photolithography - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Chemical-mechanical Planarization: Encyclopedia - Chemical-mechanical Planarization
Chemical-mechanical planarization or Chemical-mechanical polishing, commonly abbreviated CMP, is a technique used in semiconductor fabric...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Contact Print: Encyclopedia - Contact Print
A contact print is a photographic image produced from a film negative. An exposure box device called a contact printer is used within a l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultraviolet: Encyclopedia - Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength shorter than that of the visible region, but longer than that of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Integrated Circuit: Encyclopedia - Integrated Circuit
An integrated circuit (IC) or often referred to as a microchip or simply chip is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dna Microarray: Encyclopedia Ii - Dna Microarray - Overview
Although the name Genechips is a trademark of Affymetrix, it is often used to refer to any oligonucleotide or cDNA microarray, not just t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electronics Manufacturing: Encyclopedia Ii - Electronics Manufacturing - Surface-mount Device Components Mounting
Surface-mount device (SMD) components can be hand-soldered, but usually they are placed using surface-mount technology (SMT). The process...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fused Quartz: Encyclopedia Ii - Fused Quartz - Applications
Specially prepared fused silica is also the key starting material used to make optical fiber for telecommunications. Because of its stren...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fanzine: Encyclopedia Ii - Fanzine - Genres
Fanzine - Science fiction fanzines. The first science fiction fanzine, The Comet, was published in 1930 by the Science Correspondence C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Integrated Circuit Design: Encyclopedia Ii - Integrated Circuit Design - Digital Ic Design
Roughly speaking, digital IC design can be divided into two parts RTL design: This step converts the user specification (what the user w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inkjet Printer: Encyclopedia Ii - Inkjet Printer - Technology
Ink jet printers use one of three main technologies: thermal, piezoelectric, and continuous. Inkjet printer - Thermal Ink Jet. Most con...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dna Microarray: Encyclopedia Ii - Dna Microarray - Overview
Although the name Genechips is a trademark of Affymetrix, it is often used to refer to any oligonucleotide or cDNA microarray, not just t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nikon Corporation: Encyclopedia Ii - Nikon Corporation - Shareholders
Nikon is listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange under number 7731. (as of September 2004) The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd. (8.5%) Meiji ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moore's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Moore's Law - Future Trends
As of Q4 2004, current PC processors are fabricated at the 130 nm and 90 nm levels, with 65 nm chips being announced by the end of 2...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lithography: Encyclopedia Ii - Lithography - Printing
Lithography - The principle. In lithography the entire print block comes in contact with the paper sheet, and a chemical process confin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microtechnology: Encyclopedia Ii - Microtechnology - Micro Electro Mechanical Systems
The term MEMS, for Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, was coined in the 1980’s to describe new, sophisticated mechanical systems on a ch...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lithography: Encyclopedia Ii - Lithography - Printing
Lithography - The principle. Lithography as a manual process is based on the repulsion of oil and water. The image is placed on the sur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Doping Semiconductor: Encyclopedia Ii - Doping Semiconductor - Dopant Elements
Doping semiconductor - Group IV semiconductors. For the group IV semiconductors such as silicon, germanium, and silicon carbide, the mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nikon Corporation: Encyclopedia Ii - Nikon Corporation - Shareholders
Nikon is listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange under number 7731. (As of September 2004) The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd. (8.5%) Meiji ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Integrated Circuit: Encyclopedia Ii - Integrated Circuit - Manufacture
Integrated circuit - Fabrication. Main article: Semiconductor fabrication. The semiconductors of the periodic table of the chemical ele...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultraviolet: Encyclopedia Ii - Ultraviolet - Uses
UV light has many various uses. Ultraviolet - Black lights. A black light is a lamp that emits long wave UV radiation and very little v...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultraviolet: Encyclopedia Ii - Ultraviolet - Uses
UV light has many various uses. Ultraviolet - Black lights. A black light is the name commonly given to a lamp emitting almost entirely...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moore's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Moore's Law - Future Trends
As of Q1 2006, current PC processors are fabricated at the 90 nm and 65 nm chips are just being rolled out by Intel (Presler & I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Phenol Formaldehyde Resin: Encyclopedia Ii - Phenol Formaldehyde Resin - Base Catalysed
Base catalysed phenol formaldehyde resins are made with a formaldehyde to phenol ratio of greater than one (usually around 1.5). Phenol, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Depth Of Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Depth Of Field - Definition Of Focus
Several factors determine whether the objective error in focus becomes noticeable. Subject matter, movement, the distance of the subject ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Integrated Circuit: Encyclopedia Ii - Integrated Circuit - History, Origins And Generations
Integrated circuit - The birth of the IC. The integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer (born 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dna Microarray: Encyclopedia Ii - Dna Microarray - Applications
Although the chips detect RNAs that may or may not be translated into active proteins, scientists refer to these kinds of analysis as "ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moore's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Moore's Law - Formulations Of Moore's Law
The most popular formulation is of the doubling of the number of transistors on integrated circuits (a rough measure of computer processi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moore's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Moore's Law - An Industry Driver
Although Moore's law was initially made in the form of an observation and prediction, the more widely it became accepted, the more it ser...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moore's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Moore's Law - Other Considerations
Not all aspects of computing technology develop in capacities and speed according to Moore's Law. Random Access Memory (RAM) speeds and h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dna Microarray: Encyclopedia Ii - Dna Microarray - Applications
Although the chips detect RNAs that may or may not be translated into active proteins, scientists refer to these kinds of analysis as "ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lithography: Encyclopedia Ii - Lithography - Semiconductor Lithography
Main article: photolithography. Semiconductor lithography was developed for use in manufacturing microchips. It is also used in MEMS appl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Integrated Circuit Design: Encyclopedia Ii - Integrated Circuit Design - Coping With Variability In Analog Design
A challenge most critical to analog IC design involves the variability of the individual devices built on the semiconductor chip. Unlike ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lithography: Encyclopedia Ii - Lithography - Lithography As An Artistic Medium
During the first twenty-five years of the nineteenth century, the practice of lithography was predominantly restricted to cheap reproduct...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inkjet Printer: Encyclopedia Ii - Inkjet Printer - Professional Inkjet Printers
Besides the well known small inkjet printers for home and office, there is a market for professional inkjet printers; most of them being ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Depth Of Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Depth Of Field - Aperture Effects
The aperture controls the effective diameter of the lens opening. Reducing the aperture size increases the depth of field; however, it al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Depth Of Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Depth Of Field - Depth Of Field Versus Film Format Size
As the equations above show, depth of field also related to the circle of confusion which is a figure of merit associated with each type ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Doping Semiconductor: Encyclopedia Ii - Doping Semiconductor - Compensation
In most cases, many types of impurity will be present. If an equal number of donors and acceptors are present in the semiconductor, the e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fanzine: Encyclopedia Ii - Fanzine - Origin
The origins of "fanzines" are obscure, but can be traced at least back to 19th-century literary groups in the United States which formed ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Depth Of Field: Encyclopedia Ii - Depth Of Field - Depth Of Field Formula
Let H be the hyperfocal distance (calculated below from N = aperture number, and c, the circle of confusion for a given film format), let...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Integrated Circuit: Encyclopedia Ii - Integrated Circuit - Key Industrial And Academic Data
Integrated circuit - Notable ICs. The 555 common multivibrator subcircuit (common in electronic timing circuits) The 741 operational a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Integrated Circuit: Encyclopedia Ii - Integrated Circuit - Advances In Integrated Circuits
Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the microprocessors, which control everything from computers to cellular phones to digita...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Integrated Circuit: Encyclopedia Ii - Integrated Circuit - Classification And Complexity
Integrated circuits can be classified into analog, digital and mixed signal (both analog and digital on the same chip). Digital integrate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Integrated Circuit: Encyclopedia Ii - Integrated Circuit - History Origins And Generations
Integrated circuit - The birth of the IC. The integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer (born 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Integrated Circuit: Encyclopedia Ii - Integrated Circuit - Other Developments
In the 1980s programmable integrated circuits were developed. These devices contain circuits whose logical function and connectivity can ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fused Quartz: Encyclopedia Ii - Fused Quartz - Physical Properties
The extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion accounts for its remarkable ability to undergo large, rapid temperature changes withou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inkjet Printer: Encyclopedia Ii - Inkjet Printer - In General
In the personal and small business computer market, inkjet printers currently predominate. Inkjets are usually inexpensive, quiet, reason...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inkjet Printer: Encyclopedia Ii - Inkjet Printer - Inkjet Printing Of Functional Materials
Three-dimensional printing constructs a prototype by printing cross-sections on top of one another. High-end inkjet printers can be used ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lithography: Encyclopedia Ii - Lithography - Lithography As An Artistic Medium
During the first twenty-five years of the nineteenth century, the practice of lithography was predominantly restricted to cheap reproduct...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lithography: Encyclopedia Ii - Lithography - Semiconductor Lithography
Main article: photolithography. Semiconductor lithography was developed for use in manufacturing microchips. It is also used in MEMS appl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ultraviolet: Encyclopedia Ii - Ultraviolet - Health Concerns And Protection
In humans, prolonged exposure to solar UV radiation may result in acute and chronic health effects on the skin, eye, and immune system [1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inkjet Printer: Encyclopedia Ii - Inkjet Printer - Underlying Business Model
A common business model for inkjet printers involves selling the actual printer at or even below production cost, while dramatically mark...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inkjet Printer: Encyclopedia Ii - Inkjet Printer - Inkjet Inks
The basic problem with inkjet inks is the conflicting requirement for a colorizing agent that will stay on the surface and rapid disperse...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inkjet Printer: Encyclopedia Ii - Inkjet Printer - Advantages
Compared to earlier consumer-oriented printers, ink jets have a number of advantages. They are quieter in operation than impact dot matri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Inkjet Printer: Encyclopedia Ii - Inkjet Printer - Disadvantages
The disadvantages of inkjets include flimsy print heads (prone to clogging) and expensive ink cartridges (sometimes costing US$30 – $40...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Moore's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Moore's Law - Earliest Forms
Moore's original statement can be found in his publication "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits", Electronics Magazine 19 A...   » Read the article