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Physiology | A Wisdom Archive on Physiology | | Physiology A selection of articles related to Physiology | |
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physiology, Physiology, Physiology - Areas of physiology, Physiology - History, Physiology - Human and animal, Physiology - Plant
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Physiology | | | |  Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Burping - PhysiologyBurping is typically caused by eating or drinking too fast, and thereby swallowing (aerophagia) and subsequently expelling air, in which case the expelled gas is a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. Burps can also be caused by imbibing carbonated drinks such as beer, soft drinks, or champagne, in which case the expelled gas is carbon dioxide from the drink itself. Gastroesophageal reflux disease can also cause involuntary burping. Some studies ([1]) have suggested that aerophagia is not the primary culprit but that burping is ...
See also:Burping, Burping - Physiology, Burping - Social context and etiquette, Burping - Infant burping, Burping - Burped speech, Burping - In animals Read more here: » Burping: Encyclopedia II - Burping - Physiology |
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| | | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Bilirubin - Physiology Bilirubin is essentially a waste product, formed when red blood cells die and hemoglobin is broken down. Haemoglobin is broken down within the macrophages to haem and globins; the haem is further degraded to Fe2+, carbon monoxide and bilirubin via the intermediate compound biliverdin. Since bilirubin is poorly soluble in water, it is carried to the liver bound to albumin. Bilirubin is made water-soluble in the liver by conjugation with uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid or UDPGA. As part of bile, the soluble or "conjugated" bilirubi ...
See also:Bilirubin, Bilirubin - Physiology, Bilirubin - Bilirubin blood tests, Bilirubin - Interpretation, Bilirubin - Jaundice, Bilirubin - Bilirubin toxicity, Bilirubin - Bilirubin benefits, Bilirubin - Chemistry, Bilirubin - Related topics Read more here: » Bilirubin: Encyclopedia II - Bilirubin - Physiology |
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| | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Hutts - Physiology Hutts reproduce asexually, thus a Hutt has only one biological parent. However, it would seem that if the parent of a Hutt has a "mate", the child considers both Hutts its parents (Jabba the Hutt was said to have both a mother and a father). A baby Hutt, known as a Huttlet, is the size of an orange when born. Hutts can claim a lifespan of 1,000 standard years.
Hutts are also unique in that they are one of the few species that are immune to the Force. Jedi mind tricks have no effect upon the Hutts. This does not mean that Hutts don't e ...
See also:Hutts, Hutts - Origins, Hutts - Physiology, Hutts - Society, Hutts - Classes of Hutts:, Hutts - Known Hutts from movies and comic books: Read more here: » Hutts: Encyclopedia II - Hutts - Physiology |
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| | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Hutts - Physiology Hutts reproduce asexually, thus a Hutt has only one biological parent. However, it would seem that if the parent of a Hutt has a "mate", the child considers both Hutts its parents (Jabba the Hutt was said to have both a mother and a father). A baby Hutt, known as a Huttlet, is the size of an orange when born. Hutts can claim a lifespan of 1,000 standard years.
Hutts are also unique in that they are one of the few species that are immune to the Force. Jedi mind tricks have no effect upon the Hutts. This does not mean that Hutts don't e ...
See also:Hutts, Hutts - Origins, Hutts - Physiology, Hutts - Society, Hutts - Classes of Hutts:, Hutts - Known Hutts from movies and comic books Read more here: » Hutts: Encyclopedia II - Hutts - Physiology |
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| | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Virgin - Physiology Among human females, the hymen is a membrane, part of the vulva, which partially occludes the entrance to the vagina and which is often physically torn when the woman first engages in vaginal sexual intercourse. The presence of an intact membrane is therefore often seen as physical evidence of virginity in the broader technical sense. The absence of one, however, is not necessarily an indication of participation in sexual intercourse, since in some women the hymen is either absent from birth, or sufficiently vestigial not to be affected by s ...
See also:Virgin, Virgin - Physiology, Virgin - In History, Virgin - In Culture, Virgin - Religion, Virgin - Christianity, Virgin - Islam, Virgin - Judaism Read more here: » Virgin: Encyclopedia II - Virgin - Physiology |
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| | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Uvea - Physiology The prime functions of the uveal tract as a unit are:
1. nutrition and gas exchange. Uveal vessels directly perfuse the ciliary body and iris, to support their metabolic needs, and indirectly supply diffusible nutrients to the outer retina, cornea & lens, which lack any intrinsic blood supply.
2. light absorption. The uvea improves the contrast of the retinal image by reducing reflected light within the eye (analogous to the black paint inside a camera), and also absorbs outside light transmitted through the s ...
See also:Uvea, Uvea - Anatomy, Uvea - Regions, Uvea - Histology, Uvea - External and internal relations, Uvea - Physiology, Uvea - Pharmacology, Uvea - Immunology, Uvea - Pathology Read more here: » Uvea: Encyclopedia II - Uvea - Physiology |
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| | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Retina - Physiology An image is produced by the "patterned excitation" of the retinal receptors, the cones and rods. The excitation is processed by the neuronal system and various parts of the brain working in parallel to form a representation of the external environment in the brain.
The cones respond to bright light and mediate high-resolution vison and colour vision. The rods respond to dim light and mediate lower-resolution, black-and-white, night vision. It is a lack of cones sensitive to red, blue, or green light that causes individuals to have def ...
See also:Retina, Retina - Retinal anatomy, Retina - Physical structure of human retina, Retina - Physiology, Retina - Diseases and disorders, Retina - Diagnosis and treatment, Retina - Difference between vertebrate and cephalopod retinas, Retina - Research, Retina - Bibliography Read more here: » Retina: Encyclopedia II - Retina - Physiology |
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| | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Baboon - Physiology All baboons have long dog-like muzzles (cynocephalus = dog-head), close-set eyes, heavy powerful jaws, thick fur except on their muzzle, short tail and often brightly coloured ischial callosities (rear-ends).
There is considerable variation in size and weight depending on species, the Chacma Baboon can be 120 cm (47 inches) and weigh 40 kg (90 lb) while the biggest Guinea Baboon is 50 cm (20 inches) and weighs only 14 kg (30 lb).
In all baboon species there is pronounced sexual dimorphism, usually in size but also somet ...
See also:Baboon, Baboon - Physiology, Baboon - Society, Baboon - Mating and birth, Baboon - Cultural importance, Baboon - Classification, Baboon - Species list Read more here: » Baboon: Encyclopedia II - Baboon - Physiology |
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| | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Platelet - Physiology
Platelet - Production.
Platelets are produced in the bone marrow; the progenitor cell for platelets is the megakaryocyte. This large, multinucleated cell sheds platelets into the circulation. Thrombopoietin (c-mpl ligand) is a hormone, mainly produced by the liver, that stimulates platelet production. It is bound to circulating platelets; if platelet levels are adequate, serum levels remain low. If the platelet count is decreased, more thrombopoeitin circulates freely and increases marrow production.
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See also:Platelet, Platelet - Anatomy, Platelet - Physiology, Platelet - Production, Platelet - Circulation, Platelet - Function, Platelet - Activators, Platelet - Inhibitors, Platelet - Role in disease, Platelet - High and low counts, Platelet - Diseases, Platelet - Transfusion Read more here: » Platelet: Encyclopedia II - Platelet - Physiology |
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| | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Cholesterol - Physiology
Cholesterol - Synthesis and intake.
Cholesterol is primarily synthesized from acetyl CoA through the HMG-CoA reductase pathway in many cells/tissues. About 20–25% of total daily production (~1 g/day) occurs in the liver; other sites of higher synthesis rates include the intestines, adrenal glands and reproductive organs. For a person of about 150 pounds (68 kg), typical total body content is about 35 g, typical daily internal production is about 1 g and typical daily dietary intake is 200 to 300 mg. Of the 1,200 to 1,300 mg input to the intestines (via bile production and food intake), abo ...
See also:Cholesterol, Cholesterol - History of the name, Cholesterol - Physiology, Cholesterol - Synthesis and intake, Cholesterol - Properties, Cholesterol - Regulation, Cholesterol - Function, Cholesterol - Excretion, Cholesterol - Role in atheromatous disease, Cholesterol - Cholesteric liquid crystals, Cholesterol - Sources Read more here: » Cholesterol: Encyclopedia II - Cholesterol - Physiology |
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| | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Pain - Physiology
Pain - Pain receptors.
All pain receptors are free nerve endings. There are mechanical, thermal and chemical pain receptors. They are found in skin and on internal surfaces such as periosteum and joint surfaces. Deep internal surfaces are only weakly supplied with pain receptors and will propagate sensations of chronic, aching pain if tissue damage in these areas is experienced.
Pain receptors do not adapt to stimulus. In some conditions, excitation of pain fibres becomes greater as the pain stimulus continues, leading ...
See also:Pain, Pain - Types of pain, Pain - Physiology, Pain - Pain receptors, Pain - Transmission of pain signals in the central nervous system, Pain - Analgesia, Pain - Survival benefit, Pain - Children and pain, Pain - Pain and alternative medicine Read more here: » Pain: Encyclopedia II - Pain - Physiology |
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| | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Muscle - Physiology The three types of muscle have significant differences, but all use the movement of actin against myosin to produce contraction and relaxation. In skeletal muscle, contraction is stimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by the nerves, the motor nerves and motoneurons in particular. All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Muscles and muscular activity account for most of the body's energy consumption. Muscles store energy for their own use in the form of glycogen, which represents about 1% of their mass. This can be rapidly converted to g ...
See also:Muscle, Muscle - Types, Muscle - Anatomy, Muscle - Physiology, Muscle - Nervous control, Muscle - Efferent leg, Muscle - Afferent leg, Muscle - Role in health and disease, Muscle - Exercise, Muscle - Disease, Muscle - The strongest human muscle, Muscle - Efficiency, Muscle - Muscle evolution Read more here: » Muscle: Encyclopedia II - Muscle - Physiology |
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| | | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Vorlon - Physiology A naked Vorlon is a remarkable and extremely dangerous thing to behold. The race has advanced to the point of abandoning their old bodies and becoming beings of energy. This shape is a bright, semi-translucent being with a number of tendrils. They are very nearly immortal (barring violence) and are immune to the effects of gravity.
True Vorlons are seen only once in the series, as the second Vorlon ambassador to Babylon 5 is forcibly ejected from the station and the situation degenerates into a firefight. The specifics are left vague. ...
See also:Vorlon, Vorlon - Nature, Vorlon - Appearance, Vorlon - Physiology, Vorlon - Mental capabilities, Vorlon - History, Vorlon - About year 1260, Vorlon - Years 2260-2261, Vorlon - After the Departure, Vorlon - Homeworld, Vorlon - Technology, Vorlon - Space vessels, Vorlon - Biotechnology, Vorlon - Lyta Alexander and Sebastian Read more here: » Vorlon: Encyclopedia II - Vorlon - Physiology |
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| | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Nietzschean - Physiology Nietzscheans are a subspecies of Homo sapiens that has been modified at the genetic level. In addition to being ten percent stronger and faster than an average human of their size and gender, Nietzscheans are immune to some poisons (aconite, ammonia, antipyrine, arsenic, atropine, camphor, hydrocyanic acid, iodine, lead, picrotoxin, and strychnine) and diseases (diphtheria, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, influenza, lyme disease, measles, meningococcal disease, mumps, pertussis, pneumococcal disease, polio ...
See also:Nietzschean, Nietzschean - Overview, Nietzschean - Physical Characteristics, Nietzschean - Homeworld, Nietzschean - Social Characteristics, Nietzschean - Philosophy, Nietzschean - History, Nietzschean - Origin, Nietzschean - Alliance with Systems Commonwealth, Nietzschean - Rebellion, Nietzschean - Mutual destruction, Nietzschean - Current status, Nietzschean - Physiology, Nietzschean - Reproductive method, Nietzschean - Society, Nietzschean - Naming, Nietzschean - Family organization Read more here: » Nietzschean: Encyclopedia II - Nietzschean - Physiology |
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| | | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Beetle - Physiology There are few things that a beetle somewhere will not eat, even inorganic matter may be consumed.
Some beetles are highly specialised in their diet; for example, the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) opts almost entirely to colonize plants of the potato family (Solanaceae). Others are generalists, eating both plants and animals. Ground beetles (family Carabidae) and rove beetles (family Staphylinidae) are entirely carnivorous and will catch and comsume smal ...
See also:Beetle, Beetle - Anatomy, Beetle - Development, Beetle - Physiology, Beetle - Reproduction, Beetle - Parental care, Beetle - Predation, Beetle - Evolutionary history and classification, Beetle - Impact on humans, Beetle - Pests, Beetle - Beneficial organisms, Beetle - Scarab beetles in Egyptian culture, Beetle - Collecting, Beetle - Gallery, Beetle - Journals Read more here: » Beetle: Encyclopedia II - Beetle - Physiology |
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| | | | | | Physiology: Encyclopedia II - Liver - Physiology The various functions of the liver are carried out by the liver cells or hepatocytes.
The liver produces and excretes bile required for food digestion. Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum, and some is stored in the gallbladder.
The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism:
Gluconeogenesis (the formation of glucose from certain amino acids, lactate or glycerol)
Glycogenolysis (the formation of glucose from glycogen)
Glycogenesis (the formation ...
See also:Liver, Liver - Anatomy, Liver - Surface anatomy, Liver - Functional anatomy, Liver - Physiology, Liver - Diseases of the liver, Liver - Liver transplantation, Liver - Development, Liver - Fetal blood supply, Liver - Analogous organs, Liver - Liver as food, Liver - Cultural allusions Read more here: » Liver: Encyclopedia II - Liver - Physiology |
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