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photolithography | A Wisdom Archive on photolithography | | photolithography A selection of articles related to photolithography | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO photolithography | | | |  photolithography: Encyclopedia II - Integrated circuit - Classification and complexityIntegrated circuits can be classified into analog, digital and mixed signal (both analog and digital on the same chip).
Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from one to millions of logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared with board-level integration. Analog integrated circuits perform analog functions like amplification, active filtering, demodulation, mixing, etc ...
See also:Integrated circuit, Integrated circuit - Introduction, Integrated circuit - Advances in integrated circuits, Integrated circuit - Popularity of ICs, Integrated circuit - Classification and complexity, Integrated circuit - Manufacture, Integrated circuit - Fabrication, Integrated circuit - Packaging, Integrated circuit - History origins and generations, Integrated circuit - The birth of the IC, Integrated circuit - SSI MSI LSI, Integrated circuit - VLSI, Integrated circuit - ULSI WSI SOC, Integrated circuit - Other developments, Integrated circuit - Key industrial and academic data, Integrated circuit - Notable ICs, Integrated circuit - Manufacturers, Integrated circuit - VLSI conferences, Integrated circuit - VLSI journals Read more here: » Integrated circuit: Encyclopedia II - Integrated circuit - Classification and complexity |
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| | | | | photolithography: Encyclopedia II - Integrated circuit - History origins and generations
Integrated circuit - The birth of the IC.
The integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer (born 1909), working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the British Ministry of Defence, and published in Washington, D.C. on May 7, 1952. Dummer unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956.
The first integrated circuits were manufactured independently by two scientists: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments filed a patent for a "Solid Circuit" made of germanium on Februa ...
See also:Integrated circuit, Integrated circuit - Introduction, Integrated circuit - Advances in integrated circuits, Integrated circuit - Popularity of ICs, Integrated circuit - Classification and complexity, Integrated circuit - Manufacture, Integrated circuit - Fabrication, Integrated circuit - Packaging, Integrated circuit - History origins and generations, Integrated circuit - The birth of the IC, Integrated circuit - SSI MSI LSI, Integrated circuit - VLSI, Integrated circuit - ULSI WSI SOC, Integrated circuit - Other developments, Integrated circuit - Key industrial and academic data, Integrated circuit - Notable ICs, Integrated circuit - Manufacturers, Integrated circuit - VLSI conferences, Integrated circuit - VLSI journals Read more here: » Integrated circuit: Encyclopedia II - Integrated circuit - History origins and generations |
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| | | | | photolithography: Encyclopedia II - Integrated circuit - Other developments In the 1980s programmable integrated circuits were developed. These devices contain circuits whose logical function and connectivity can be programmed by the user, rather than being fixed by the integrated circuit manufacturer. This allows a single chip to be programmed to implement different LSI-type functions such as logic gates, adders and registers. Current devices named FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) can now implement tens of thousan ...
See also:Integrated circuit, Integrated circuit - Introduction, Integrated circuit - Advances in integrated circuits, Integrated circuit - Popularity of ICs, Integrated circuit - Classification and complexity, Integrated circuit - Manufacture, Integrated circuit - Fabrication, Integrated circuit - Packaging, Integrated circuit - History origins and generations, Integrated circuit - The birth of the IC, Integrated circuit - SSI MSI LSI, Integrated circuit - VLSI, Integrated circuit - ULSI WSI SOC, Integrated circuit - Other developments, Integrated circuit - Key industrial and academic data, Integrated circuit - Notable ICs, Integrated circuit - Manufacturers, Integrated circuit - VLSI conferences, Integrated circuit - VLSI journals Read more here: » Integrated circuit: Encyclopedia II - Integrated circuit - Other developments |
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| | | | | | photolithography: Encyclopedia II - Inkjet printer - In general In the personal and small business computer market, inkjet printers currently predominate. Inkjets are usually inexpensive, quiet, reasonably fast, and many models can produce high quality output.
Like most modern technologies, the present-day inkjet has built on the progress made by many earlier versions. Among many contributors, Hewlett-Packard and Canon can claim a substantial share of credit for the development of the modern inkjet. In the worldwide consumer market, four manufacturers account for the majority of inkjet printer sales ...
See also:Inkjet printer, Inkjet printer - In general, Inkjet printer - Technology, Inkjet printer - Thermal Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Piezoelectric Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Continuous Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Inkjet Inks, Inkjet printer - Inkjet head design, Inkjet printer - Advantages, Inkjet printer - Disadvantages, Inkjet printer - Underlying business model, Inkjet printer - Professional inkjet printers, Inkjet printer - Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials Read more here: » Inkjet printer: Encyclopedia II - Inkjet printer - In general |
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| | | | | photolithography: Encyclopedia II - Inkjet printer - Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials Three-dimensional printing constructs a prototype by printing cross-sections on top of one another.
High-end inkjet printers can be used to produce fine-art prints called giclées.
U.S. Patent 6,319,530 teaches a "Method of photocopying an image onto an edible web for decorating iced baked goods". In plain English, this invention enables one to inkjet print a food-grade color photograph on a birthday cake's surface. Many bakeries now carry Edible Image brand printers.
Inkjet printers and similar technolo ...
See also:Inkjet printer, Inkjet printer - In general, Inkjet printer - Technology, Inkjet printer - Thermal Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Piezoelectric Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Continuous Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Inkjet Inks, Inkjet printer - Inkjet head design, Inkjet printer - Advantages, Inkjet printer - Disadvantages, Inkjet printer - Underlying business model, Inkjet printer - Professional inkjet printers, Inkjet printer - Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials Read more here: » Inkjet printer: Encyclopedia II - Inkjet printer - Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials |
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| | | | | photolithography: Encyclopedia II - Lithography - Lithography as an artistic medium During the first twenty-five years of the nineteenth century, the practice of lithography was predominantly restricted to cheap reproductions of paintings and drawings. However, around 1825 the French artists Ingres, Géricault, and Delacroix embraced the process as a way to avoid the problems inherent in wood-block and copper engraving, namely, the near necessity of middlemen like draughtsmen (who transferred the image to the wood or copper plate) and engravers (who carved the image out of the plate). The advantage to lithography (for an ar ...
See also:Lithography, Lithography - Printing, Lithography - The principle, Lithography - The early process, Lithography - The modern process, Lithography - Semiconductor lithography, Lithography - Lithography as an artistic medium Read more here: » Lithography: Encyclopedia II - Lithography - Lithography as an artistic medium |
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| | | | | | photolithography: Encyclopedia II - Ultraviolet - Health concerns and protection In humans, prolonged exposure to solar UV radiation may result in acute and chronic health effects on the skin, eye, and immune system [1].
Tungsten-halogen lamps have bulbs made of quartz, not of ordinary glass. Tungsten-halogen lamps that are not filtered by an additional layer of ordinary glass are a common, useful, and possibly dangerous, source of UVB light.
UVC rays are the highest energy, most dangerous type of ultraviolet light. Little attention has been given to UVC rays in the past since they are filtered out b ...
See also:Ultraviolet, Ultraviolet - Discovery, Ultraviolet - Health concerns and protection, Ultraviolet - Skin, Ultraviolet - Eye, Ultraviolet - Immune system, Ultraviolet - Beneficial effects, Ultraviolet - Uses, Ultraviolet - Black lights, Ultraviolet - Fluorescent lamps, Ultraviolet - Pest control, Ultraviolet - Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet - Astronomy, Ultraviolet - Analyzing minerals, Ultraviolet - Photolithography, Ultraviolet - Checking electrical insulation, Ultraviolet - Sterilization, Ultraviolet - Disinfecting drinking water, Ultraviolet - Food Processing, Ultraviolet - Fire detection, Ultraviolet - Curing of adhesives and coatings, Ultraviolet - Deterring Substance Abuse in Public Restrooms, Ultraviolet - External link Read more here: » Ultraviolet: Encyclopedia II - Ultraviolet - Health concerns and protection |
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| | | | | photolithography: Encyclopedia II - Inkjet printer - Underlying business model A common business model for inkjet printers involves selling the actual printer at or even below production cost, while dramatically marking up the price of the (proprietary) ink cartridges. Hewlett-Packard, for example were recently able to cover the entire 12-month losses accumulated by their other division with the profits made by their consumables division, and have a little left over.
Alternatives for consumers are cheaper copies of cartridges, produced by other companies, and refilling cartridges themselves, for which special re ...
See also:Inkjet printer, Inkjet printer - In general, Inkjet printer - Technology, Inkjet printer - Thermal Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Piezoelectric Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Continuous Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Inkjet Inks, Inkjet printer - Inkjet head design, Inkjet printer - Advantages, Inkjet printer - Disadvantages, Inkjet printer - Underlying business model, Inkjet printer - Professional inkjet printers, Inkjet printer - Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials Read more here: » Inkjet printer: Encyclopedia II - Inkjet printer - Underlying business model |
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| | | | | photolithography: Encyclopedia II - Inkjet printer - Inkjet Inks The basic problem with inkjet inks is the conflicting requirement for a colorizing agent that will stay on the surface and rapid dispersement of the carrier.
Small inkjet printers as being used in offices or at home, all use aqueous inks based on a mixture of water, glycol and some dyes or pigments. These inks are inexpensive to manufacture, but are difficult to control on the surface of media and therefore require often specially coated media. Aqueous inks are mainly being used in printers with disposable, so-called thermal, inkjet heads, as ...
See also:Inkjet printer, Inkjet printer - In general, Inkjet printer - Technology, Inkjet printer - Thermal Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Piezoelectric Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Continuous Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Inkjet Inks, Inkjet printer - Inkjet head design, Inkjet printer - Advantages, Inkjet printer - Disadvantages, Inkjet printer - Underlying business model, Inkjet printer - Professional inkjet printers, Inkjet printer - Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials Read more here: » Inkjet printer: Encyclopedia II - Inkjet printer - Inkjet Inks |
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| | | | | photolithography: Encyclopedia II - Inkjet printer - Advantages Compared to earlier consumer-oriented printers, ink jets have a number of advantages. They are quieter in operation than impact dot matrix or daisywheel printers. They can print finer, smoother details through higher printhead resolution, and many ink jets with photorealistic-quality color printing are widely available.
In comparison to more expensive technologies like thermal wax, dye sublimations, and laser printers, ink jets have the advantage of practically no warm-up time and lower cost per p ...
See also:Inkjet printer, Inkjet printer - In general, Inkjet printer - Technology, Inkjet printer - Thermal Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Piezoelectric Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Continuous Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Inkjet Inks, Inkjet printer - Inkjet head design, Inkjet printer - Advantages, Inkjet printer - Disadvantages, Inkjet printer - Underlying business model, Inkjet printer - Professional inkjet printers, Inkjet printer - Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials Read more here: » Inkjet printer: Encyclopedia II - Inkjet printer - Advantages |
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| | | | | photolithography: Encyclopedia II - Inkjet printer - Disadvantages The disadvantages of inkjets include flimsy print heads (prone to clogging) and expensive ink cartridges (sometimes costing US$30 – $40 or more). This typically leads value-minded consumers to consider laser printers for medium-to-high volume printer applications. Alternatively, consumers can save money by using compatible generic cartridges or re-filling kits, but by using unofficial products consumers risk voiding the printers' warranty.
Other disadvantages include ink bleeding, where ink is carried sideways away from the desired ...
See also:Inkjet printer, Inkjet printer - In general, Inkjet printer - Technology, Inkjet printer - Thermal Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Piezoelectric Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Continuous Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Inkjet Inks, Inkjet printer - Inkjet head design, Inkjet printer - Advantages, Inkjet printer - Disadvantages, Inkjet printer - Underlying business model, Inkjet printer - Professional inkjet printers, Inkjet printer - Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials Read more here: » Inkjet printer: Encyclopedia II - Inkjet printer - Disadvantages |
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| | | | | photolithography: Encyclopedia II - Moore's law - Earliest forms Moore's original statement can be found in his publication "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits", Electronics Magazine 19 April 1965:
The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year ... Certainly over the short term this rate can be expected to continue, if not to increase. Over the longer term, the rate of increase is a bit more uncertain, although there is no reason to believe it will not remain nearly constant for at least 10 years. That means by 1975, the ...
See also:Moore's law, Moore's law - Earliest forms, Moore's law - Formulations of Moore's law, Moore's law - An industry driver, Moore's law - Future trends, Moore's law - Other considerations, Moore's law - Notes Read more here: » Moore's law: Encyclopedia II - Moore's law - Earliest forms |
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