In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: phylon = tribe, race and genetikos = relative to birth, from genesis = birth) is the study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (e.g., species, populations). Phylogenetics, also known as phylogenetic systematics, treats a species as a group of lineage-connected individuals over time. Phylogenetic taxonomy, which is an offshoot of, but not a logical consequence of, phylogenetic systematics, constitutes a means of classifying groups of organi ...

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Including:

• Cladistics - Definitions
• Cladistics - Cladistic methods
• Cladistics - Cladistic classification

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Definition and meaning of phylogenetic tree:

phylogenetic tree - a branching tree-like diagram (dendrogram) used to represent the evolutionary history of a set of taxa, with the leaves (or terminal branches) representing contemporary taxa and the internal branches representing hypothesized ancestors

(Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) )

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DNA-DNA hybridization is a method in genetics to measure the degree of genetic similarity between DNA sequences. The technique is usually used to determine the genetic "distance" between two species. When several species are compared that way, the similarity values allow the species to be arranged in a phylogenetic tree; it is therefore one possible approach to carrying out molecular systematics. DNA-DNA hybridisation - Advantages and disadvantages. This technique was considered a good one since it ...

Including:

• DNA-DNA hybridisation - Advantages and disadvantages

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Cladogenesis is an evolutionary splitting event in which each branch and its smaller branches is a "clade"; an evolutionary mechanism and a process of adaptive evolution that leads to the development of a greater variety of organisms. Cladogenesis is often contrasted with the process entitled "Anagenesis", where gradual changes lead to the development of a new species with the replacement of the old species (i.e: there is no "Splitting" of the Phylogenetic tree.). Other related archives

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Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. Modern classification has its roots in the system of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have been revised since Linnaeus to improve consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent. Molecular systematics, which uses genomic DNA analysis, has driven many recent revisions and is likely to continue to do so. Scientific class ...

Including:

• Scientific classification - Modern developments
• Scientific classification - Early systems
• Scientific classification - Linnaeus
• Scientific classification - Examples
• Scientific classification - Group suffixes

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In biology, evolution is the process by which populations of organisms acquire and pass on novel traits from generation to generation. Its action over large stretches of time explains the origin of new species and ultimately the vast diversity of the biological world. The living species of today are related to each other through common descent, products of evolution and speciation over billions of years. The phylogenetic tree at right represents these re ...

Including:

• Evolution - Overview of evolution
• Evolution - Evidence of evolution
• Evolution - History of evolutionary thought
• Evolution - Misconceptions of modern evolutionary biology
• Evolution - Social and religious controversies
• Evolution - Science of evolution
• Evolution - Academic disciplines
• Evolution - The Modern Synthesis
• Evolution - Heredity
• Evolution - Mechanisms of evolution
• Evolution - Speciation and extinction
• Evolution - Notes and references

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Apostasia Neuwiedia The subfamily Apostasioideae belongs to the orchid family (Orchidaceae). It is a monophyletic clade, but there is bootstrap support that it is a sister the other orchid subfamilies. A bootstrap is a method for evaluating the statistical importance of positions of different branches in a phylogenetic tree (= a treelike structure giving the evolutionary development of organisms). The apostasioid orchids are the most primitive orchids with only two genera. Neuwiedia has ...

Including:

• Apostasioideae - Reference work

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Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. They are united by having, at some stage in their life, a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a muscular tail extending past the anus. Some scientists argue, however, that the true qualifier should be pharyngeal pouches rather than slits. The phylum Chordata is broken down into three subphyla: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata. Urochordate larvae have a notochord and ...

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The Urticales are an order of dicotyledons in the Cronquist system of classification for flowering plants, including the following families: Barbeyaceae Cannabaceae (hemp family) Cecropiaceae (now included within the Urticaceae) Moraceae (mulberry family) Physenaceae Ulmaceae (elm family) Urticaceae (nettle family) These range from small herbaceous plants to large trees, blooming from the late spring to early fall. The Urticales were placed within the sub ...

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A group of organisms is said to have common descent if they have a common ancestor. In biology, the theory of universal common descent proposes that all organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool.[1] A theory of universal common descent based on evolutionary principles was proposed by Charles Darwin in his book The Origin of Species (1859), and later in The Descent of Man (1871). Thi ...

Including:

• Common descent - History
• Common descent - Evidence for common descent
• Common descent - Universality and similarity
• Common descent - The argument from irrelevant differences
• Common descent - Footnotes

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 Cynocephalus varigatus  Cynocephalus volans Colugos are arboreal gliding mammals found in South-east Asia. There are just two species in a single genus, which makes up the entire family Cynocephalidae and order Dermoptera. Though they are the most capable of all mammal gliders, they can not actually fly. They are also known as cobegos or flying lemursIncluding:

• Colugo - Synonyms
• Colugo - External link

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Carl Richard Woese is an American microbiologist famous for defining the Archaea (a new domain or kingdom of life) in 1976 by phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA, a technique pioneered by Woese and which is now standard practice. He was also the originator of the RNA world hypothesis in 1967, although not by that name. He was born in Syracuse, New York, on July 15, 1928. Woese is currently a professor of Microbiology a ...

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The chachalacas, guans and curassows are birds in the family Cracidae. These are species of tropical and subtropical Central and South America. One species, the Plain Chachalaca, just reaches southernmost Texas in the USA. Two species, the Trinidad Piping Guan and the Rufous-vented Chachalaca occur on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago respectively. These are large birds, similar in general appearance to turkeys. The guans and curassows live in trees, but the smaller chachalacas are found in more open scrub ...

Including:

• Cracidae - Species
• Cracidae - Phylogeny and Evolution

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History of creationism Creation in Genesis Types of creationism: Young Earth creationism - Creation science Old Earth creationism Omphalos creationism Theistic evolution Neo-Creationism Islamic creationism Intelligent design - Intelligent design movement Modern geocentrism Controversy: Creation vs. evolution ... in public education
Including:

• Creation biology - Elements of Creation Biology
• Creation biology - Criticism
• Creation biology - Sources

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In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. As the word "binomial" suggests, the scientific name of a species is formed by the combination of two terms: the genus name and the species descriptor. Although the fine detail will differ, there are certain aspects which are universally adopted: Scientific names are usually printed in italics, such as Homo sapiens. When handwritten they should be underlined. The first term (genus name / generic name) is always capitali ...

Including:

• Binomial nomenclature - History
• Binomial nomenclature - Value of binomial nomenclature
• Binomial nomenclature - Nomenclature Codes
• Binomial nomenclature - Derivation of names
• Binomial nomenclature - Binomenal nomenclature

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Phylum Crenarchaeota Phylum Euryarchaeota     Halobacteria     Methanobacteria     Methanococci     Methanopyri     Archaeoglobi     Thermoplasmata     Thermococci Phylum Korarchaeota Phylum Nanoarchaeota The Archaea (also called Archaebacteria) are a major division of living organisms. Although there is still uncertainty in the exact phylogeny of the groups, Archae ...

Including:

• Archaea - History
• Archaea - Archaea Bacteria and Eukaryotes
• Archaea - Habitats
• Archaea - Form
• Archaea - Evolution and classification

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History of creationism Creation in Genesis Types of creationism: Young Earth creationism - Creation science Old Earth creationism Omphalos creationism Theistic evolution Neo-Creationism Islamic creationism Intelligent design - Intelligent design movement Modern geocentrism Controversy: Creation vs. evolution ... in public education As ...

Including:

• Created kind - Definitions
• Created kind - Kinds in the Tree of Life
• Created kind - Boundaries between kinds
• Created kind - Hypothesized kinds

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Amaranthoideae Chenopodioideae Gomphrenoideae Salicornioideae Salsoloideae The family Amaranthaceae, the Amaranth family, is a taxon of dicotyledon flowering plants included among the Caryophyllales and containing about 160 genera and 2,400 species. Most of these species are herbs or subshrubs; very few are trees or climbers. This is a widespread and cosmopolitan family found mostly in subtropical and tropical regions, yet a few species are native to cool temperate regions. Most species occ ...

Including:

• Amaranthaceae - Reference

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Traditionally, the order Ciconiiformes has included a variety of large, long-legged wading birds with large bills: storks, herons, egrets, ibises, spoonbills, and several others. Ciconiiformes are known from the Late Eocene. Following the development of research techniques in molecular biology in the late 20th century, in particular methods for studying DNA-DNA hybridisation, a great deal of new information has surfaced, much of it suggesting that many birds, although looking very different to one another, are in fact more clos ...

Including:

• Ciconiiformes - Physical characters

Read more here: » Ciconiiformes: Encyclopedia - Ciconiiformes