A Wisdom Archive on Planner Programming Language - Control Structure Characterizations

Planner was the first language to feature procedural plans that were called by pattern-directed invocation using goals and assertions. A subset called Micro-Planner was implemented by Gerry Sussman, Eugene Charniak and Terry Winograd and was used in Winograd's natural-language understanding program SHRDLU, Eugene Charniak's story understanding work, and some other projects. This generated a great deal of excitement in the field of AI. It also generated controversy because it proposed an alternative ...

Read more here: » Planner programming language: Encyclopedia II - Planner programming language - Early History of Planner

In computer science, the Actor model, first published in 1973 (Hewitt et al. 1973), is a mathematical model of concurrent computation. The Actor model treats “Actors” as the universal primitives of concurrent digital computation: in response to a message that it receives, an Actor can make local decisions, create more Actors, send more messages, and determine how to respond to the next message received. The Actor model has been used both as a framework within which to develop a theor ... Including:

• Actor model - History
• Actor model - Fundamental concepts
• Actor model - Formal systems
• Actor model - Applications
• Actor model - Models prior to the Actor model
• Actor model - Lambda calculus
• Actor model - Simula
• Actor model - Smalltalk
• Actor model - Petri nets
• Actor model - Message Passing Semantics
• Actor model - The unbounded nondeterminism controversy
• Actor model - Direct communication and asynchrony
• Actor model - Actor creation plus addresses in messages means variable topology
• Actor model - Inherently concurrent
• Actor model - No requirement on order of message arrival
• Actor model - Not sequentiality not buffering not synchrony and not fixed topology
• Actor model - Locality
• Actor model - Compositionality
• Actor model - Behaviors
• Actor model - Relationship to mathematical logic
• Actor model - Migration
• Actor model - Security
• Actor model - Synthesizing addresses of Actors
• Actor model - Why is the Actor model important now?
• Actor model - Actor researchers

Read more here: » Actor model: Encyclopedia - Actor model

Japan (Japanese: 日本, Nihon or Nippon) is an East Asian country surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, the Sea of Japan, the Philippine Sea, the East China Sea, and the Sea of Okhotsk. To the west is Korea (North and South), to the north Russia, and to the southwest China mainland and Taiwan. One of the world's leading industrialized countries, the "Land of the Rising Sun" is composed of over 3,000 islands. The largest and main islands are, from north to south, Hokkaidō, Honshū, Shikoku, and Kyūshū. The Ryukyu Is ... Including:

• Japan - History
• Japan - Pre-history
• Japan - Classical era
• Japan - Medieval era
• Japan - Modern era
• Japan - Government and politics
• Japan - The Parliament
• Japan - The Imperial Household
• Japan - Foreign relations
• Japan - Geography of Japan
• Japan - Climate
• Japan - Ecoregions
• Japan - Regions
• Japan - Prefectures
• Japan - Economy
• Japan - Agricultural sector
• Japan - Industrial sector
• Japan - Service sector
• Japan - Society
• Japan - Demographics
• Japan - Religion
• Japan - Education
• Japan - Language
• Japan - Culture
• Japan - Military
• Japan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Japan: Encyclopedia - Japan

A Chinatown is a section containing a large population of Chinese people within a city that is not predominantly Chinese. Singapore, with its predominently ethnic Chinese population, is the only exception. Chinatowns are most common in Southeast Asia and North America, but growing Chinatowns can be found in Europe and Australia, as well as in São Paulo, Brazil. Chinatowns were formed in the 19th century in many areas of the United States and Canada as a result of discriminatory land laws that forbade the sale of any land to Ch ... Including:

• Chinatown - Names
• Chinatown - Settlement patterns and history of the earliest Chinatowns
• Chinatown - Features
• Chinatown - Arches or Paifang
• Chinatown - Bilingual signs
• Chinatown - Antiquated features
• Chinatown - Restaurants
• Chinatown - Shops
• Chinatown - Benevolent associations
• Chinatown - Annual events in Chinatown
• Chinatown - Dragon and lion dances
• Chinatown - Social problems in Chinatown
• Chinatown - Chinatowns worldwide
• Chinatown - Chinatown in film television and the arts

Read more here: » Chinatown: Encyclopedia - Chinatown

The 2003 Invasion of Iraq began on March 20, consisting primarily of United States and United Kingdom forces; 98% of the forces came from these two countries, although numerous other nations also participated. The 2003 Iraq invasion marked the beginning of what is commonly referred to as the Iraq War. Iraq's elite Republican Guard units were defeated April 2, and Baghdad fell on April 9th, 2003. On May 1, 2003, U.S. president George W. Bush declared the end of major combat operations, terminating the Ba'ath Party's rule and removing I ... Including:

• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Political and diplomatic aspects
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Military aspects
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Prelude
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Rationale
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Weapons of mass destruction
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Sanctions
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Human Rights
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Libyan disarmament
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Purported links between the government of Iraq and terrorist organizations
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Legitimacy and legality
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Invasion legitimacy
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Countries supporting and opposing the invasion
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Legality of the invasion
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Opposition view of the invasion
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Invasion
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Opening attack
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Special Operations
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Fall of Baghdad April 2003
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Other areas
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Summary of the invasion
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Security looting and war damage
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - End of major combat operations May 2003
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Deaths
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Related propaganda and phrases
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Media coverage
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq - Veterans Organizations

Read more here: » 2003 Invasion of Iraq: Encyclopedia - 2003 Invasion of Iraq

The Actor model adopts the philosophy that everything is an Actor. This is similar to the everything is an object philosophy used by some object-oriented programming languages, but differs in that object-oriented software is typically executed sequentially, while the Actor model is inherently concurrent. An Actor as a computational entity with a behavior such that in response to each message received can concurrently Send a finite number of messages to (other) Actors Create a finite number of new Actors Designate the beha ...

Read more here: » Actor model: Encyclopedia II - Actor model - Fundamental concepts