physical examination

Graduate Record Examination - Format. Unlike the SAT, the GRE is a computer-based test. It is a computer-adaptive test: while the number of questions in any given section is fixed, the difficulty and scoring value of those questions varies according to the previous responses provided by the test-taker. Rather than having a fixed point value, questions of varied difficulty are used in order to 'zero in' on the level of question that represents the upper bound of the test-taker's ability. Because of the way in whic ...

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Graduate Record Examination, Graduate Record Examination - GRE General Test, Graduate Record Examination - Format, Graduate Record Examination - Use in Admissions, Graduate Record Examination - GRE Subject Tests, Graduate Record Examination - Testing Locations, Graduate Record Examination - Criticism, Graduate Record Examination - The New GRE General Test, Graduate Record Examination - GRE prior to October 2002

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Pneumonias can be classified in several different ways. Pathologists classified them according to the anatomic changes that were found in the lungs during autopsies. As more became known about the microorganisms causing pneumonia, a microbiologic classification arose, and with the advent of x-rays, a radiological classification was developed. Another important classification system used for pneumonia is the combined clinical classification, which combines many factors, including age, risk factors for certain microorganisms, the presence of underlying lung disease and underlying systemic disease, and w ...

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Pneumonia, Pneumonia - Symptoms, Pneumonia - Diagnosis, Pneumonia - Physical examination, Pneumonia - Chest X-rays sputum cultures and other tests, Pneumonia - Pathophysiology, Pneumonia - Viruses, Pneumonia - Bacteria, Pneumonia - Fungi, Pneumonia - Parasites, Pneumonia - Types of pneumonia, Pneumonia - Early classification schemes, Pneumonia - Combined clinical classification, Pneumonia - Other types of pneumonia, Pneumonia - Treatment, Pneumonia - Complications, Pneumonia - Respiratory and circulatory failure, Pneumonia - Pleural effusion empyema and abscess, Pneumonia - Prognosis and mortality, Pneumonia - Prevention, Pneumonia - Epidemiology, Pneumonia - History

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The symptoms of infectious pneumonia are caused by the invasion of the lungs by microorganisms and by the immune system's response to the infection. Although over one hundred microorganisms can cause pneumonia, only a few of them are responsible for most cases. The most common causes of pneumonia are viruses and bacteria. Less common causes of infectious pneumonia include fungi and parasites. Pneumonia - Viruses. Main articles: vir ...

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Pneumonia, Pneumonia - Symptoms, Pneumonia - Diagnosis, Pneumonia - Physical examination, Pneumonia - Chest X-rays sputum cultures and other tests, Pneumonia - Pathophysiology, Pneumonia - Viruses, Pneumonia - Bacteria, Pneumonia - Fungi, Pneumonia - Parasites, Pneumonia - Types of pneumonia, Pneumonia - Early classification schemes, Pneumonia - Combined clinical classification, Pneumonia - Other types of pneumonia, Pneumonia - Treatment, Pneumonia - Complications, Pneumonia - Respiratory and circulatory failure, Pneumonia - Pleural effusion empyema and abscess, Pneumonia - Prognosis and mortality, Pneumonia - Prevention, Pneumonia - Epidemiology, Pneumonia - History

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The normal area of the mitral valve orifice is about 4 to 6 cm2. Under normal conditions, a normal mitral valve will not impede the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle during (ventricular) diastole, and the pressures in the left atrium and the left ventricle during diastole will be equal. The result is that the left ventricle gets filled with blood during early diastole, with only a small portion of extra blood contributed by contraction of the left atrium (t ...

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Mitral stenosis, Mitral stenosis - Overview, Mitral stenosis - Etiology, Mitral stenosis - Pathophysiology, Mitral stenosis - Diagnosis, Mitral stenosis - Physical examination, Mitral stenosis - Natural history, Mitral stenosis - Treatment

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The natural history of mitral stenosis secondary to rheumatic fever (the most common cause) is an asymptomatic latent phase following the initial episode of rheumatic fever. This latent period lasts an average of 16.3 ± 5.2 years. Once symptoms of mitral stenosis begin to develop, progression to severe disability takes 9.2 ± 4.3 years. In individuals who were offered mitral valve surgery but refused, survival with medical therapy alone was 44 ± 6% at 5 years, and 32 ± ...

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Mitral stenosis, Mitral stenosis - Overview, Mitral stenosis - Etiology, Mitral stenosis - Pathophysiology, Mitral stenosis - Diagnosis, Mitral stenosis - Physical examination, Mitral stenosis - Natural history, Mitral stenosis - Treatment

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The treatment options for mitral stenosis include medical management, surgical replacement of the valve, and percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. Mitral stenosis typically progresses slowly (over decades) from the initial signs of mitral stenosis to NYHA functional class II symptoms to the development of atrial fibrillation to the development of NYHA functional class III or IV symptoms. Once an individual develops NYHA class III or IV symptoms, the progression of the disease accelerates and the patient's condition deteriorates. The indication for invasive treatment with either a mitral valve replacement or valvuloplasty ...

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Mitral stenosis, Mitral stenosis - Overview, Mitral stenosis - Etiology, Mitral stenosis - Pathophysiology, Mitral stenosis - Diagnosis, Mitral stenosis - Physical examination, Mitral stenosis - Natural history, Mitral stenosis - Treatment

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Diagnosis is made by the doctor on the basis of a careful medical history, physical examination, and special investigations which may include Chest X-Ray, CT or MRI scans, and tissue biopsy. The examination of the throat requires some expertise, which may require specialist referral. The physical exam includes a systematic examination of the whole patient to assess general health, to look for signs of associated conditions and metastatic disease. The neck and supraclavicular fossa are palpated to feel for cervical adenopathy, other ma ...

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Cancer of the larynx, Cancer of the larynx - Risk Factors, Cancer of the larynx - Symptoms, Cancer of the larynx - Diagnosis, Cancer of the larynx - Treatment

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Treatment of HCM is directed towards decreasing the left ventricular outflow tract gradient and to abort arrhythmias in individuals at high risk of sudden cardiac death. A septal myectomy is a surgical procedure that is performed in individuals with severe septal hypertrophy in order to decrease the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. It involves removing a portion of the interventricular septum. Alcohol septal ablation is a percutaneous technique that involves injection of alcohol into the first septal perferator of th ...

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Genetics, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Anatomic characteristics, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Dynamic outflow obstruction, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Associated symptoms, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Physical examination, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Diagnostic testing, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Cardiac catheterization, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Treatment, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Related disorders, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - External link

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is attributed to mutation in one of a number of genes that encode for one of the sarcomere proteins (usually effecting either the α or β myosin heavy chain on chromosome 14 q11.2-3). While the severity of the disease process is dependent on the particular gene mutation, about 80% of cases are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Other gene mutations that are associated with HCM include mutations in α-tropomyosin (on chromosome 15), troponin T (on chromosome 1), and myosin-binding protein C (on chromosome 11) ...

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Genetics, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Anatomic characteristics, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Dynamic outflow obstruction, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Associated symptoms, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Physical examination, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Diagnostic testing, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Cardiac catheterization, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Treatment, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Related disorders, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - External link

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The symptoms of HCM include shortness of breath, chest pain (sometimes known as angina), uncomfortable awareness of the heart beat (palpitation), light-headedness, dizziness, faintings and sudden cardiac death. These symptoms of HCM can be due to the outflow tract gradient, the increased thickness of the myocardium (muscle of the heart), or rhythm disturbances associated with HCM, any permutation of these factors. Risk factors for sudden death in individuals with HCM include a young age at first diagnosis (age < 30 years), a ...

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Genetics, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Anatomic characteristics, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Dynamic outflow obstruction, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Associated symptoms, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Physical examination, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Diagnostic testing, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Cardiac catheterization, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Treatment, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Related disorders, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - External link

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The following New York State Regents Exams are administered: Mathematics Math A - roughly corresponding to Algebra I Math B Science Living Environment Chemistry/The Physical Setting Earth Science/The Physical Setting Physics/The Physical Setting - only offered in January and June Languages other than English, only offered every June Spanish (Offered every January and June) French German Italian ...

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Regents Examinations, Regents Examinations - Required Exams, Regents Examinations - List of Exams, Regents Examinations - Graduation requirements, Regents Examinations - Regents Diploma, Regents Examinations - Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation, Regents Examinations - Exemptions from the Regents Exams, Regents Examinations - Regents Competency Test RCT

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Aortic insufficiency can be treated either medically or surgically, depending on the acuteness of presentation, the symptoms and signs associated with the disease process, and the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. Surgical treatment is typically warranted prior to the ejection fraction falling below 55% or the left ventricular end-systolic dimension falling below 55mm, regardless of symptoms. If either of these thresholds is passed, the prognosis worsens. See also:

Aortic insufficiency, Aortic insufficiency - Etiology, Aortic insufficiency - Physiology, Aortic insufficiency - Pathophysiology, Aortic insufficiency - Hemodynamics, Aortic insufficiency - Acute aortic insufficiency, Aortic insufficiency - Chronic aortic insufficiency, Aortic insufficiency - Physical examination, Aortic insufficiency - Diagnostic evaluation, Aortic insufficiency - Prognosis, Aortic insufficiency - Treatment, Aortic insufficiency - Medical treatment, Aortic insufficiency - Surgical treatment, Aortic insufficiency - Related topics

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A physiotherapist will initially conduct a subjective examination (interview) of a patient's medical history, and then go on to the objective assessment (physical examination). The subjective examination is guided by the presenting system and complaint, and the objective assessment is in turn guided by the history. This semistructured process is used to rule out serious pathology (so called red flags), establish functional limitations, refine the diagnosis, guide therapy, and establish a baseline for monitoring progress. As such, the ...

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Physical therapy, Physical therapy - Scope of practice, Physical therapy - History of physiotherapy, Physical therapy - Assessment, Physical therapy - Treatment, Physical therapy - Musculoskeletal physiotherapy, Physical therapy - Cardiopulmonary physiotherapy, Physical therapy - Neurological physiotherapy, Physical therapy - Physiotherapy education, Physical therapy - Qualifications in the United States

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When the aortic valve becomes stenotic, it causes a pressure gradient between the left ventricle (LV) and the aorta. The more constricted the valve, the higher the gradient between the LV and the aorta. For instance, with a mild AS, the gradient may be 20 mmHg. This means that, at peak systole, while the LV may generate a pressure of 140 mmHg, the pressure that is transmitted to the aorta will only be 120 mmHg. So, while a blood pressure cuff may measure a normal systolic blood pressure, the actual p ...

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Aortic valve stenosis, Aortic valve stenosis - Pathophysiology, Aortic valve stenosis - Etiology, Aortic valve stenosis - Physical examination, Aortic valve stenosis - Symptoms and signs of aortic stenosis, Aortic valve stenosis - Congestive heart failure, Aortic valve stenosis - Syncope, Aortic valve stenosis - Angina, Aortic valve stenosis - Associated symptoms, Aortic valve stenosis - Calculation of valve area, Aortic valve stenosis - Planimetry, Aortic valve stenosis - The continuity equation, Aortic valve stenosis - The Gorlin equation, Aortic valve stenosis - The Hakki equation

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When symptomatic, aortic stenosis can cause syncope, angina and congestive heart failure. More symptoms indicate a worse prognosis. Treatment requires replacement of the diseased valve with either a porcine aortic valve or a cadaveric aortic valve, or an prosthetic aortic valve. Aortic valve stenosis - Congestive heart failure. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a grave prognosis in patients with AS. Patients with CHF that is attributed ...

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Aortic valve stenosis, Aortic valve stenosis - Pathophysiology, Aortic valve stenosis - Etiology, Aortic valve stenosis - Physical examination, Aortic valve stenosis - Symptoms and signs of aortic stenosis, Aortic valve stenosis - Congestive heart failure, Aortic valve stenosis - Syncope, Aortic valve stenosis - Angina, Aortic valve stenosis - Associated symptoms, Aortic valve stenosis - Calculation of valve area, Aortic valve stenosis - Planimetry, Aortic valve stenosis - The continuity equation, Aortic valve stenosis - The Gorlin equation, Aortic valve stenosis - The Hakki equation

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Traditionally, medicals records have been written on paper and kept in folders. These folders are typically divided into useful sections, with new information added to each section chronologically as the patient experiences new medical issues. Active records are usually housed at the clinical site, but older records (eg those of the deceased) are often kept in separate facilities. The advent of electronic medical records has changed not only the format of medical records, ...

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Medical record, Medical record - Purpose, Medical record - Format, Medical record - Administrative issues, Medical record - Production, Medical record - Ownership, Medical record - Accessibility, Medical record - Destruction, Medical record - Abuses, Medical record - Organizations dealing with medical records

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Heart sounds - The normal heart sounds. The first heart tone, or S1, is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular valves, mitral and tricuspid, at the beginning of ventricular contraction, or systole. When the pressure in the ventricles rises above the pressure in the atria, these valves close to prevent regurgitation of blood from the ventricles into the atria. The second heart tone, or S2, is caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves at the end of ven ...

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Heart sounds, Heart sounds - Types of sounds, Heart sounds - The normal heart sounds, Heart sounds - Abnormal sounds, Heart sounds - Changes in heart sounds, Heart sounds - Altered heart sounds due to cardiac conditions, Heart sounds - Altered heart sounds due to interventions, Heart sounds - Recording Heart Sounds

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Those suspected of having scoliosis should undergo a thorough physical examination. During a physical examination, the following should be assessed: Skin for café au lait spots indicative of neurofibromatosis The feet for cavovarus deformity The height of the iliac crests while standing Magnitude of the curve and rib hump both while standing and while leaning forward Asymmetrical shoulder and breast levels Asymmetrical superficial abdominal reflexes Inequality of lengths of the upper limbs ...

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Scoliosis, Scoliosis - Prevalence, Scoliosis - Symptoms, Scoliosis - Associated conditions, Scoliosis - Investigation, Scoliosis - Management, Scoliosis - Surgery, Scoliosis - Prognosis

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Medical records are legal documents and are subject to the laws of the country/state in which they are produced. As such, there is great variability in rule governing production, ownership, accessibility, and destruction. Medical record - Production. In the United States, written records must be marked with the date and time and scribed with indelible pens without use of corrective paper. Errors in the record should be struck with a single line and initialed by the author. Orders and notes must be signed by the author. Electronic versions require an electronic signature.< ...

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Medical record, Medical record - Purpose, Medical record - Format, Medical record - Administrative issues, Medical record - Production, Medical record - Ownership, Medical record - Accessibility, Medical record - Destruction, Medical record - Abuses, Medical record - Organizations dealing with medical records

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Two tests are available: the Mantoux and Heaf tests. Tuberculosis diagnosis - Mantoux skin test. The Mantoux skin test is used in the United States and is endorsed by the American Thoracic Society and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Multiple puncture tests such as the Tine test are not recommended. See: Mantoux test for further information If a person has had a history of a positive tuberculin skin test, another skin test is not needed. See also:

Tuberculosis diagnosis, Tuberculosis diagnosis - Medical history, Tuberculosis diagnosis - Physical examination, Tuberculosis diagnosis - Chest X-ray, Tuberculosis diagnosis - Laboratory, Tuberculosis diagnosis - Microbiological studies, Tuberculosis diagnosis - Full blood count, Tuberculosis diagnosis - Tuberculin skin test, Tuberculosis diagnosis - Mantoux skin test, Tuberculosis diagnosis - Heaf test, Tuberculosis diagnosis - Classification of tuberculin reaction, Tuberculosis diagnosis - BCG vaccine and tuberculin skin test, Tuberculosis diagnosis - Contact screening, Tuberculosis diagnosis - Tuberculosis classification system

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Beginning in theoretical physics, the method of MD gained popularity in material science and since the 1970s also in biochemistry and biophysics. In chemistry, MD serves as an important tool in protein structure determination and refinement (see also crystallography, NMR). In physics, MD is used to examine the dynamics of atomic-level phenomena that cannot be observed directly, such as thin film growth and ion-subplantation. It is also used to examine the physical properties of nanotechnol ...

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Molecular dynamics, Molecular dynamics - Applications, Molecular dynamics - Design Constraints, Molecular dynamics - Physical Principles, Molecular dynamics - Types of MD Systems, Molecular dynamics - Empirical Potentials, Molecular dynamics - Semi-Empirical Potentials, Molecular dynamics - Ab-initio First Principles Methods, Molecular dynamics - Major software for MD simulations, Molecular dynamics - Related software

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In most instances, the patient will meet with their ophthalmologist for an examination in the weeks or months preceding the surgery. During the exam, the ophthalmologist will examine the eye and diagnose the condition. The doctor will then discuss the condition with the patient, including the different treatment options available. The doctor will also discuss the risks and benefits of the various options. If the patient elects to proceed with the surgery, the doctor will have the patient sign an informed consent form. The doctor might also perform a physical examinat ...

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Cornea transplant, Cornea transplant - Indications, Cornea transplant - Pre-operative examination, Cornea transplant - Procedure, Cornea transplant - Risks, Cornea transplant - Prognosis, Cornea transplant - History

Read more here: » Cornea transplant: Encyclopedia II - Cornea transplant - Pre-operative examination