photolithography

Chemical-mechanical planarization or Chemical-mechanical polishing, commonly abbreviated CMP, is a technique used in semiconductor fabrication for planarizing the top surface of an in-process semiconductor wafer or other substrate. The process uses an abrasive and corrosive chemical slurry (commonly a colloid) in conjunction with a polishing pad and retaining ring, typically of a greater diameter than the wafer. The pad and wafer are pressed together by a dynamic polishing head and held in place by a plastic retai ...

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A contact print is a photographic image produced from a film negative. An exposure box device called a contact printer is used within a light controlled space called a darkroom. The negative is placed in intimate contact with a sheet of sensitized photographic paper. This is then placed, negative down, onto a top transparent glass plate of the exposure box. Within the box and below the top plate is a translucent light diffuser made from frosted glass. Below the diffuser is a switch controlled electric light source. A hinged top cover serves to keep the materials in close contact and t ...

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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength shorter than that of the visible region, but longer than that of soft X-rays. It can be subdivided into near UV (380–200 nm wavelength), far or vacuum UV (200–10 nm; abbrev. FUV or VUV), and extreme UV (1–31 nm; abbrev. EUV or XUV). When considering the effect of UV radiation on human health and the environment, the range of UV wavelengths is often subdivided into UVA (380–315 nm), also called Long Wave or " ...

Including:

• Ultraviolet - Discovery
• Ultraviolet - Health concerns and protection
• Ultraviolet - Skin
• Ultraviolet - Eye
• Ultraviolet - Immune system
• Ultraviolet - Beneficial effects
• Ultraviolet - Uses
• Ultraviolet - Black lights
• Ultraviolet - Fluorescent lamps
• Ultraviolet - Pest control
• Ultraviolet - Spectrophotometry
• Ultraviolet - Astronomy
• Ultraviolet - Analyzing minerals
• Ultraviolet - Photolithography
• Ultraviolet - Checking electrical insulation
• Ultraviolet - Sterilization
• Ultraviolet - Disinfecting drinking water
• Ultraviolet - Food Processing
• Ultraviolet - Fire detection
• Ultraviolet - Curing of adhesives and coatings
• Ultraviolet - Deterring Substance Abuse in Public Restrooms
• Ultraviolet - External link

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An integrated circuit (IC) or often referred to as a microchip or simply chip is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) which has been manufactured on a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated circuit - Introduction. The integrated circuit was made possible by experimental discoveries which showed that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes and by mid-20th-century technology advanceme ...

Including:

• Integrated circuit - Introduction
• Integrated circuit - Advances in integrated circuits
• Integrated circuit - Popularity of ICs
• Integrated circuit - Classification and complexity
• Integrated circuit - Manufacture
• Integrated circuit - Fabrication
• Integrated circuit - Packaging
• Integrated circuit - History origins and generations
• Integrated circuit - The birth of the IC
• Integrated circuit - SSI MSI LSI
• Integrated circuit - VLSI
• Integrated circuit - ULSI WSI SOC
• Integrated circuit - Other developments
• Integrated circuit - Key industrial and academic data
• Integrated circuit - Notable ICs
• Integrated circuit - Manufacturers
• Integrated circuit - VLSI conferences
• Integrated circuit - VLSI journals

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Although the name Genechips is a trademark of Affymetrix, it is often used to refer to any oligonucleotide or cDNA microarray, not just those sold by Affymetrix (see Genericized trademark). The term gene chip, DNA chip, biochip or simply chip, is also common. Developers of the technology use array to refer to microarrays in general. Affymetrix arrays use short oligonucleotide reporters of 25 or fewer bases. Other varieties of microarrays use as reporters PCR products, genomic DNA, Bacterial artificial chromosomes, plasmids, ...

See also:

DNA microarray, DNA microarray - Overview, DNA microarray - Applications, DNA microarray - Microarrays and bioinformatics, DNA microarray - Standardization, DNA microarray - Statistical analysis

Read more here: » DNA microarray: Encyclopedia II - DNA microarray - Overview

Surface-mount device (SMD) components can be hand-soldered, but usually they are placed using surface-mount technology (SMT). The process usually consists of 3 steps: solder paste print SMT placement reflow oven The process is repeated twice in order to populate both sides of the PCB. ...

See also:

Electronics manufacturing, Electronics manufacturing - Component manufacturing, Electronics manufacturing - Printed circuit board manufacturing, Electronics manufacturing - Surface-mount device components mounting, Electronics manufacturing - Through-hole components mounting, Electronics manufacturing - Depanel, Electronics manufacturing - Case-up, Electronics manufacturing - Testing

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Specially prepared fused silica is also the key starting material used to make optical fiber for telecommunications. Because of its strength and high melting point (compared to ordinary glass), fused silica is used as the envelope of halogen lamps, which must operate at a high envelope temperature to achieve their combination of high brightness and long life. The combination of strength, thermal stability, and UV transparency makes it an excellent substra ...

See also:

Fused quartz, Fused quartz - Chemistry, Fused quartz - Applications, Fused quartz - Physical Properties, Fused quartz - Properties of clear fused quartz

Read more here: » Fused quartz: Encyclopedia II - Fused quartz - Applications

Fanzine - Science fiction fanzines. The first science fiction fanzine, The Comet, was published in 1930 by the Science Correspondence Club in Chicago. The term "fanzine" was coined by Russ Chauvenet in the in October 1940 edition of his fanzine Detours. "Fanzines" were distinguished from "prozines," (a term Chauvenet also invented): that is, all professional magazines. Prior to that, the fan publications were kn ...

See also:

Fanzine, Fanzine - Origin, Fanzine - Genres, Fanzine - Science fiction fanzines, Fanzine - Comics and Graphic Arts fanzines, Fanzine - Rock fanzines, Fanzine - Punk fanzines, Fanzine - Role-playing fanzines, Fanzine - Sport, Fanzine - Recent developments

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Roughly speaking, digital IC design can be divided into two parts RTL design: This step converts the user specification (what the user wants the chip to do) into a register transfer level (RTL) description. The RTL specifies, in painstaking detail, exactly what every bit of the chip should do on every clock cycle. Physical design: This step takes the RTL, and a library of available logic gates, and creates a chip design. This involves figuring out which gates to ...

See also:

Integrated circuit design, Integrated circuit design - Physics of IC design, Integrated circuit design - Analog and Digital Design, Integrated circuit design - Digital IC design, Integrated circuit design - RTL design, Integrated circuit design - Physical design, Integrated circuit design - Analog IC design tools, Integrated circuit design - Coping with variability in analog design, Integrated circuit design - Tools and Vendors, Integrated circuit design - Design steps

Read more here: » Integrated circuit design: Encyclopedia II - Integrated circuit design - Digital IC design

Ink jet printers use one of three main technologies: thermal, piezoelectric, and continuous. Inkjet printer - Thermal Ink Jet. Most consumer ink jet printers (Epson being a notable exception) work by having a print cartridge with a series of tiny electrically-heated chambers constructed by photolithography. To produce an image, the printer runs a pulse of current through the heating elements. A steam explosion in the chamber forms a bubble, which propels a droplet of ink onto the paper (hence Canon's trade ...

See also:

Inkjet printer, Inkjet printer - In general, Inkjet printer - Technology, Inkjet printer - Thermal Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Piezoelectric Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Continuous Ink Jet, Inkjet printer - Inkjet Inks, Inkjet printer - Inkjet head design, Inkjet printer - Advantages, Inkjet printer - Disadvantages, Inkjet printer - Underlying business model, Inkjet printer - Professional inkjet printers, Inkjet printer - Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials

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Although the name Genechips is a trademark of Affymetrix, it is often used to refer to any oligonucleotide or cDNA microarray, not just those sold by Affymetrix (see Genericized trademark). The term gene chip, DNA chip, or simply chip, is also common. Developers of the technology use array to refer to microarrays in general. Affymetrix arrays use short oligonucleotide reporters of 25 or fewer bases. Other varieties of microarrays use as reporters PCR products, genomic DNA, Bacterial artificial chromosomes, plasmids, ...

See also:

DNA microarray, DNA microarray - Overview, DNA microarray - Applications, DNA microarray - Microarrays and bioinformatics, DNA microarray - Standardization, DNA microarray - Statistical analysis

Read more here: » DNA microarray: Encyclopedia II - DNA microarray - Overview

Nikon is listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange under number 7731. (as of September 2004) The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd. (8.5%) Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company (5.6%) The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd. (3.3%) Japan Trustee Services Bank, Ltd.(2.9%) Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. (2.7%) State Street Bank and Trust Company (2.7 %) The Mitsubishi Trust and Banking Corporation (2.5%) Nippon Life Insurance Company (2.4%) The Joyo Bank, Ltd. (1.8%) < ...

See also:

Nikon Corporation, Nikon Corporation - Shareholders, Nikon Corporation - Holdings, Nikon Corporation - Partial list of Nikon products, Nikon Corporation - Cameras, Nikon Corporation - Lenses, Nikon Corporation - Flash Guns

Read more here: » Nikon Corporation: Encyclopedia II - Nikon Corporation - Shareholders

As of Q4 2004, current PC processors are fabricated at the 130 nm and 90 nm levels, with 65 nm chips being announced by the end of 2005. A decade ago, chips were built at a 500 nm level. Companies are working on using nanotechnology to solve the complex engineering problems involved in producing chips at the 45 nm, 30 nm, and even smaller levels—a process that will postpone the industry meeting the limits of Moore's Law. Recent computer industry technology "roadmaps" predict (as of 2001) that Moore's Law will continue for sever ...

See also:

Moore's law, Moore's law - Earliest forms, Moore's law - Formulations of Moore's law, Moore's law - An industry driver, Moore's law - Future trends, Moore's law - Other considerations, Moore's law - Notes

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Lithography - The principle. In lithography the entire print block comes in contact with the paper sheet, and a chemical process confines the ink to the desired image on the block. This contrasts with relief printing where the ink is carried on a raised image, and intaglio, where it lies in the grooves of an incised image. Because the print block is flat rather than relief, lithography is described as a planographic print process. Li ...

See also:

Lithography, Lithography - Printing, Lithography - The principle, Lithography - The chemical process, Lithography - The early process, Lithography - The modern process, Lithography - Semiconductor lithography, Lithography - Lithography as an artistic medium

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The term MEMS, for Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, was coined in the 1980’s to describe new, sophisticated mechanical systems on a chip, such as micro electric motors, resonators, gears, and so on. Today, the term MEMS in practice is used to refer to any microscopic device with a mechanical function, which can be fabricated in a batch process (for example, an array of microscopic gears fabricated on a microchip would be considered a MEMS device but a tiny laser-machined stent or watch component would not). In Europe, the term MST for Mic ...

See also:

Microtechnology, Microtechnology - Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, Microtechnology - Items constructed at the microscopic level

Read more here: » Microtechnology: Encyclopedia II - Microtechnology - Micro Electro Mechanical Systems

Lithography - The principle. Lithography as a manual process is based on the repulsion of oil and water. The image is placed on the surface with an oil-based medium. The range of oil based mediums is endless but the dexterity of the image relies on the lipid content of the material being used--its ability to withstand water and acid. Following the placement of the image is the application of an acid emuslified with gum arabic. The function of this emulsion is to create a salt layer directly around the image area. ...

See also:

Lithography, Lithography - Printing, Lithography - The principle, Lithography - The early process, Lithography - The modern process, Lithography - Semiconductor lithography, Lithography - Lithography as an artistic medium

Read more here: » Lithography: Encyclopedia II - Lithography - Printing

Doping semiconductor - Group IV semiconductors. For the group IV semiconductors such as silicon, germanium, and silicon carbide, the most common dopants are group III or group V elements. (Group number refers to the Roman numerals of the columns in the periodic table of the elements.) Boron, arsenic, phosphorus and occasionally gallium are used to dope silicon. Boron is the p-type dopant of choice for silicon integrated circuit production, since it diffuses at a rate which makes junction depths easily controllabl ...

See also:

Doping semiconductor, Doping semiconductor - Dopant elements, Doping semiconductor - Group IV semiconductors, Doping semiconductor - III-V and II-VI semiconductors, Doping semiconductor - Compensation, Doping semiconductor - Doping in organic conductors

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Nikon is listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange under number 7731. (As of September 2004) The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd. (8.5%) Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company (5.6%) The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd. (3.3%) Japan Trustee Services Bank, Ltd.(2.9%) Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. (2.7%) State Street Bank and Trust Company (2.7 %) The Mitsubishi Trust and Banking Corporation (2.5%) Nippon Life Insurance Company (2.4%) The Joyo Bank, Ltd. (1.8%) < ...

See also:

Nikon Corporation, Nikon Corporation - Shareholders, Nikon Corporation - Holdings, Nikon Corporation - Partial list of Nikon products, Nikon Corporation - Cameras, Nikon Corporation - Lenses, Nikon Corporation - Flash guns

Read more here: » Nikon Corporation: Encyclopedia II - Nikon Corporation - Shareholders

Integrated circuit - Fabrication. Main article: Semiconductor fabrication. The semiconductors of the periodic table of the chemical elements were identified as the most likely materials for a solid state vacuum tube by researchers like William Shockley at Bell Laboratories starting in the 1930s. Starting with copper oxide, proceeding to germanium, then silicon, the materials were systematically studied in the 1940s and 1950s. Today, silicon monocrystals are the main substrate used for inte ...

See also:

Integrated circuit, Integrated circuit - Introduction, Integrated circuit - Advances in integrated circuits, Integrated circuit - Popularity of ICs, Integrated circuit - Classification and complexity, Integrated circuit - Manufacture, Integrated circuit - Fabrication, Integrated circuit - Packaging, Integrated circuit - History origins and generations, Integrated circuit - The birth of the IC, Integrated circuit - SSI MSI LSI, Integrated circuit - VLSI, Integrated circuit - ULSI WSI SOC, Integrated circuit - Other developments, Integrated circuit - Key industrial and academic data, Integrated circuit - Notable ICs, Integrated circuit - Manufacturers, Integrated circuit - VLSI conferences, Integrated circuit - VLSI journals

Read more here: » Integrated circuit: Encyclopedia II - Integrated circuit - Manufacture

UV light has many various uses. Ultraviolet - Black lights. A black light is a lamp that emits long wave UV radiation and very little visible light. Fluorescent black lights are typically made in the same fashion as normal fluorescent lights except that only one phosphor is used and the normally clear glass envelope of the bulb is replaced by a deep bluish purple glass called Wood's glass. To thwart counterfeiters, sensitive documents (e.g. credit cards, drivers licenses, passports) may also include a UV watermark that can only be seen when viewed under a UV-emitting light. Ult ...

See also:

Ultraviolet, Ultraviolet - Discovery, Ultraviolet - Health concerns and protection, Ultraviolet - Skin, Ultraviolet - Eye, Ultraviolet - Immune system, Ultraviolet - Beneficial effects, Ultraviolet - Uses, Ultraviolet - Black lights, Ultraviolet - Fluorescent lamps, Ultraviolet - Pest control, Ultraviolet - Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet - Astronomy, Ultraviolet - Analyzing minerals, Ultraviolet - Photolithography, Ultraviolet - Checking electrical insulation, Ultraviolet - Sterilization, Ultraviolet - Disinfecting drinking water, Ultraviolet - Food Processing, Ultraviolet - Fire detection, Ultraviolet - Curing of adhesives and coatings, Ultraviolet - Deterring Substance Abuse in Public Restrooms, Ultraviolet - External link

Read more here: » Ultraviolet: Encyclopedia II - Ultraviolet - Uses