Pāṇini

An artificial or constructed language (known colloquially as a conlang among aficionados), is a language whose phonology, grammar and vocabulary are specifically devised by an individual or small group, rather than having naturally evolved as part of a culture as with natural languages. Some are designed for use in human communication (usually to function as international auxiliary languages), but others are created for use in fiction, linguistic experimentation, secrecy (codes), or for the experience of doing so (artistic languages, language games). These ...

Including:

• Constructed language - Overview
• Constructed language - History

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Grammatical speculation is documented from Classical Antiquity, with Plato's Cratylus. However the suggested mechanisms of grammar were designed to explain existing languages (Latin, Greek, Sanskrit), and not aiming at constructing new grammars. Roughly contemporary to Plato, in his descriptive grammar of Sanskrit, Pāṇini constructed a meta-linguistic formalism, so that the text of his grammar may be considere ...

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Constructed language, Constructed language - Overview, Constructed language - History

Read more here: » Constructed language: Encyclopedia II - Constructed language - History

Constructed languages are often divided into a priori languages, in which much of the grammar and vocabulary is created from scratch (using the author's imagination or automatic computational means), and a posteriori languages, where the grammar and vocabulary are derived from one or more natural languages. Fictional and experimental languages can also be naturalistic, in the sense that they are meant to sound natural and, if derived a posteriori, they try to follow natural rules of phonological, lex ...

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Constructed language, Constructed language - Overview, Constructed language - History

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The Backus-Naur form (BNF) (also known as Backus normal form) is a metasyntax used to express context-free grammars: that is, a formal way to describe formal languages. BNF is widely used as a notation for the grammars of computer programming languages, command sets and communication protocols. They can also be used as a notation for representing parts of natural language grammars. For example see the grammar for meter in Venpa poetry. Most textbooks for programming language theory and/or semantics document the programming language in BNF. Some va ...

Including:

• Backus-Naur form - Introduction
• Backus-Naur form - Example
• Backus-Naur form - Further examples
• Backus-Naur form - Variants

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Arts and entertainment in India have a rich and ancient history. Right from ancient times there has been a synthesis of indigenous and foreign influences that have shaped the course of the arts of India. Arts refer to paintings, architecture, literature, music, dance, languages and cinema. In early India, most of the arts were derived Vedic influences. After the birth of Jainism and Buddhism, arts flourished under the patronage of kings and emperors. The coming of Islam spawned a whole new era of Islamic architecture. Finally t ...

Including:

• Arts and entertainment in India - Architecture
• Arts and entertainment in India - Literature
• Arts and entertainment in India - Music
• Arts and entertainment in India - Dance
• Arts and entertainment in India - New Media
• Arts and entertainment in India - Cinema
• Arts and entertainment in India - Radio
• Arts and entertainment in India - Television
• Arts and entertainment in India - Major Events
• Arts and entertainment in India - Professional Events
• Arts and entertainment in India - Ametuer Events

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Sanskrit grammatical tradition (vyākaraṇa, one of the six Vedanga disciplines) begins in late Vedic India, and culminates in the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini (ca. 5th century BC). Sanskrit grammarians - Panini's school. Panini's work had a phenomenal success, and later Sanskrit grammarians were essentially reduced to the role of his commentators, and ...

Including:

• Sanskrit grammarians - Panini's school
• Sanskrit grammarians - Early Accounts
• Sanskrit grammarians - Beginning of Western scholarship
• Sanskrit grammarians - 19th century
• Sanskrit grammarians - Modern period

Read more here: » Sanskrit grammarians: Encyclopedia - Sanskrit grammarians

A language is a system of symbols, generally known as lexemes and the rules by which they are manipulated. The word language is also used to refer to the whole phenomenon of language, i.e., the common properties of languages. Though language is commonly used for communication, it is not synonymous with it. Human language is a natural phenomenon, and language learning is instinctive in childhood. In their natural form, human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for the symbols in order to communicate with others through the senses. Though there are thousands of human languages, they all share a number of prope ...

Including:

• Language - Properties of language
• Language - Human languages
• Language - Origins of human language
• Language - Language taxonomy
• Language - Constructed languages
• Language - The study of language
• Language - Animal nonhuman language
• Language - Formal languages

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The Shiva Sutras (also Maheshvara Sutras) are the 14 sutras that form the basis of the Aṣṭādhyāyī (See: Aṣṭādhyāyī), the Sanskrit grammar by Pāṇini (See: Pāṇini). According to legend, these sutras were revealed to

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Panini can refer to: Panini (Primates) is a Primates' group gathering Chimpanzees and Bonobos Pāṇini, the 5th century BC Sanskrit grammarian Panini (sandwich), a type of Italian sandwich (actually panino, since panini is plural) Panini (stickers), a brand of collectible stickers, created by the same company as Panini Comics Panini Comics, a publisher of comic books and magazines. Giovanni Paolo Panini, an Italian artist Other rela

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Sanskrit (saṃskṛtam संस्कृतम्) is a classical language of India and a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It has a position in India and Southeast Asia similar to that of Latin and Greek in Medieval Europe, and is a central part of Hindu tradition. Sanskrit is one of the 22 official languages of India. Sanskrit is taught in schools and households th ...

Including:

• Sanskrit - History
• Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit
• Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit
• Sanskrit - European Scholarship
• Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system
• Sanskrit - Vowels
• Sanskrit - Consonants
• Sanskrit - Phonology
• Sanskrit - Pitch
• Sanskrit - Sandhi
• Sanskrit - Script
• Sanskrit - Grammar
• Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition
• Sanskrit - Verbs
• Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation
• Sanskrit - Nominal inflection
• Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners
• Sanskrit - Compounds
• Sanskrit - Syntax
• Sanskrit - Numerals
• Sanskrit - Influence
• Sanskrit - Modern-day India
• Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages
• Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit
• Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia - Sanskrit

Karaka may refer to the following: Karaka, a tree endemic to New Zealand. A rural area in the North Island of New Zealand. Kāraka, a concept in the grammar of Pāṇini, roughly similar to the concept of thematic role or theta role. Other related archivesKaraka, New Zealand, North Island, Pāṇini, endemic, thematic role, theta role

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Patañjali (Devanāgarī पतञ्जलि) is the compiler of the Yoga Sutra, a major work containing aphorisms on the practical and philosophical wisdom regarding practice of Raja Yoga. ("Yoga" in traditional Hinduism involves inner contemplation, a rigorous system meditation practice, ethics, metaphysics, and devotion to the one common soul, God, or Brahman/Atman.) Virtually nothing is known about the life of Patañjali, and some scholars believe he is entirely mythical. Various references suggest he lived between ...

Including:

• Patañjali - Yoga Sutras of Patañjali
• Patañjali - The Mahābhāṣya

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Panini's work had a phenomenal success, and later Sanskrit grammarians were essentially reduced to the role of his commentators, and his predecessors are only known from references in the Ashtadhyayi itself. His work is still used, or at least referred to, in the teaching of Sanskrit today. Panini's grammar consists of several parts, of which the Ashtadhyayi, containing the morphological rules, forms the core: Shiva Sutras: phonology (See also:

Sanskrit grammarians, Sanskrit grammarians - Panini's school, Sanskrit grammarians - Early Accounts, Sanskrit grammarians - Beginning of Western scholarship, Sanskrit grammarians - 19th century, Sanskrit grammarians - Modern period

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As an example, consider this BNF for a US postal address: <postal-address> ::= <name-part> <street-address> <zip-part> <personal-part> ::= <first-name> | <initial> "." <name-part> ::= <personal-part> <last-name> [<jr-part>] <EOL> | <personal-part> <name-part> <street-address> ::= [<apt>] <house-num> <street-name> <EOL> <zip-part> ::= <town-name> "," <st ...

See also:

Backus-Naur form, Backus-Naur form - Introduction, Backus-Naur form - Example, Backus-Naur form - Further examples, Backus-Naur form - Variants

Read more here: » Backus-Naur form: Encyclopedia II - Backus-Naur form - Example

The princes who ruled over these countries were Kshatriyas, and Panini's sutra 4.1.174 (te tadrajah) teaches us that the same word denoted both a descendent of the Kshatriyas i.e a citizen of janapada, as well as their king or ruler (India as Known to Panini, 1953, p 427, Dr V. S. Aggarwala; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p29-31, Dr J. L. Kamboj ) Sanskrit: Kshatriya.samana.shabdat janapadat tasya rajanyapatyavat | — (Katyayana's vartika V.1.168.3) ...

See also:

Kambojas of Panini, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s Sutras 4.1.168-4.1.177, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s Kshatiya monarchies, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s rules for janapadas and the Kshatriya settlers, Kambojas of Panini - Kshatriya tribes and their janapadas, Kambojas of Panini - Kshatiya descendents and their rulers, Kambojas of Panini - Special rule for Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Comments on special rule for Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Katyayana's expansion of sutra 4.1.175, Kambojas of Panini - Panini’s ganas and the Kamboja, Kambojas of Panini - Ganapatha on Panini’s rule and the Kambojas

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Human languages are usually referred to as natural languages, and the science studying them is linguistics. Making a principled distinction between one language and another is usually impossible. For example, the boundaries between named language groups are in effect arbitrary due to blending between populations (the dialect continuum). For instance, there are dialects of German very similar to Dutch which are not mutually intelligible with o ...

See also:

Language, Language - Properties of language, Language - Human languages, Language - Origins of human language, Language - Language taxonomy, Language - Constructed languages, Language - The study of language, Language - Animal nonhuman language, Language - Formal languages

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Arts and entertainment in India - Cinema. Indian actresses through the years Patience Cooper (1920s - 1940s) Nandita Das (1990s - present) Aishwarya Rai (1990s - present) Riya Sen (2000s - present) Main articles: Cinema of India, and [[{{{2}}}]] ...

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Arts and entertainment in India, Arts and entertainment in India - Architecture, Arts and entertainment in India - Literature, Arts and entertainment in India - Music, Arts and entertainment in India - Dance, Arts and entertainment in India - New Media, Arts and entertainment in India - Cinema, Arts and entertainment in India - Radio, Arts and entertainment in India - Television, Arts and entertainment in India - Major Events, Arts and entertainment in India - Professional Events, Arts and entertainment in India - Ametuer Events

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List of Pakistanis - Heads of State or Government. Muhammed Ali Jinnah Liaqat Ali Khan Sir Feroz Khan Noon Chaudhury Mohammad Ali Benazir Bhutto Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Zafarullah Khan Jamali Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi Iskander Mirza Nawaz Sharif Hussein Shaheed Suhrawardy Shaukat Aziz List of Pakistanis - Martial Law Administrators. Ayub Khan (1958–1969) Yahya Khan (1969 – 1971) Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (1976 – 1988)See also:

List of Pakistanis, List of Pakistanis - Politicians, List of Pakistanis - Heads of State or Government, List of Pakistanis - Martial Law Administrators, List of Pakistanis - Other Major Historical Political Figures, List of Pakistanis - Other Political/Religious Figures, List of Pakistanis - Human Rights Activists, List of Pakistanis - Prominent Businessmen/Industrialists, List of Pakistanis - Scholars and Scientists, List of Pakistanis - Arts Literature & Mass Media persons, List of Pakistanis - Writers & poets, List of Pakistanis - Film Stars, List of Pakistanis - Artists & Painters, List of Pakistanis - Journalists, List of Pakistanis - Vocal Artists, List of Pakistanis - Musicians Bands and Groups, List of Pakistanis - VJs, List of Pakistanis - Sportspersons, List of Pakistanis - Diplomats, List of Pakistanis - Military personalities, List of Pakistanis - Pre-Independence Personalities, List of Pakistanis - Miscellaneous personalities

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The sign inventory of IAST (both small and Capital letters) shown with Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA, is as follows: Note: Unlike ASCII only romanizations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto, the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalization of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ḍ Ṭ � ...

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IAST, IAST - IAST sign inventory and conventions

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Classical Sanskrit distinguishes 48 sounds. Some of these, are, however, allophones. The number of phonemes is smaller, at about 35, see below. The sounds are traditionally listed in the order vowels, diphthongs, anusvara and visarga, stops and nasals (starting in the back of the mouth and moving forward), and finally the liquids and fricatives, written in IAST as follows (see the tables below for details): See also:

Sanskrit, Sanskrit - History, Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit, Sanskrit - European Scholarship, Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system, Sanskrit - Vowels, Sanskrit - Consonants, Sanskrit - Phonology, Sanskrit - Pitch, Sanskrit - Script, Sanskrit - Grammar, Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition, Sanskrit - Verbs, Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation, Sanskrit - Nominal inflection, Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners, Sanskrit - Compounds, Sanskrit - Syntax, Sanskrit - Numerals, Sanskrit - Influence, Sanskrit - Modern-day India, Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages, Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia II - Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system