma physics, Plasma physics - Common plasmas, Plasma physics - Characteristics, Plasma physics - Plasma scaling, Plasma physics - Temperatures, Plasma physics - Densities, Plasma physics - Potentials, Plasma physics - In contrast to the gas phase, Plasma physics - Complex plasma phenomena, Plasma physics - Ultracold plasmas, Plasma physics - Mathematical descriptions, Plasma physics - Fluid, Plasma physics - Kinetic, Plasma physics - Particle-in-cell, Plasma physics - Fundamental plasma parameters, Plasma physics - Frequencies, Plasma physics - Lengths, Plasma physics - Velocities, Plasma physics - Dimensionless, Plasma physics - Miscellaneous, Plasma physics - Fields of active research

Read more here: » Plasma physics: Encyclopedia II - Plasma physics - Characteristics

Aetherometry - Massfree energy. The massfree energy theory proposes the existence of energy devoid of inertia, called 'massfree energy'. It follows on the steps of Wilhelm Reich's theory of a massfree Orgone energy and Maximo Aucci's theory of massless charges. It proposes that massfree energy does not merely fill up space, but produces or engineers it. It also examines the possibility that all motion of material objects depend on massfree energy, be they material particles or celestial bodies. In a wide sense, m ...

See also:

Aetherometry, Aetherometry - Aims, Aetherometry - Central Concepts, Aetherometry - Massfree energy, Aetherometry - Graviton energy, Aetherometry - Ambipolar massfree energy Orgone and DOR aka Tesla radiation, Aetherometry - Latent heat or latent massfree energy, Aetherometry - Theoretical research, Aetherometry - Explicit conflicts, Aetherometry - Theory, Aetherometry - The dynamic aether, Aetherometry - Space and radiant energy, Aetherometry - Matter motion light and gravity, Aetherometry - Experiments, Aetherometry - The electroscope, Aetherometry - The pendulum, Aetherometry - Reich's orgone, Aetherometry - Tesla radiation, Aetherometry - Vacuum discharge tubes, Aetherometry - Predictions, Aetherometry - Proponents

Read more here: » Aetherometry: Encyclopedia II - Aetherometry - Central Concepts

The Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm carried out the first laboratory tests, and found that (a) the relative velocity between a plasma and neutral gas could be increased to the critical velocity, but then additional energy put into the system then went into ionizing the neutral gas, rather than into increasing the relative velocity, (b) the critical velocity is roughly independent of the pressure and magnetic field. (Fahleson, 1961)^{See also:}

Critical ionization velocity, Critical ionization velocity - Experimental research, Critical ionization velocity - Theory development, Critical ionization velocity - Background

Read more here: » Critical ionization velocity: Encyclopedia II - Critical ionization velocity - Experimental research

His work was continuously disputed for many years by the senior scientist in space physics, the British-American geophysicist Sydney Chapman. Alfvén had trouble with the peer review system. He did not in any circumstance benefit without volition the acceptance generally afforded senior scientists in scientific journals. Alfvén once submitted a paper on the theory of magnetic storms and auroras to the leading American journal Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity and the paper was rejected on the ground that it did not agree wit ...

See also:

Hannes Alfvén, Hannes Alfvén - Introduction, Hannes Alfvén - Education, Hannes Alfvén - Early years, Hannes Alfvén - Research awards and contributions, Hannes Alfvén - Awards, Hannes Alfvén - Memberships, Hannes Alfvén - Developed and researched, Hannes Alfvén - Alfvén versus the Big Bang, Hannes Alfvén - Later years, Hannes Alfvén - Personal life

Read more here: » Hannes Alfvén: Encyclopedia II - Hannes Alfvén - Research awards and contributions

It is also possible to create ultracold plasmas, by using lasers to trap and cool neutral atoms to temperatures of 1 mK or lower. Another laser then ionizes the atoms by giving each of the outermost electrons just enough energy to escape the electrical attraction of its parent ion. The key point about ultracold plasmas is that by manipulating the atoms with lasers, the kinetic energy of the liberated electrons can be controlled. Using standard pulsed lasers, the electron energy can be made to correspond to a temperature of as low as 0 ...

See also:

Plasma physics, Plasma physics - Common plasmas, Plasma physics - Characteristics, Plasma physics - Plasma scaling, Plasma physics - Temperatures, Plasma physics - Densities, Plasma physics - Potentials, Plasma physics - In contrast to the gas phase, Plasma physics - Complex plasma phenomena, Plasma physics - Ultracold plasmas, Plasma physics - Mathematical descriptions, Plasma physics - Fluid, Plasma physics - Kinetic, Plasma physics - Particle-in-cell, Plasma physics - Fundamental plasma parameters, Plasma physics - Frequencies, Plasma physics - Lengths, Plasma physics - Velocities, Plasma physics - Dimensionless, Plasma physics - Miscellaneous, Plasma physics - Fields of active research

Read more here: » Plasma physics: Encyclopedia II - Plasma physics - Ultracold plasmas

Aetherometry - The electroscope. The Correas' work stems directly from physical experimentation. The body of work they call the "Aetherometric Theory of Synchronicity" began with the investigation of the energetic factors that lead to a spontaneous arrest in the decay of an electroscope's deflection angle during certain weather conditions. This arrest phenomenon is shown to correlate to anti-cyclonic c ...

See also:

Aetherometry, Aetherometry - Aims, Aetherometry - Central Concepts, Aetherometry - Massfree energy, Aetherometry - Graviton energy, Aetherometry - Ambipolar massfree energy Orgone and DOR aka Tesla radiation, Aetherometry - Latent heat or latent massfree energy, Aetherometry - Theoretical research, Aetherometry - Explicit conflicts, Aetherometry - Theory, Aetherometry - The dynamic aether, Aetherometry - Space and radiant energy, Aetherometry - Matter motion light and gravity, Aetherometry - Experiments, Aetherometry - The electroscope, Aetherometry - The pendulum, Aetherometry - Reich's orgone, Aetherometry - Tesla radiation, Aetherometry - Vacuum discharge tubes, Aetherometry - Predictions, Aetherometry - Proponents

Read more here: » Aetherometry: Encyclopedia II - Aetherometry - Experiments

Plasmas are the most common phase of matter. The entire visible universe outside the solar system is plasma: all we can see are stars. Since the space between the stars is filled with a plasma, although a very sparse one (see interstellar- and intergalactic medium), essentially the entire volume of the universe is plasma (see astrophysical plasmas). In the solar system, the planet Jupiter accounts for most of the non-plasma, only about 0.1% of the mass and 10−15 of the volume within the orbit of Pluto. Alfvén also noted that due to their electric charge, very small grains also behave as io ...

See also:

Plasma physics, Plasma physics - Common plasmas, Plasma physics - Characteristics, Plasma physics - Plasma scaling, Plasma physics - Temperatures, Plasma physics - Densities, Plasma physics - Potentials, Plasma physics - In contrast to the gas phase, Plasma physics - Complex plasma phenomena, Plasma physics - Ultracold plasmas, Plasma physics - Mathematical descriptions, Plasma physics - Fluid, Plasma physics - Kinetic, Plasma physics - Particle-in-cell, Plasma physics - Fundamental plasma parameters, Plasma physics - Frequencies, Plasma physics - Lengths, Plasma physics - Velocities, Plasma physics - Dimensionless, Plasma physics - Miscellaneous, Plasma physics - Fields of active research

Read more here: » Plasma physics: Encyclopedia II - Plasma physics - Common plasmas

Plasmas may be usefully described with various levels of detail. However the plasma itself is described, if electric or magnetic fields are present, then Maxwell's equations will be needed to describe them. The coupling of the description of a conductive fluid to electromagnetic fields is known generally as magnetohydrodynamics, or simply MHD. Plasma physics - Fluid. The simplest possibility is to treat the plasma as a single fluid governed by the Navier Stokes Equations. A more general description is the two-fluid picture, where the ions and electrons are considered to be dist ...

See also:

Plasma physics, Plasma physics - Common plasmas, Plasma physics - Characteristics, Plasma physics - Plasma scaling, Plasma physics - Temperatures, Plasma physics - Densities, Plasma physics - Potentials, Plasma physics - In contrast to the gas phase, Plasma physics - Complex plasma phenomena, Plasma physics - Ultracold plasmas, Plasma physics - Mathematical descriptions, Plasma physics - Fluid, Plasma physics - Kinetic, Plasma physics - Particle-in-cell, Plasma physics - Fundamental plasma parameters, Plasma physics - Frequencies, Plasma physics - Lengths, Plasma physics - Velocities, Plasma physics - Dimensionless, Plasma physics - Miscellaneous, Plasma physics - Fields of active research

Read more here: » Plasma physics: Encyclopedia II - Plasma physics - Mathematical descriptions

All quantities are in Gaussian cgs units except temperature expressed in eV and ion mass expressed in units of the proton mass μ = mi / mp; Z is charge state; k is Boltzmann's constant; K is wavelength; γ is the adiabatic index; ln Λ is the Coulomb logarithm. Plasma physics - Frequencies. electron gyrofrequency, the angular frequency of the circular motion of an electron in the plane perpendi ...

See also:

Plasma physics, Plasma physics - Common plasmas, Plasma physics - Characteristics, Plasma physics - Plasma scaling, Plasma physics - Temperatures, Plasma physics - Densities, Plasma physics - Potentials, Plasma physics - In contrast to the gas phase, Plasma physics - Complex plasma phenomena, Plasma physics - Ultracold plasmas, Plasma physics - Mathematical descriptions, Plasma physics - Fluid, Plasma physics - Kinetic, Plasma physics - Particle-in-cell, Plasma physics - Fundamental plasma parameters, Plasma physics - Frequencies, Plasma physics - Lengths, Plasma physics - Velocities, Plasma physics - Dimensionless, Plasma physics - Miscellaneous, Plasma physics - Fields of active research

Read more here: » Plasma physics: Encyclopedia II - Plasma physics - Fundamental plasma parameters

Some Aetherometry theories are in direct conflict with several well-established scientific theories, most notably relativity, Lorentz electrodynamics, photon theory and the equivalence principle. In particular, the Aetherometry proposal of distinct but integrated space and time manifolds runs contrary to the conjoined spacetime posited by relativity and holds that the experimentally-noted effects on matter and radiation attributed by relativity to curved spacetime are instead effects o ...

See also:

Aetherometry, Aetherometry - Aims, Aetherometry - Central Concepts, Aetherometry - Massfree energy, Aetherometry - Graviton energy, Aetherometry - Ambipolar massfree energy Orgone and DOR aka Tesla radiation, Aetherometry - Latent heat or latent massfree energy, Aetherometry - Theoretical research, Aetherometry - Explicit conflicts, Aetherometry - Theory, Aetherometry - The dynamic aether, Aetherometry - Space and radiant energy, Aetherometry - Matter motion light and gravity, Aetherometry - Experiments, Aetherometry - The electroscope, Aetherometry - The pendulum, Aetherometry - Reich's orgone, Aetherometry - Tesla radiation, Aetherometry - Vacuum discharge tubes, Aetherometry - Predictions, Aetherometry - Proponents

Read more here: » Aetherometry: Encyclopedia II - Aetherometry - Explicit conflicts

Aetherometry - The dynamic aether. The Correas' main claim is the identification of a universal, dynamic, imponderable (non-massive) and non-electric aether continuum that manifests primarily, as the volume of space itself and the energy latent in that space; secondarily, as a cosmic radiant electrical energy spectrum, ponderable matter, gravity and electrodynamic interactions; and tertiarily, as electromagnetic radi ...

See also:

Aetherometry, Aetherometry - Aims, Aetherometry - Central Concepts, Aetherometry - Massfree energy, Aetherometry - Graviton energy, Aetherometry - Ambipolar massfree energy Orgone and DOR aka Tesla radiation, Aetherometry - Latent heat or latent massfree energy, Aetherometry - Theoretical research, Aetherometry - Explicit conflicts, Aetherometry - Theory, Aetherometry - The dynamic aether, Aetherometry - Space and radiant energy, Aetherometry - Matter motion light and gravity, Aetherometry - Experiments, Aetherometry - The electroscope, Aetherometry - The pendulum, Aetherometry - Reich's orgone, Aetherometry - Tesla radiation, Aetherometry - Vacuum discharge tubes, Aetherometry - Predictions, Aetherometry - Proponents

Read more here: » Aetherometry: Encyclopedia II - Aetherometry - Theory

Eugene Mallove, founder of Infinite Energy magazine, as part of his general interest in alternative energy publicly supported of aetherometry, and was one of the founding members of the International Society of Friends of Aetherometry. Papers, books, and DVDs on aetherometry have been published by Akronos Publishing (a Canadian publishing house in which Paulo Correa and Alexandra Correa are partners) and in the non-mainstream science magazine Infinite Energy, but not in peer-reviewed scientific publications. None of the papers has been cited in peer-r ...

See also:

Aetherometry, Aetherometry - Aims, Aetherometry - Central Concepts, Aetherometry - Massfree energy, Aetherometry - Graviton energy, Aetherometry - Ambipolar massfree energy Orgone and DOR aka Tesla radiation, Aetherometry - Latent heat or latent massfree energy, Aetherometry - Theoretical research, Aetherometry - Explicit conflicts, Aetherometry - Theory, Aetherometry - The dynamic aether, Aetherometry - Space and radiant energy, Aetherometry - Matter motion light and gravity, Aetherometry - Experiments, Aetherometry - The electroscope, Aetherometry - The pendulum, Aetherometry - Reich's orgone, Aetherometry - Tesla radiation, Aetherometry - Vacuum discharge tubes, Aetherometry - Predictions, Aetherometry - Proponents

Read more here: » Aetherometry: Encyclopedia II - Aetherometry - Proponents

Modern cosmology developed along tandem observational and theoretical tracks. In 1915, Albert Einstein developed his theory of general relativity. At the time, physicists were prejudiced to believe in a perfectly static universe without beginning or end. Einstein added a cosmological constant to his theory to try to force it to allow for a static universe with matter in it. The so-called Einstein universe is, however, unstable. It is bound to eventually start expanding or contracting. The cosmological solutions of general relativity were found by Alexander Friedmann, whose equations describe the Friedman ...

See also:

Physical cosmology, Physical cosmology - History of physical cosmology, Physical cosmology - Areas of study, Physical cosmology - The very early universe, Physical cosmology - Big bang nucleosynthesis, Physical cosmology - Cosmic microwave background, Physical cosmology - Formation and evolution of large-scale structure, Physical cosmology - Dark matter, Physical cosmology - Dark energy, Physical cosmology - Other areas of inquiry, Physical cosmology - External references, Physical cosmology - From groups, Physical cosmology - From individuals

Read more here: » Physical cosmology: Encyclopedia II - Physical cosmology - History of physical cosmology

Alfvén and colleagues proposed an alternative cosmological theory to both the Steady State and the Big Bang cosmologies. Alfvén believed the problem with the Big Bang was that astrophysicists tried to extrapolate the origin of the universe from mathematical theories developed on the blackboard. The Big Bang was a myth according to Alfvén. This myth was devised to explain creation according to Alfvén. He confided with close friends that he felt the theory tried to make science compatible with the authoritative religiou ...

See also:

Hannes Alfvén, Hannes Alfvén - Introduction, Hannes Alfvén - Education, Hannes Alfvén - Early years, Hannes Alfvén - Research awards and contributions, Hannes Alfvén - Awards, Hannes Alfvén - Memberships, Hannes Alfvén - Developed and researched, Hannes Alfvén - Alfvén versus the Big Bang, Hannes Alfvén - Later years, Hannes Alfvén - Personal life

Read more here: » Hannes Alfvén: Encyclopedia II - Hannes Alfvén - Alfvén versus the Big Bang

Considered an outsider and a heretic by many of his peers, the engineer made significant contributions to plasma physics, including the aurorae, Van Allen radiation belts, the effect of magnetic storms on the Earth's magnetic field, the magnetosphere, the formation of comet tails, the formation of the solar system, and the dynamics of plasmas in our galaxy (plasma cosmology). In 1937, when interstellar space was thought to be a vacuum and consequently unable to support an electrical current, he argued that if plasma pervaded the unive ...

See also:

Hannes Alfvén, Hannes Alfvén - Introduction, Hannes Alfvén - Education, Hannes Alfvén - Early years, Hannes Alfvén - Research awards and contributions, Hannes Alfvén - Awards, Hannes Alfvén - Memberships, Hannes Alfvén - Developed and researched, Hannes Alfvén - Alfvén versus the Big Bang, Hannes Alfvén - Later years, Hannes Alfvén - Personal life

Read more here: » Hannes Alfvén: Encyclopedia II - Hannes Alfvén - Introduction

In 1991, Alfvén retired his posts of professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, San Diego and professor of plasma physics at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm . Alfvén spent his life alternating between California and Sweden. He died when he was 86 years old. The asteroid 1778 Alfvén was named in his honour. ...

See also:

Hannes Alfvén, Hannes Alfvén - Introduction, Hannes Alfvén - Education, Hannes Alfvén - Early years, Hannes Alfvén - Research awards and contributions, Hannes Alfvén - Awards, Hannes Alfvén - Memberships, Hannes Alfvén - Developed and researched, Hannes Alfvén - Alfvén versus the Big Bang, Hannes Alfvén - Later years, Hannes Alfvén - Personal life

Read more here: » Hannes Alfvén: Encyclopedia II - Hannes Alfvén - Later years

In particular, aetherometry research appears to be, in part, a continuation of Reich's investigations into orgone energy. Its proponents claim to have experimentally replicated most of the experimental results presented by Reich, and have proposed theoretical explanations for them [3]. In aetherometry, Reich's Orgone and DOR energies are regarded as forming a single spectrum of "ambipolar massfree electric radiation". [4]. A difference in interpretation regarding aetherometry's connections to Reich's work brings some aetheromet ...

See also:

Aetherometry, Aetherometry - Aims, Aetherometry - Central Concepts, Aetherometry - Massfree energy, Aetherometry - Graviton energy, Aetherometry - Ambipolar massfree energy Orgone and DOR aka Tesla radiation, Aetherometry - Latent heat or latent massfree energy, Aetherometry - Theoretical research, Aetherometry - Explicit conflicts, Aetherometry - Theory, Aetherometry - The dynamic aether, Aetherometry - Space and radiant energy, Aetherometry - Matter motion light and gravity, Aetherometry - Experiments, Aetherometry - The electroscope, Aetherometry - The pendulum, Aetherometry - Reich's orgone, Aetherometry - Tesla radiation, Aetherometry - Vacuum discharge tubes, Aetherometry - Predictions, Aetherometry - Proponents

Read more here: » Aetherometry: Encyclopedia II - Aetherometry - Theoretical research