Phocaea

The ancient Greek geographer Pausanias, says that Phocaea was founded by Phocians under Athenian leadership, on land given to them by the Aeolian Cymaeans, and that they were admitted into the Ionian League, after accepting as kings the line of Codrus.2 Pottery remains indicate Aeolian presence as late as the 9th century BC, and Ionian presence as early as the end of the 9th century BC. From this an approximate date of settlement for Phocaea can be inferred.^{See also:}

Phocaea, Phocaea - Geography, Phocaea - History, Phocaea - Coinage, Phocaea - Notes

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Homer (Greek Ὅμηρος Hómēros) was a legendary early Greek poet and rhapsode traditionally credited with the composition of the Iliad (Ἰλιάς) and the Odyssey (Ὀδύσσεια). In antiquity, he was sometimes credited with the entire Epic Cycle, which included further poems on the Trojan War as well as the Theban poems about Oedipus and his sons. Other works, such as the corpus of Homeric Hymns, the comic mini-epic Batrachomyomachia ("The Frog-Mouse War," Βατραχομυομαχία), and the Margites were also attributed to h ...

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• Homer - The Homeric Question
• Homer - Ancient Accounts of Homer
• Homer - Homeric studies
• Homer - Ancient philology
• Homer - 18th century
• Homer - 19th century
• Homer - Homeric dialect
• Homer - Homeric style
• Homer - Historicity of the Iliad
• Homer - Literature
• Homer - Commentaries
• Homer - Homeric Question
• Homer - Homeric dialect
• Homer - Editions
• Homer - English Translations

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In Homer's Iliad the Leleges are allies of the Trojans (10.429), though they do not occur in the formal catalogue of allies in Book II of the Iliad, and their homeland is not specified. They are distinguished from the Carians, with whom some later writers confused them; they have a king, Altes, and a city Pedasus which was sacked by Achilles. The topographical name "Pedasus" occurs in several ancient places: near Cyzicus, in the Troad on the Satnioeis river, in Caria, as well as in Messenia, according to Encyclopaedia BritannicaSee also:

Leleges, Leleges - Leleges in Anatolia, Leleges - Leleges in Greece and the Aegean

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Homer - Ancient philology. The critical study of Homer began in Greece almost with the beginning of prose writing. The first name is that of Theagenes of Rhegium, contemporary of Cambyses (525 BC), who is said to have founded the "new grammar " (the older grammar being the art of reading and writing), and to have been the inventor of the allegorical interpretations by which it was sought to reconcile the Homeric mythology with the morality and speculative ideas of the 6th century. The same attitude in the ancient ...

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Homer, Homer - The Homeric Question, Homer - Ancient Accounts of Homer, Homer - Homeric studies, Homer - Ancient philology, Homer - 18th century, Homer - 19th century, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Homeric style, Homer - Historicity of the Iliad, Homer - Selected Bibliography, Homer - Editions texts in Homeric Greek, Homer - Commentaries, Homer - General works on Homer, Homer - Trends in Homeric scholarship, Homer - Dating the Homeric poems, Homer - Influential readings and interpretations, Homer - English Translations

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In order to properly translate the stele, one must sift through a sea of hearsay and speculation that abounds about this cloudy text. Some words attract an especially inordinate amount of controversy, yielding multiple and conflicting translations for the same word. We need to obtain a more accurate picture of what this text is telling us. The only way to do this is through a balanced analysis of the smallest details while keeping sight of the larger context at the same time. Let's undo some of the myths that continue to ...

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Lemnian language, Lemnian language - Relationships to Other Languages, Lemnian language - Classical sources, Lemnian language - The Lemnos stela, Lemnian language - Translation of the Lemnos Stele, Lemnian language - Classification

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Homer - Ancient philology. The critical study of Homer began in Greece almost with the beginning of prose writing. The first name is that of Theagenes of Rhegium, contemporary of Cambyses (525 BC), who is said to have founded the "new grammar " (the older grammar being the art of reading and writing), and to have been the inventor of the allegorical interpretations by which it was sought to reconcile the Homeric mythology with the morality and speculative ideas of the 6th century. The same attitude in the ancient ...

See also:

Homer, Homer - The Homeric Question, Homer - Ancient Accounts of Homer, Homer - Homeric studies, Homer - Ancient philology, Homer - 18th century, Homer - 19th century, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Homeric style, Homer - Historicity of the Iliad, Homer - Literature, Homer - Commentaries, Homer - Homeric Question, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Editions, Homer - English Translations

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Upon receiving news of the battle, Alcibiades lifted the siege of Phocaea and returned south to reinforce the fleet at Notium; this restored rough numerical parity between the two fleets. Further attempts to draw Lysander out into a battle proved unsuccessful, however, and the two fleets continued to watch each other across the water. The defeat at Notium caused the complete downfall of Alcibiades in Athenian politics. Restored to favor after the victory at Cyzicus, he had been placed in command with great expectations. When his unort ...

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Battle of Notium, Battle of Notium - Prelude, Battle of Notium - The Battle, Battle of Notium - Aftermath, Battle of Notium - Reference, Battle of Notium - Notes

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The cities called Ionian in historical times were twelve in number, an arrangement copied as it was supposed from the constitution of the Ionian cities in Greece which had originally occupied the territory in the north of the Peloponnese subsequently held by the Achaeans. These were (from south to north) Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Colophon, Lebedus, Teos, Erythrae, Clazomenae and Phocaea, together with Samos and Chios. Smyrna, originally an Aeolic colony, was afterwards occupied by Ionians from Colophon, and became an Ionian city — an ...

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Ionia, Ionia - Geography, Ionia - History, Ionia - Legacy

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Homer - Editions texts in Homeric Greek. D.B. Monro and T.W. Allen (eds.) 1917-1920, Homeri Opera (5 volumes: Iliad = 3rd edition, Odyssey = 2nd edition), Oxford. ISBN 0198145284, ISBN 0198145292, ISBN 0198145314, ISBN 0198145322, ISBN 0198145349 H. van Thiel 1996, Homeri Ilias, Hildesheim. ISBN 3487094592 M.L. West (ed.) 1998-2000, Homeri Ilias (2 volumes), Munich/L ...

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Homer, Homer - The Homeric Question, Homer - Ancient Accounts of Homer, Homer - Homeric studies, Homer - Ancient philology, Homer - 18th century, Homer - 19th century, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Homeric style, Homer - Historicity of the Iliad, Homer - Selected Bibliography, Homer - Editions texts in Homeric Greek, Homer - Commentaries, Homer - General works on Homer, Homer - Trends in Homeric scholarship, Homer - Dating the Homeric poems, Homer - Influential readings and interpretations, Homer - English Translations

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See main article Historicity of the Iliad. Another significant question regards the poems' possible historical basis. The commentaries on the Iliad and the Odyssey written in the Hellenistic period began exploring the textual inconsistencies of the poems. Modern classicists continue the tradition. The excavations of Heinrich Schliemann in the late 19th century began to convince scholars there was a historical basis for the Trojan War. Research (pioneered by the aforementioned Parry and Lord) into oral epics ...

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Homer, Homer - The Homeric Question, Homer - Ancient Accounts of Homer, Homer - Homeric studies, Homer - Ancient philology, Homer - 18th century, Homer - 19th century, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Homeric style, Homer - Historicity of the Iliad, Homer - Selected Bibliography, Homer - Editions texts in Homeric Greek, Homer - Commentaries, Homer - General works on Homer, Homer - Trends in Homeric scholarship, Homer - Dating the Homeric poems, Homer - Influential readings and interpretations, Homer - English Translations

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The stela was found built into a church wall in Kaminia and is now at the National Museum, Athens. The 6th-century date is based on the fact that in 510 BC the Athenian Miltiades invaded Lemnos and Hellenized it. The stele bears a low-relief bust of a helmeted man and is inscribed in an alphabet similar to the western ("Chalcidian") Greek alphabet. The inscription is in Boustrophedon style, and has been transliterated but had not been successfully translated until serious linguistic analysis based on comparisons with Etruscan, combined with breakthroughs ...

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Lemnian language, Lemnian language - Relationships to Other Languages, Lemnian language - Classical sources, Lemnian language - The Lemnos stela, Lemnian language - Translation of the Lemnos Stele, Lemnian language - Classification

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Due to the high degree of similarity between Lemnian and Etruscan, it has been concluded that the two languages are closely related within a family which is called the Tyrrhenian or Aegean language family. It itself is isolate, that is, unrelated to other language groups as far as we can tell. There is no doubt that Rhaetic and Etruscan are among this family. In his Natural History (1st century AD), Pliny wrote about Alpine peoples: "The Rhaetians and the Vindelicans border with these [Noricans], all distributed in numerous cit ...

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Lemnian language, Lemnian language - Relationships to Other Languages, Lemnian language - Classical sources, Lemnian language - The Lemnos stela, Lemnian language - Translation of the Lemnos Stele, Lemnian language - Classification

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The cardinal qualities of the style of Homer have been pointed out once for all by Matthew Arnold. The translator of Homer, he says, should above all be penetrated by a sense of four qualities of his author that he is eminently rapid; that he is eminently plain and direct, both in the evolution of his thought and in the expression of it, that is, both in his syntax and in his words; that he is eminently plain and direct in the substance of his thought, that is, in his matter and ideas; and, finally, that he is eminently nob ...

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Homer, Homer - The Homeric Question, Homer - Ancient Accounts of Homer, Homer - Homeric studies, Homer - Ancient philology, Homer - 18th century, Homer - 19th century, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Homeric style, Homer - Historicity of the Iliad, Homer - Selected Bibliography, Homer - Editions texts in Homeric Greek, Homer - Commentaries, Homer - General works on Homer, Homer - Trends in Homeric scholarship, Homer - Dating the Homeric poems, Homer - Influential readings and interpretations, Homer - English Translations

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In 407 BC, Lysander was appointed as navarch, commander of the Spartan fleet. Gathering a fleet as he went, he sailed west across the Aegean from Sparta and eventually reached Ephesus, where he established his base, with 70 triremes, which he increased to 90 through shipbuilding efforts at Ephesus. In Ephesus, he established diplomatic relations with Cyrus, a Persian prince. Lysander built a personal friendship with Cyrus, and the prince agreed to provide funds out of his own purse to increase the pay of Spartan rowers to 4 obols a day from ...

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Battle of Notium, Battle of Notium - Prelude, Battle of Notium - The Battle, Battle of Notium - Aftermath, Battle of Notium - Reference, Battle of Notium - Notes

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Characters similar to those used in Lemnos Stele inscription are also found on some pottery fragments on Lemnos. The Lemnian inscriptions use an alphabet similar to that used to write the Etruscan language and the older Phrygian inscriptions, all derived from Euboean scripts which had been adopted some time during the Hellenic Dark Ages (circa 1200 BCE). These scripts are ultimately of West Semitic origin, but since the scripts were widely used for Hellenic languages, mere use of these scripts does not sufficie to ...

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Lemnian language, Lemnian language - Relationships to Other Languages, Lemnian language - Classical sources, Lemnian language - The Lemnos stela, Lemnian language - Translation of the Lemnos Stele, Lemnian language - Classification

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Of the date of Homer probably no record, real or pretended, ever existed. Herodotus (2.53) maintains that Hesiod and Homer lived not more than 400 years before his own time, consequently not much before 850 BC. From the controversial tone in which he expresses himself it is evident that others had made Homer more ancient; and accordingly the dates given by later authorities, though very various, generally fall within the 10th and 11th centuries BC, but none of these statements h ...

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Homer, Homer - The Homeric Question, Homer - Ancient Accounts of Homer, Homer - Homeric studies, Homer - Ancient philology, Homer - 18th century, Homer - 19th century, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Homeric style, Homer - Historicity of the Iliad, Homer - Selected Bibliography, Homer - Editions texts in Homeric Greek, Homer - Commentaries, Homer - General works on Homer, Homer - Trends in Homeric scholarship, Homer - Dating the Homeric poems, Homer - Influential readings and interpretations, Homer - English Translations

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Of the date of Homer probably no record, real or pretended, ever existed. Herodotus (2.53) maintains that Hesiod and Homer lived not more than 400 years before his own time, consequently not much before 850 BC. From the controversial tone in which he expresses himself it is evident that others had made Homer more ancient; and accordingly the dates given by later authorities, though very various, generally fall within the 10th and 11th centuries BC, but none of these statements h ...

See also:

Homer, Homer - The Homeric Question, Homer - Ancient Accounts of Homer, Homer - Homeric studies, Homer - Ancient philology, Homer - 18th century, Homer - 19th century, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Homeric style, Homer - Historicity of the Iliad, Homer - Literature, Homer - Commentaries, Homer - Homeric Question, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Editions, Homer - English Translations

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Scholars generally agree that the Iliad and Odyssey underwent a process of standardization and refinement out of older material beginning in the 8th century BC. An important role in this standardization appears to have been played by the Athenian tyrant Hipparchus, who reformed the recitation of Homeric poetry at the Panathenaic festival. Many classicists hold that this reform must have involved the production of a canonical written text. Other scholars, however, maintain their belief in the reality of an actual Homer. S ...

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Homer, Homer - The Homeric Question, Homer - Ancient Accounts of Homer, Homer - Homeric studies, Homer - Ancient philology, Homer - 18th century, Homer - 19th century, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Homeric style, Homer - Historicity of the Iliad, Homer - Literature, Homer - Commentaries, Homer - Homeric Question, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Editions, Homer - English Translations

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The cardinal qualities of the style of Homer have been pointed out once for all by Matthew Arnold. The translator of Homer, he says, should above all be penetrated by a sense of four qualities of his author that he is eminently rapid; that he is eminently plain and direct, both in the evolution of his thought and in the expression of it, that is, both in his syntax and in his words; that he is eminently plain and direct in the substance of his thought, that is, in his matter and ideas; and, finally, that he is eminently nob ...

See also:

Homer, Homer - The Homeric Question, Homer - Ancient Accounts of Homer, Homer - Homeric studies, Homer - Ancient philology, Homer - 18th century, Homer - 19th century, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Homeric style, Homer - Historicity of the Iliad, Homer - Literature, Homer - Commentaries, Homer - Homeric Question, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Editions, Homer - English Translations

Read more here: » Homer: Encyclopedia II - Homer - Homeric style

See main article Troy. Another significant question regards the tales' possible historical basis. The commentaries on the Iliad and the Odyssey written in the Hellenistic period began exploring the textual inconsistencies of the poems. Modern classicists continue the tradition. The excavations of Heinrich Schliemann in the late 19th century began to convince scholars there was a historical basis for the Trojan War. Research (pioneered by the aforementioned Parry and Lord) into oral epics in Serbo-Croatian a ...

See also:

Homer, Homer - The Homeric Question, Homer - Ancient Accounts of Homer, Homer - Homeric studies, Homer - Ancient philology, Homer - 18th century, Homer - 19th century, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Homeric style, Homer - Historicity of the Iliad, Homer - Literature, Homer - Commentaries, Homer - Homeric Question, Homer - Homeric dialect, Homer - Editions, Homer - English Translations

Read more here: » Homer: Encyclopedia II - Homer - Historicity of the Iliad