pigmentation

Complexion refers to the natural color, texture, and appearance of the skin, especially that of the face. The word is derived from the Late Latin complexi, which initially referred in general terms to a combination of things, and later in physiological terms, to the balance of humors. The four humours were four fluids that were thought to permeate the body and influence its health. The concept was developed by ancient Greek thinkers around 400 BC. People were thought to be eithe ...

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Cetacean intelligence denotes the cognitive capabilities of the cetacean order of mammals and especially the various species of dolphin. Cetaceans include whales, porpoises and dolphins and while all are broadly considered intelligent, dolphins have generated the most attention as their capabilities appear to be of a different order than that of their relatives. Conclusions about the nature and magnitude of dolphin intelligence have not yet been reached. There are many different species of dolphin (see the cetacea articl ...

Including:

• Cetacean intelligence - Brain characteristics
• Cetacean intelligence - Differences from other mammalian brains
• Cetacean intelligence - Behavior
• Cetacean intelligence - Pack characteristics
• Cetacean intelligence - Complex play
• Cetacean intelligence - Creative behavior
• Cetacean intelligence - Communication
• Cetacean intelligence - Self-awareness
• Cetacean intelligence - Comparative Cognition

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The Chinese White Dolphin (Chinese: 中華白海豚; Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōnghuá bái hǎitún) (Sousa chinensis chinensis) is a subspecies of the Indo-Pacific Hump-backed Dolphin and is one of eighty cetacean species. The adult dolphin has a unique pink-coloured skin. The colour of the skin is not a result of colour pigmentation, but is actually from blood vessels used for thermoregulation to prevent overheating during exertion. The a ...

Including:

• Chinese White Dolphin - Variation
• Chinese White Dolphin - Color changes in growth period
• Chinese White Dolphin - Life expectancy
• Chinese White Dolphin - Behaviour
• Chinese White Dolphin - Reproductive cycle
• Chinese White Dolphin - Population
• Chinese White Dolphin - Dolphin watching
• Chinese White Dolphin - Threats
• Chinese White Dolphin - Origin of a Cantonese slang
• Chinese White Dolphin - Timeline of main events

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Human beings have many variations in hair color and texture. Hair color is the result of pigmentation due to the presence of the chemicals of melanin. In general, the more melanin, the darker the hair color. In general, the color of children's and adult's hair varies from pale yellow to deep black. The ethnic distribution of colors has historically varied by geographic area. For example, deep brown and black prevail in the Middle East, North Africa, and Mediterranean Europe, and even darker shades occur in East Asia, Sou ...

Including:

• Hair color - Effects of aging on hair color
• Hair color - Genetics
• Hair color - Medical conditions affecting hair color
• Hair color - Archaeological Hair

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The term fur refers to the body hair of non-human mammals also known as the pelage (like the term plumage in birds). Fur comes from the coats of animals; the animal's coat may consist of short ground hair, long guard hair, and, in some cases, medium awn hair. Not all mammals have fur; animals without fur may be referred to as "naked", as in The Naked Ape and naked mole rat. Fur usually consists of two main layers: Ground hair or underfur — the bottom layer consisting of wool hairs which tend ...

Including:

• Fur - Fur clothing
• Fur - Controversy
• Fur - Fur fetishes

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In zootomy and dermatology, skin is an organ of the integumentary system composed of a layer of tissues that protect underlying muscles and organs. As the interface with the surroundings, it plays the most important role in protecting against pathogens. Its other main functions are insulation and temperature regulation, sensation and vitamin D and B synthesis. Skin has pigmentation, provided by melanocytes, which absorbs some of the potentially dangerous radiation in sunlight. It also contains DNA repair enzymes which reverse U ...

Including:

• Skin - Layers
• Skin - Types
• Skin - Functions
• Skin - Hygiene
• Skin - Aging and disease

Read more here: » Skin: Encyclopedia - Skin

Albinism (from Latin albus, meaning "white") is a lack of pigmentation in the eyes, skin and hair. It is an inherited condition resulting from the combination of recessive alleles passed from both parents of an individual. This condition is known to affect mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. While the most common term for an individual affected by albinism is "albino", most of them prefer "person with albinism", because "albino" is most often used in a derogatory way. A humorous compensation for this was the inventi ...

Including:

• Albinism - The Genetics of Albinism
• Albinism - Types of albinism
• Albinism - Visual problems associated with albinism
• Albinism - Sun Protection and Vision Aids
• Albinism - Culture
• Albinism - Myths and Superstitions
• Albinism - Other
• Albinism - Famous people with albinism
• Albinism - Publications

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See also animal behavior for a broader view. Researching the behavior of dolphins in the wild is a difficult task. However, several researchers have examined the social behavior of dolphins and tried to extract from an understanding of the level of communication between individuals, which in turn is interpreted as a measure of intelligence. Cetacean intelligence - Pack characteristics. Dolphin group sizes vary quite dramatically. Older male Orca tend to lead quite solitary lives but this is t ...

See also:

Cetacean intelligence, Cetacean intelligence - Brain characteristics, Cetacean intelligence - Differences from other mammalian brains, Cetacean intelligence - Behavior, Cetacean intelligence - Pack characteristics, Cetacean intelligence - Complex play, Cetacean intelligence - Creative behavior, Cetacean intelligence - Communication, Cetacean intelligence - Self-awareness, Cetacean intelligence - Comparative Cognition

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Fur has served as an important source of clothing for humans, especially in colder climates since time immemorial. Modern cultures continue to wear fur and fur trim as dictated by fashion trends and it is still considered by many as a luxury item. Animal furs used in garments and trim may be dyed bright colors or to mimic exotic animal patterns, or shorn down to imitate the feel of a soft velvet fabric. The term "a fur" is often used to ...

See also:

Fur, Fur - Fur clothing, Fur - Controversy, Fur - Fur fetishes

Read more here: » Fur: Encyclopedia II - Fur - Fur clothing

S. aureus has become resistant to many commonly used antibiotics. Up to 20% of all Staphylococcus isolates are resistant to penicillin, which has led to the introduction of flucloxacillin and cloxacillin as first-line antistaphylococcal antibiotics. An increasing problem since the 1950s has been resistance of S. aureus to flucloxacillin, oxacillin, and similar β-lactam antibiotics that are deactivated by β-lactamase. As methicillin is used in laboratories to assess for this type of resistance, the term Methic ...

See also:

Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus - Microbiology, Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotic sensitivity, Staphylococcus aureus - Role of pigment in resistance, Staphylococcus aureus - Role in disease, Staphylococcus aureus - Note

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The sea of Hong Kong is becoming a very dangerous habitat for the Chinese White Dolphins. This is due to the increasing numbers of poaching, landfills, and sea traffic. Since Chinese White Dolphins are territorial animals and rarely stray far away from their habitat, the water pollution in Hong Kong has a high impact on them. Industrial, agricultural and domestic sewage are amongst the threats to the dolphins. In the Pearl River Delta, about 190,000 cubic metres of sewage is drained into the sea without any treatment daily. Tributylti ...

See also:

Chinese White Dolphin, Chinese White Dolphin - Variation, Chinese White Dolphin - Color changes in growth period, Chinese White Dolphin - Life expectancy, Chinese White Dolphin - Behaviour, Chinese White Dolphin - Reproductive cycle, Chinese White Dolphin - Population, Chinese White Dolphin - Dolphin watching, Chinese White Dolphin - Threats, Chinese White Dolphin - Origin of a Cantonese slang, Chinese White Dolphin - Timeline of main events

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In populations with high rates of carriage (Ashkenazi Jews and Norrbottnian Swedes), some family members of the index patient may already have been diagnosed with Gaucher's. Truly sporadic cases may suffer diagnostic delay due to the protean symptoms. Biochemical abnormalities: high alkaline phosphatase, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and immunoglobulin levels. The diagnosis is made with genetic testing of the β-glucosidase gene. As there are numerous different mutations, sequencing of the gene is sometimes necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Prenatal diagnosis is available, and is us ...

See also:

Gaucher's disease, Gaucher's disease - Subtypes, Gaucher's disease - Signs and symptoms, Gaucher's disease - Diagnosis, Gaucher's disease - Pathophysiology, Gaucher's disease - Classification and genetics, Gaucher's disease - Epidemiology, Gaucher's disease - Treatment, Gaucher's disease - History

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Haemochromatosis is notoriously protean, i.e. it presents with symptoms that are often initially attributed to other diseases. Symptoms may include: Malaise Liver cirrhosis (with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, affecting up to a third of all homozygotes) - this is often preceded by a period of a painfully enlarged liver. Insulin resistance (often patients have already been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2) Erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism Congestive heart fail ...

See also:

Haemochromatosis, Haemochromatosis - Signs and symptoms, Haemochromatosis - Diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - Imaging features, Haemochromatosis - Chemistry, Haemochromatosis - Histopathology, Haemochromatosis - Genetics and epidemiology, Haemochromatosis - Pathophysiology, Haemochromatosis - Treatment, Haemochromatosis - Screening, Haemochromatosis - Differential diagnosis, Haemochromatosis - History

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Skin is composed of the epidermis and the dermis. Below these layers lies the hypodermis(subcutaneous adipose layer), which is not usually classified as a layer of skin. The outermost epidermis is consists of stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basement membrane. It contains no blood vessels, and is nourished by diffusion from the dermis. The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are keratinocytes, with melanocytes and Langerhans cells also present. The epidermis can be further subdivided in ...

See also:

Skin, Skin - Layers, Skin - Types, Skin - Functions, Skin - Hygiene, Skin - Aging and disease

Read more here: » Skin: Encyclopedia II - Skin - Layers

Because of the multiplicity of conditions, many different diagnostic tests are used for screening. An abnormal result is often followed by a subsequent "definitive test" to confirm the suspected diagnosis. Common screening tests used in the last sixty years: Ferric chloride test (turned colors in reaction to various abnormal metabolites in urine) Ninhydrin paper chromatography (detected abnormal amino acid patterns) Guthrie bacterial inhibition assay (detected a few amino acids in excessive amounts in blood) Quantitative plasma amino acids, quantitative urine ...

See also:

Inborn error of metabolism, Inborn error of metabolism - Major categories of inherited metabolic diseases, Inborn error of metabolism - Manifestations and presentations, Inborn error of metabolism - Diagnostic techniques, Inborn error of metabolism - Newborn screening, Inborn error of metabolism - Management

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A change in hair color typically occurs naturally as people age, usually turning their hair from its natural color to gray, then to white. More than 40 percent of Americans have some gray hair by their fortieth birthday but grey hairs can appear as early as the teens and twenties for some, or even in childhood. The determination of when someone begins graying, whether it comes with aging or prematurely, seems to be almost entirely based on genetics. Sometimes people are born with gray ha ...

See also:

Hair color, Hair color - Effects of aging on hair color, Hair color - Genetics, Hair color - Medical conditions affecting hair color, Hair color - Archaeological Hair

Read more here: » Hair color: Encyclopedia II - Hair color - Effects of aging on hair color

ICD-10 Chapter L: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue - L00-L08 Infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. (L00) Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (L01) Impetigo (L02) Cutaneous abscess, furuncle and carbuncle (L03) Cellulitis (L04) Acute lymphadenitis (L05) Pilonidal cyst (L08) Other local infections of skin and subcutaneous tissue (L081) Erythrasma ICD-10 Chapter L: Diseases of the skin ...

See also:

ICD-10 Chapter L: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, ICD-10 Chapter L: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue - L00-L99 - Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, ICD-10 Chapter L: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue - L00-L08 Infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, ICD-10 Chapter L: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue - L10-L14 Bullous disorders, ICD-10 Chapter L: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue - L20-L30 Dermatitis and eczema, ICD-10 Chapter L: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue - L40-L45 Papulosquamous disorders, ICD-10 Chapter L: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue - L50-L54 Urticaria and erythema, ICD-10 Chapter L: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue - L55-L59 Radiation-related disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, ICD-10 Chapter L: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue - L60-L75 Disorders of skin appendages, ICD-10 Chapter L: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue - L80-L99 Other disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Read more here: » ICD-10 Chapter L: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue: Encyclopedia II - ICD-10 Chapter L: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue - L00-L99 - Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Albinism occurs in 1 in 17,000 to 40,000 individuals, although around 1 in 70 are carriers for one of the different types of albinism. For nearly all those types of albinism both parents must carry the affected gene to have a child with albinism. Because the body has two sets of genes, a person who has one gene for normal pigmentation and one gene for albinism, he or she will have enough genetic information to make normal amounts of pigment. When both parents are unaffected carriers, there is a one in four chance at each pregnancy that the baby will be born with albinism. This type of i ...

See also:

Albinism, Albinism - The Genetics of Albinism, Albinism - Types of albinism, Albinism - Visual problems associated with albinism, Albinism - Sun Protection and Vision Aids, Albinism - Culture, Albinism - Myths and Superstitions, Albinism - Other, Albinism - Famous people with albinism, Albinism - Publications

Read more here: » Albinism: Encyclopedia II - Albinism - The Genetics of Albinism

Skin is composed of the epidermis and the dermis. Below these layers lies the hypodermis, which is not usually classified as a layer of skin. The outermost epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basement membrane. It contains no blood vessels, and is nourished by diffusion from the dermis. The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are keratinocytes, with melanocytes and Langerhans cells also present. The epidermis can be further subdivided into the following strataSee also:

Skin, Skin - Layers, Skin - Types, Skin - Functions, Skin - Hygiene, Skin - Aging and disease

Read more here: » Skin: Encyclopedia II - Skin - Layers

The gene which results in albinism prevents the body from making the usual amounts of a pigment called melanin. Albinism used to be categorised as Tyrosinase positive or negative. In cases of Tyrosinase positive albinism, the enzyme tyrosinase is present but is unable to enter pigment cells to produce melanin. In tyrosinase negative cases, this enzyme is not produced. This classification has been rendered obsolete by recent research. About 1 in 17,000 people have some type of albinism, ...

See also:

Albinism, Albinism - Genetics, Albinism - Types of albinism, Albinism - Visual problems associated with albinism, Albinism - Sun Protection and Vision Aids, Albinism - Culture, Albinism - Myths and Superstitions, Albinism - Other, Albinism - Famous people with albinism, Albinism - Publications

Read more here: » Albinism: Encyclopedia II - Albinism - Genetics