Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound best recognized for giving vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. Pure water-free acetic acid is a colourless hygroscopic liquid (that is, it readily absorbs water) that freezes below 16.7 °C (62 °F) to a colourless crystalline solid. Acetic acid is corrosive, and its vapour is irritating to eyes and nose, although it is a weak acid based ...

Including:

• Acetic acid - Nomenclature
• Acetic acid - History
• Acetic acid - Chemical properties
• Acetic acid - Biochemistry
• Acetic acid - Production
• Acetic acid - Methanol carbonylation
• Acetic acid - Acetaldehyde oxidation
• Acetic acid - Ethylene oxidation
• Acetic acid - Fermentation
• Acetic acid - Applications
• Acetic acid - Vinyl acetate monomer
• Acetic acid - Acetic anhydride
• Acetic acid - Ester production
• Acetic acid - Vinegar
• Acetic acid - Use as solvent
• Acetic acid - Other applications
• Acetic acid - Safety

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An alkane in organic chemistry is a saturated hydrocarbon without cycles, that is, an acyclic hydrocarbon in which the molecule has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms and so has no double bonds. Alkanes are also often known as paraffins, or collectively as the paraffin series; these terms, however, are also used to apply only to alkanes whose carbon atoms form a single, unbranched chain; when this is done, branched-chain alkanes are called isoparaffins. Alkanes are aliphatic compounds. The general formu ...

Including:

• Alkane - Isomerism
• Alkane - Nomenclature of alkanes
• Alkane - Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains
• Alkane - Alkanes with branched carbon chains
• Alkane - Trivial names
• Alkane - Occurrence
• Alkane - Purification and use
• Alkane - Preparation
• Alkane - Molecular geometry
• Alkane - Bond lengths and bond angles
• Alkane - Conformation
• Alkane - Properties
• Alkane - Physical properties
• Alkane - Chemical properties
• Alkane - Thermochemistry
• Alkane - Spectroscopic properties
• Alkane - Reactions
• Alkane - Reactions with oxygen
• Alkane - Reactions with halogens
• Alkane - Cracking and reforming
• Alkane - Other reactions
• Alkane - Hazards
• Alkane - Alkanes in nature
• Alkane - Bacteria and archaea
• Alkane - Fungi and plants
• Alkane - Animals
• Alkane - Ecological relations

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The strengths of acids and bases in aqueous solutions are determined by the values of the dissociation constants Ka and Kb for acids and bases, respectively, and by their molar concentrations in solution. Outside of an aqueous solution, it is much more difficult to define the strengths of acids and bases (see Acid-base reaction theories for more information on Brønsted-Lowry, Arrhenius, and Lewis acids and bases.) For the purposes of this article, it is best to assume that a ...

See also:

Acid dissociation constant, Acid dissociation constant - Basicity constant of the conjugate base, Acid dissociation constant - Relationship between acidity and basicity constants, Acid dissociation constant - The Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases, Acid dissociation constant - pKa of some common substances

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Formic acid and Acetic acid are totally soluble in water and dissociate to form reasonably strong acids (pKa respectively 3.77 and 4.76). Longer chain fatty acids do not show a great change in pKa: Nonanic acid, for example, has a pKa of 4.96. However, as the chain length increases the solubility of the fatty acids decreases very rapidly, so that the longer chain fatty acids have very little effect on the pH of a solution. The significance of their pKa values therefore only has relevance to the types of ...

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Fatty acid, Fatty acid - Types of fatty acids, Fatty acid - Saturated fatty acids, Fatty acid - Unsaturated fatty acids, Fatty acid - Free fatty acids, Fatty acid - pH, Fatty acid - Autoxidation and rancidity, Fatty acid - Sources

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Chemistry resources - Databases. Chemical catalog Compounds, analytical data Chmoogle The free chemistry search engine PubChem Compound, substance, and bioactivity data NCI Database Compound, substance, and bioactivity data, advanced search panel NIST Chemistry WebBook Compound data and spectra Chemfinder Compound data (cookie-based accession limit) SDBS Spectra (UV/Vis, IR, NMR) Bordwell pKa Table pKa values in DMSOSee also:

Chemistry resources, Chemistry resources - Free online resources, Chemistry resources - Databases, Chemistry resources - Online tools, Chemistry resources - Nomenclature, Chemistry resources - Periodic tables, Chemistry resources - Software, Chemistry resources - Safety

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Cysteine contains a highly nucleophilic thiol group, and one of its primary purposes is to act as a nucleophilic catalyst. Since the pKa of the cysteine thiol approximately 8, its chemical activity is very easily tuned by its environment (compare to histidine which has a pKa of approximately 6.5 and is used similarly). Some important cysteine nucleophiles include ubiquitin ligases, which transfer ubiquitin to its pendant proteins, and caspases which engage in proteolysis in the apoptotic cycle. Inteins often function with the help of a catal ...

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Cysteine, Cysteine - Biochemistry, Cysteine - Dietary Sources, Cysteine - Production, Cysteine - Applications, Cysteine - Sheep

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Nitric acid is a strong acid with a pKa of -2: in aqueous solution, it completely dissociates into the nitrate ion NO3− and a hydrated proton, known as a hydronium ion, H3O+. The salts of nitric acid (which contain the nitrate ion) are also known as nitrates. The overwhelming majority of them are very soluble in water. At room temperature nitric acid gives off red or yellow fumes. Nitric acid and its salts, the nitrates, should not be confused with ...

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Nitric acid, Nitric acid - History, Nitric acid - Chemistry, Nitric acid - Synthesis and Production, Nitric acid - Uses

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The aldehyde functional group is a carbon atom bonded to a carbonyl group and a hydrogen atom. Aldehyde - α carbon & α hydrogen. An α (alpha) carbon is a carbon adjacent to a carbonyl group. An α hydrogen is a hydrogen atom bonded to the α carbon. The pKa of an α hydrogen is 20. Aldehyde - Carbonyl group. The other molecules containing carbonyl group are: Ke ...

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Aldehyde, Aldehyde - Structure, Aldehyde - α carbon & α hydrogen, Aldehyde - Carbonyl group, Aldehyde - Nomenclature, Aldehyde - Physical properties, Aldehyde - Chemistry, Aldehyde - Preparation, Aldehyde - Common reactions, Aldehyde - Nucleophilic addition, Aldehyde - Keto-enol tautomerism, Aldehyde - Oxidation & Reduction, Aldehyde - Examples of Aldehydes, Aldehyde - Etymology

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Hydronium is the cation that forms from water in the presence of hydrogen ions. These hydrons do not exist in a free state: they are extremely reactive and are solvated by water. An acid is generally the source of these hydrons; however, since water can behave as an acid, hydronium exists even in pure water. This special case of water reacting with water to produce hydronium (and hydroxide) ions is commonly known as the self-ionization of water. The re ...

See also:

Hydronium, Hydronium - Nomenclature, Hydronium - Acids and Acidity, Hydronium - Solvation, Hydronium - Solid hydronium salts

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cGMP is involved in the regulation of some protein-dependent kinases. For example, PKG (protein kinase G) is a dimer consisting of one catalytic and one regulatory unit, with the regulatory units blocking the active sites of the catalytic units. cGMP binds to sites on the regulatory units of PKG and activates the catalytic units, enabling them to phosphorylate their substrates. Unlike with the activation of some other protein kinases, notably PKA, the ...

See also:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate, Cyclic guanosine monophosphate - Synthesis, Cyclic guanosine monophosphate - Effects, Cyclic guanosine monophosphate - Degradation, Cyclic guanosine monophosphate - Protein kinase activation

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Indole - Nitrogen basicity. Although the indole N-1 nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electrons, indole is not basic like amines and anilines because the lone pair is delocalised and contributes to the aromatic system. The protonated form has an pKa of -3.6, so that very strong acids like hydrochloric acid are needed to protonate a substantial amount of indole. The sensitivity of many indolic compounds (e.g., tryptamines) under acidic conditions is caused by this protonation.

Indole, Indole - History, Indole - Synthesis of indoles, Indole - Leimgruber-Batcho indole synthesis, Indole - Fischer indole synthesis, Indole - Other indole forming reactions, Indole - Chemical reactions of indole, Indole - Nitrogen basicity, Indole - Electrophilic substitution, Indole - Nitrogen-H acidity and organometallic indole anion complexes, Indole - Carbon acidity and C-2 lithiation, Indole - Oxidation of indole, Indole - Cycloadditions of indole, Indole - Applications, Indole - General references

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Cimetidine was the prototypical histamine H2-receptor antagonist from which the later members of the class were developed. Cimetidine was the culmination of a project at Smith, Kline & French (SK&F; now GlaxoSmithKline) to develop a histamine receptor antagonist to suppress stomach acid secretion. At the time (1964) it was known that histamine was able to stimulate the secretion of stomach acid, but also that traditional antihistamines had no effect on acid production. In the process, the SK&F scientists also prov ...

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Cimetidine, Cimetidine - Clinical Use, Cimetidine - History and development, Cimetidine - Shortcomings

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Acids are classified as either weak or strong (and bases similarly may be either weak or strong). Similarly, polyelectrolytes can be divided into 'weak' and 'strong' types. A 'strong' polyelectrolyte is one which dissociates completely in solution for most reasonable pH values. A 'weak' polyelectrolyte, by constrast, has a dissociation constant (pKa or pKb) in the range of ~2 to ~10, meaning that it will be partially dissociated at intermediate pH. Thus, weak polyelectrolytes are not fully charged in solution, and moreover their frac ...

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Polyelectrolyte, Polyelectrolyte - Polyelectrolyte charge, Polyelectrolyte - Polyelectrolyte conformation, Polyelectrolyte - Polyampholytes, Polyelectrolyte - Applications, Polyelectrolyte - Polyelectrolyte multilayers

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The ionization constant is: Since buffer solutions only involve weak acids and bases, it can be assumed that ionization of the acetic acid and hydrolysis of the acetate ions are negligible. Therefore, when the initial concentrations of the acid and conjugate base are the same, the pH of the buffer is equal to the pKa of the acid. After the addition of HCl (a strong acid), complete ionization of HCl occurs: Neutralization of the HCl by acetate ions occurs: The used up hydrogen ions ...

See also:

Buffer solution, Buffer solution - Applications, Buffer solution - Illustration of a buffer solution in action, Buffer solution - Illustration of the effect of buffer solutions on pH, Buffer solution - Common Buffer Compounds used in Biology, Buffer solution - Making buffer solutions, Buffer solution - Citric acid-phosphate buffer, Buffer solution - Calculating pH of buffer

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Aziridines can be prepared in organic synthesis in several ways. Aziridine - Cyclization of haloamines. An amine functional group displaces the adjacent halide in an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction to generate an aziridine. Amino alcohols have the same reactivity but it is required to convert the hydroxy group into a good leaving group first. < ...

See also:

Aziridine, Aziridine - Structure, Aziridine - Synthesis, Aziridine - Cyclization of haloamines, Aziridine - Nitrene addition, Aziridine - Triazoline decomposition, Aziridine - Reactions, Aziridine - Nucleophilic ring opening

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The hydrogen (H) atom in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can be given off as an H+ ion (proton), giving them their acidic character. Acetic acid is a weak, effectively monoprotic acid in aqueous solution, with a pKa value of 4.8. A 1.0 M solution (about the concentration of domestic vinegar) has a pH of 2.4, indicating that merely 0.4% of the ...

See also:

Acetic acid, Acetic acid - Nomenclature, Acetic acid - History, Acetic acid - Chemical properties, Acetic acid - Biochemistry, Acetic acid - Production, Acetic acid - Methanol carbonylation, Acetic acid - Acetaldehyde oxidation, Acetic acid - Ethylene oxidation, Acetic acid - Fermentation, Acetic acid - Applications, Acetic acid - Vinyl acetate monomer, Acetic acid - Acetic anhydride, Acetic acid - Ester production, Acetic acid - Vinegar, Acetic acid - Use as solvent, Acetic acid - Other applications, Acetic acid - Safety

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The simplest alkyne is ethyne (acetylene): ...

See also:

Alkyne, Alkyne - Structure, Alkyne - Chemical properties, Alkyne - Examples, Alkyne - Terminal and internal alkynes, Alkyne - Metal acetylides, Alkyne - Synthesis, Alkyne - Reactions

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List of schools in the United Kingdom - Primary Schools. Atholl Preparatory School High School of Glasgow Junior (pka Drewsteinton) Hutchesons' Grammar Junior School Kelvinside Academy List of schools in the United Kingdom - Secondary Schools. Bannerman High School Bearsdenkj Bellahouston Academy Castlemilk High School Cleveden Secondary School Drumchapel High School Eastbank Aca ...

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List of schools in the United Kingdom, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Bedfordshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Berkshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Buckinghamshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Cambridgeshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Cumbria, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Derbyshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Dorset, List of schools in the United Kingdom - East Sussex, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Essex, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Gloucestershire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Greater London, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Barking and Dagenham, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Barnet, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Bexley, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Bromley, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Camden, List of schools in the United Kingdom - City of London, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Croydon, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Ealing, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Enfield, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Hackney, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Hammersmith and Fulham, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Harrow, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Havering, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Hillingdon, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Kensington and Chelsea, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Kingston, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Lewisham, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Richmond, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Southwark, List of schools in the United Kingdom - City of Westminster, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Greater Manchester, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Hampshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Hertfordshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Humberside, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Kent, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Lancashire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Lincolnshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Merseyside, List of schools in the United Kingdom - North Yorkshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Craven, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Harrogate, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Hambleton, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Ryedale, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Scarborough, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Selby, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Richmondshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - York, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Nottinghamshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - City Schools, List of schools in the United Kingdom - County Schools, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Oxfordshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Peterborough unitary authority, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Rutland, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Shropshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Somerset, List of schools in the United Kingdom - South Gloucestershire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - South Yorkshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Barnsley, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Doncaster, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Rotherham, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Sheffield, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Suffolk, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Surrey, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Warwickshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - West Midlands, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Sandwell, List of schools in the United Kingdom - West Sussex, List of schools in the United Kingdom - West Yorkshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Wiltshire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Worcestershire, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Aberdeen, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Angus, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Nursery Schools, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Primary Schools, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Secondary Schools, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Dundee, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Secondary Schools, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Greater Glasgow, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Primary Schools, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Secondary Schools, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Highland, List of schools in the United Kingdom - Secondary Schools, List of schools in the United Kingdom - External link

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LTP is often divided into two phases, an early, protein synthesis-independent phase (E-LTP) that lasts between one and five hours, and a late, protein synthesis-dependent phase (L-LTP) that lasts from days to months[7]. Broadly, E-LTP produces a potentiation of a few hours duration. It does so by making the postsynaptic side of the synapse more sensitive to glutamate by adding a ...

See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

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LTP is often divided into two phases, an early, protein synthesis-independent phase (E-LTP) that lasts between one and five hours, and a late, protein synthesis-dependent phase (L-LTP) that lasts from days to months[8]. Broadly, E-LTP produces a potentiation of a few hours duration. It does so by making the postsynaptic side of the synapse more sensitive to glutamate by adding a ...

See also:

Long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - History, Long-term potentiation - Early theories of learning, Long-term potentiation - Discovery of long-term potentiation, Long-term potentiation - Types of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Associative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Nonassociative LTP, Long-term potentiation - Properties of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Rapid induction, Long-term potentiation - Cooperativity, Long-term potentiation - Associativity, Long-term potentiation - Input specificity, Long-term potentiation - Phases of LTP, Long-term potentiation - Early LTP, Long-term potentiation - Late LTP, Long-term potentiation - Retrograde signaling, Long-term potentiation - Synaptic tagging, Long-term potentiation - LTP modulation, Long-term potentiation - LTP and behavioral memory, Long-term potentiation - NMDA blockade, Long-term potentiation - Doogie mice, Long-term potentiation - Notes

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Starting in 1966 James Schwartz collaborated with Kandel on a biochemical analysis of changes in neurons associated with learning and memory storage. By this time it was known that long-term memory, unlike short-term memory, involved the synthesis of new proteins. By 1972 they had evidence that the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP (cAMP) was produced in Aplysia ganglia under conditions that cause short-term memory formation (sensitization). In 1974 the Kandel lab moved to Columbia University as founding director of the Center for ...

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Eric R. Kandel, Eric R. Kandel - Early years, Eric R. Kandel - Medical school and early research, Eric R. Kandel - Faculty member at New York University Medical School, Eric R. Kandel - Molecular changes during learning, Eric R. Kandel - Experimental support for Hebbian learning

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