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pigmentation | A Wisdom Archive on pigmentation | | pigmentation A selection of articles related to pigmentation | |
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pigmentation, Pigment, Pigment - List of pigments, Pigment - Heme/Porphyrin based, Pigment - Light emitting, Pigment - Lipochromes, Pigment - Other, Pigment - Painting pigments, Pigment - Photosynthetic
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO pigmentation | | | |  pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Oliver O. Howard - Civil WarOn June 1, 1862, while commanding a Union brigade in the Fair Oaks, Howard was wounded twice in his right arm, which was subsequently amputated. (He was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1893 for his heroism at Fair Oaks.) General Philip Kearny, who had lost his left arm, visited Howard and joked that they would be able to shop for gloves together. Howard recovered quickly enough to rejoin the army for the Battle of Antietam, in which he rose to division command in the II Corps. He was promoted to major general in November 1862 and assumed comma ...
See also:Oliver O. Howard, Oliver O. Howard - Early years, Oliver O. Howard - Civil War, Oliver O. Howard - Post-civil war, Oliver O. Howard - Howard University, Oliver O. Howard - Author, Oliver O. Howard - Death, Oliver O. Howard - Film portrayal Read more here: » Oliver O. Howard: Encyclopedia II - Oliver O. Howard - Civil War |
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| | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Treatment Early diagnosis is important because the late effects of iron accumulation can be wholly prevented by periodic phlebotomies (comparable in volume to blood donations). Treatment is initiated when ferritin levels reach 300 micrograms per litre (or 200 in nonpregnant premenopausal women).
Every bag of blood (450-500 ml) contains 200-250 milligrams of iron. Phlebotomy is usually done at a weekly interval until ferritin levels have returned to normal. After that, 1-4 donations per yea ...
See also:Haemochromatosis, Haemochromatosis - Signs and symptoms, Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - Imaging features, Haemochromatosis - Chemistry, Haemochromatosis - Histopathology, Haemochromatosis - Genetics and epidemiology, Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology, Haemochromatosis - Treatment, Haemochromatosis - Screening, Haemochromatosis - Differential diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - History Read more here: » Haemochromatosis: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Treatment |
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| | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Genetics and epidemiology Haemochromatosis is one of the most common inheritable genetic defects, especially in people of northern European extraction, with about 1 in 10 people carrying the defective gene. The prevalence of haemochromatosis varies in different populations. In Northern Europeans it is of the order of one in 400 persons. Other populations probably have a lower prevalence of this disease. It is presumed, through genetic studies, that the "first" haemochromatosis patient, possibly of Celtic ethnicity, lived 60-70 generations ago. Around that time, when ...
See also:Haemochromatosis, Haemochromatosis - Signs and symptoms, Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - Imaging features, Haemochromatosis - Chemistry, Haemochromatosis - Histopathology, Haemochromatosis - Genetics and epidemiology, Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology, Haemochromatosis - Treatment, Haemochromatosis - Screening, Haemochromatosis - Differential diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - History Read more here: » Haemochromatosis: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Genetics and epidemiology |
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| | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology People with the abnormal genes do not reduce their absorption of iron in response to increased iron levels in the body. Thus the iron stores of the body increase. As they increase the iron which is initially stored as ferritin starts to get stored as a breakdown product of ferritin called haemosiderin and this is toxic to tissue.
The sensor pathway inside the enterocyte is disrupted due to the genetic errors. The enterocyte in the crypt must sense the amount of circulating iron. Depending on this information, the cell can regulate the ...
See also:Haemochromatosis, Haemochromatosis - Signs and symptoms, Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - Imaging features, Haemochromatosis - Chemistry, Haemochromatosis - Histopathology, Haemochromatosis - Genetics and epidemiology, Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology, Haemochromatosis - Treatment, Haemochromatosis - Screening, Haemochromatosis - Differential diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - History Read more here: » Haemochromatosis: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology |
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| | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Staphylococcus aureus - Microbiology Staphylococcus aureus appears as a Gram-positive coccus, in grape-like clusters when viewed through a microscope and as large, round, golden-yellow colonies, often with β-hemolysis, when grown on blood agar plates. Hence, the word "aureus" which means gold in latin. S. aureus can be differentiated from most other staphylococci by the coagulase test. S. aureus is coagulase-positive, while most other staphylococci are coagulase-negative. S. aureus is also catalase positive and thus able to convert hydrogen peroxide ...
See also:Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus - Microbiology, Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotic sensitivity, Staphylococcus aureus - Role of pigment in resistance, Staphylococcus aureus - Role in disease, Staphylococcus aureus - Note Read more here: » Staphylococcus aureus: Encyclopedia II - Staphylococcus aureus - Microbiology |
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| | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Albinism - Culture
Albinism - Myths and Superstitions.
Due to albinism's effect on one's outward appearance, cultures around the world have developed many myths and superstitions regarding people with albinism.
Zimbabwe, currently under the strain of an HIV epidemic, has developed a myth that having sex with a woman with albinism will cure a man of the disease. This has led to many women with albinism in the area being raped [1].
In Jamaica, West Indies, people with albinism have been degraded and regarded as cursed. In recent times, the affected dancehall singer Yellowman has hel ...
See also:Albinism, Albinism - Genetics, Albinism - Types of albinism, Albinism - Visual problems associated with albinism, Albinism - Sun Protection and Vision Aids, Albinism - Culture, Albinism - Myths and Superstitions, Albinism - Other, Albinism - Famous people with albinism, Albinism - Publications Read more here: » Albinism: Encyclopedia II - Albinism - Culture |
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| | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Staphylococcus aureus - Role in disease The Staphylococcus lives as a commensal on the skin and in the nose of humans and animals, as well as in the environment. It can infect other tissues when normal barriers have broken down (e.g. skin or mucosal lining). This leads to furuncles (boils) and carbuncles (a collection of furuncles).
Staphylococcal infections can be spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, skin to skin contact with an infected person, and contact with objects such as towels, sheets, cl ...
See also:Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus - Microbiology, Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotic sensitivity, Staphylococcus aureus - Role of pigment in resistance, Staphylococcus aureus - Role in disease, Staphylococcus aureus - Note Read more here: » Staphylococcus aureus: Encyclopedia II - Staphylococcus aureus - Role in disease |
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| | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis
Haemochromatosis - Imaging features.
Clinically the disease may be silent, but characteristic radiological features may point to the diagnosis. The increased iron stores in the organs involved, especially in the liver and pancreas, result in an increased attenuation at unenhanced CT and an decreased signal intensity at MR imaging. Haemochromatosis arthropathy includes degenerative osteoarthritis and chondrocalcinosis. The distribution of the arthropathy is distinctive, but not unique, frequently affecting the second and third metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand.
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See also:Haemochromatosis, Haemochromatosis - Signs and symptoms, Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - Imaging features, Haemochromatosis - Chemistry, Haemochromatosis - Histopathology, Haemochromatosis - Genetics and epidemiology, Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology, Haemochromatosis - Treatment, Haemochromatosis - Screening, Haemochromatosis - Differential diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - History Read more here: » Haemochromatosis: Encyclopedia II - Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis |
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| | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Albinism - Culture
Albinism - Myths and Superstitions.
Due to albinism's effect on one's outward appearance, cultures around the world have developed many myths and superstitions regarding people with albinism.
Zimbabwe, currently under the strain of an HIV epidemic, has developed a myth that sleeping with a woman with albinism will cure a man of the disease. This has led to many women with albinism and even some white women without albinsim in the area being raped.
In Jamaica, West Indies, people with albinism have been degraded and regarded as cursed. In recent times, the affected dancehall singer Yellowman has hel ...
See also:Albinism, Albinism - Genetics, Albinism - Types of albinism, Albinism - Visual problems associated with albinism, Albinism - Sun Protection and Vision Aids, Albinism - Culture, Albinism - Myths and Superstitions, Albinism - Other, Albinism - Famous people with albinism, Albinism - Publications Read more here: » Albinism: Encyclopedia II - Albinism - Culture |
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| | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Albinism - Visual problems associated with albinism Eye conditions common in albinism include (not all must be present)
Nystagmus, irregular rapid movement of the eyes back and forth.
Strabismus, muscle imbalance of the eyes ("crossed eyes" or "lazy eye")
Sensitivity to bright light and glare.
Far- or Near-sightedness
Astigmatism (distortion of a viewed image, usually either horizontally or vertica ...
See also:Albinism, Albinism - Genetics, Albinism - Types of albinism, Albinism - Visual problems associated with albinism, Albinism - Sun Protection and Vision Aids, Albinism - Culture, Albinism - Myths and Superstitions, Albinism - Other, Albinism - Famous people with albinism, Albinism - Publications Read more here: » Albinism: Encyclopedia II - Albinism - Visual problems associated with albinism |
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| | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Cetacean intelligence - Brain characteristics While there is no physiological characteristic that unequivocally indicates intelligence in animals, scientists naturally focus on brain size and structure. Absolute brain size does appear to correlate to intelligence[1] but it is a crude measure given that animal species vary in size over many orders of magnitude. Brain-to-body ratio is considered a more precise benchmark, particularly for species that are otherwise similar in size (the larger the species the smaller the brain-to-body mass ratios as a general rule). Comparing a land based s ...
See also:Cetacean intelligence, Cetacean intelligence - Brain characteristics, Cetacean intelligence - Differences from other mammalian brains, Cetacean intelligence - Behavior, Cetacean intelligence - Pack characteristics, Cetacean intelligence - Complex play, Cetacean intelligence - Creative behavior, Cetacean intelligence - Communication, Cetacean intelligence - Self-awareness, Cetacean intelligence - Comparative Cognition Read more here: » Cetacean intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Cetacean intelligence - Brain characteristics |
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| | | | | | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Cetacean intelligence - Differences from other mammalian brains Although dolphins are themselves mammals, their brains are constructed and act differently than those of most mammals. Unlike most mammalian brains, which have six neocortical layers, dolphins have five. While most sleeping mammals go through a stage known as REM sleep, dolphin studies have not shown any brain wave patterns associated with REM sleep. Unlike terrestrial mammals, dolphin brains contain a paralimbic lobe, which may possibly be used for sensory processing. It is notable that the dolphin is a voluntary breather, even in sleep, wi ...
See also:Cetacean intelligence, Cetacean intelligence - Brain characteristics, Cetacean intelligence - Differences from other mammalian brains, Cetacean intelligence - Behavior, Cetacean intelligence - Pack characteristics, Cetacean intelligence - Complex play, Cetacean intelligence - Creative behavior, Cetacean intelligence - Communication, Cetacean intelligence - Self-awareness, Cetacean intelligence - Comparative Cognition Read more here: » Cetacean intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Cetacean intelligence - Differences from other mammalian brains |
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| | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Cetacean intelligence - Communication Dolphins emit two very distinct kinds of acoustic signals, which we call whistles and clicks.
Clicks - quick broadband burst pulses - are used for echolocation, although some lower-frequency broadband vocalizations may serve a non-echolocative purpose such as communication such as the pulsed calls of Orcas. Pulses in a click train a~`35-50 milliseconds, and in general these inter-click intervals are slightly greater than the two-way travel time of sound to and from the target.
Whistles - narrow band freque ...
See also:Cetacean intelligence, Cetacean intelligence - Brain characteristics, Cetacean intelligence - Differences from other mammalian brains, Cetacean intelligence - Behavior, Cetacean intelligence - Pack characteristics, Cetacean intelligence - Complex play, Cetacean intelligence - Creative behavior, Cetacean intelligence - Communication, Cetacean intelligence - Self-awareness, Cetacean intelligence - Comparative Cognition Read more here: » Cetacean intelligence: Encyclopedia II - Cetacean intelligence - Communication |
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| | | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Gaucher's disease - Pathophysiology The disease is caused by a defect in the housekeeping gene lysosomal gluco-cerebrosidase (also known as β-glucosidase, EC 3.2.1.45, PDB 1OGS) on the first chromosome (1q21). The enzyme is a 55.6 KD, 497 amino acids long protein that catalyses the breakdown of glucocerebroside, a cell membrane constituent of red and white blood cells. The macrophages that clear these cells are unable to eliminate the waste product, which accumulates in fibrils, and turn into Gaucher cells, which appear ...
See also:Gaucher's disease, Gaucher's disease - Subtypes, Gaucher's disease - Signs and symptoms, Gaucher's disease - Diagnosis, Gaucher's disease - Pathophysiology, Gaucher's disease - Classification and genetics, Gaucher's disease - Epidemiology, Gaucher's disease - Treatment, Gaucher's disease - History Read more here: » Gaucher's disease: Encyclopedia II - Gaucher's disease - Pathophysiology |
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| | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Gaucher's disease - Classification and genetics There are three recognized forms; all have been linked to particular mutations. In all, there are about 80 known mutations.
Type I (N370S homozygote, the most common, also called the "non-neuropathic" type) occurs mainly (100x the general populace) in Ashkenazi Jews. It is mainly diagnosed in late childhood or early adulthood. Life expectancy is mildly decreased. There are no neurological symptoms. Dor Yeshorim, a non-profit testing organisation, therefore only tests patients on request.
Type II (1 or 2 alleles L444P) i ...
See also:Gaucher's disease, Gaucher's disease - Subtypes, Gaucher's disease - Signs and symptoms, Gaucher's disease - Diagnosis, Gaucher's disease - Pathophysiology, Gaucher's disease - Classification and genetics, Gaucher's disease - Epidemiology, Gaucher's disease - Treatment, Gaucher's disease - History Read more here: » Gaucher's disease: Encyclopedia II - Gaucher's disease - Classification and genetics |
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| | | | | pigmentation: Encyclopedia II - Chinese White Dolphin - Behaviour Chinese White Dolphins swim to the water surface to breathe every twenty to thirty seconds and after that they will dive into deep water again. A calf surfaces from the water twice as much as an adult. This is because calves have a smaller lung capacity than an adult. Adult dolphins can stay underwater for about two to eight minutes but a calf can only stay underwater for one to three minutes. On average, adult dolphins ...
See also:Chinese White Dolphin, Chinese White Dolphin - Variation, Chinese White Dolphin - Color changes in growth period, Chinese White Dolphin - Life expectancy, Chinese White Dolphin - Behaviour, Chinese White Dolphin - Reproductive cycle, Chinese White Dolphin - Population, Chinese White Dolphin - Dolphin watching, Chinese White Dolphin - Threats, Chinese White Dolphin - Origin of a Cantonese slang, Chinese White Dolphin - Timeline of main events Read more here: » Chinese White Dolphin: Encyclopedia II - Chinese White Dolphin - Behaviour |
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