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phlogiston theory | A Wisdom Archive on phlogiston theory | | phlogiston theory A selection of articles related to phlogiston theory | |
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Phlogiston theory
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ARTICLES RELATED TO phlogiston theory | |
| | |  phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia - Daniel RutherfordDaniel Rutherford, (November 3, 1749 – November 15, 1819), was a Scottish chemist and physician who was most famous for the discovery of nitrogen in 1772.
Daniel Rutherford was born in Edinburgh and was educated at the University of Edinburgh. As a student, he discovered nitrogen in 1772 and described oxygen, or vital air, as he called it, in 1778.
In 1786, he was appointed to the Regius Chair of Botany in Edinburgh and as Keeper of the Botanic Gardens, after the death of Professor John Hope (1725-86). Rutherford held these posts until his ...
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Read more here: » Daniel Rutherford: Encyclopedia - Daniel Rutherford |
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| | | | phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia - Antoine Lavoisier Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 – May 8, 1794) was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics. The "father of modern chemistry", he stated the first version of the Law of Conservation of Matter, recognized and named oxygen (1778), disproved the phlogiston theory, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. He was also an investor and administrator of the Ferme Générale, a private tax collection company; chairman of the board of the Discount Bank (later the ...
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Read more here: » Antoine Lavoisier: Encyclopedia - Antoine Lavoisier |
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| | | | phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - Oxygen - Characteristics At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen exists as a diatomic molecule with the formula O2, in which the two oxygen atoms are doubly bonded to each other. In its most stable form, oxygen exists as a diradical (triplet oxygen). Though radicals are commonly associated with highly reactive compounds, triplet oxygen is surprisingly (and fortunately) unreactive towards most compounds. Singlet oxygen, a name given to several higher energy species in which all the electron spins are paired, is much more ...
See also:Oxygen, Oxygen - Characteristics, Oxygen - Applications, Oxygen - History, Oxygen - Occurrence, Oxygen - Compounds, Oxygen - Isotopes, Oxygen - Precautions Read more here: » Oxygen: Encyclopedia II - Oxygen - Characteristics |
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| | | | phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Priestley - Leeds On June 23, 1762, Priestley married Mary Wilkinson of Wrexham, and by September 1767 the combination of his finances and her health caused him to relocate to Leeds. He there took charge of the Mill Hill congregation. In Leeds Priestley also published two political works, Essay on the First Principles of Government 1768 and The Present State of Liberty in Great Britain and her Colonies 1769, and also in 1769 Remarks on Dr Blackstone's Commentaries where he defended constitutional rights of dissenters against William Black ...
See also:Joseph Priestley, Joseph Priestley - Early life and education, Joseph Priestley - Warrington, Joseph Priestley - Leeds, Joseph Priestley - Birmingham, Joseph Priestley - London and USA, Joseph Priestley - Honours and extras Read more here: » Joseph Priestley: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Priestley - Leeds |
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| | | | phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - History of chemistry - Early developments
History of chemistry - Origins.
However, the birth of chemistry is often more strictly dated to Antoine Lavoisier's discovery of the law of conservation of mass, and thereby to his refutation of the phlogiston theory of combustion in 1783. (Phlogiston was supposed to be an almost undetectable substance liberated by flammable materials in burning.) Mikhail Lomonosov independently established a tradition of chemistry in Russia in the 18th century. Lomonosov also rejected the phlogiston theory, and anticipated the kinetic theory of gases. He regarded heat as a for ...
See also:History of chemistry, History of chemistry - Early developments, History of chemistry - Origins, History of chemistry - The vitalism debate and organic chemistry, History of chemistry - The dispute about atomism, History of chemistry - The periodic table, History of chemistry - Industrial exploitation, History of chemistry - The modern definition of chemistry, History of chemistry - Quantum chemistry, History of chemistry - Molecular biology and biochemistry, History of chemistry - Semiconductor processing, History of chemistry - Notes Read more here: » History of chemistry: Encyclopedia II - History of chemistry - Early developments |
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| | | | phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - History of science - Modern science The Scientific Revolution established science as the preeminent source for the growth of knowledge. During the 19th century, the practice of science became professionalized and institutionalized in ways which would continue through the 20th century, as the role of scientific knowledge grew and became incorporated with many aspects of the functioning of nation-states.
History of science - Natural sciences.
See also:History of science, History of science - Theories and sociology of the history of science, History of science - Pre-experimental science, History of science - Early cultures, History of science - The Middle Ages, History of science - The Scientific Revolution, History of science - Modern science, History of science - Natural sciences, History of science - Social sciences, History of science - Emerging disciplines, History of science - Notes Read more here: » History of science: Encyclopedia II - History of science - Modern science |
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| | | | phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - J. J. Becher - Wandering scholar In 1657, he was appointed professor of medicine at the University of Mainz and body-physician to the archbishop-elector. In 1666, he was made councillor of commerce (Commerzienrat) at Vienna, where he had gained the powerful support of Albrecht, Count Zinzendorf, prime minister and grand chamberlain of the emperor Leopold I. Sent by the emperor on a mission to the Netherlands, he wrote there in ten days his Methodus Didactica, which was followed by the Regeln der Christlichen Bundesgenossenschaft and the Politischer Discurs ...
See also:J. J. Becher, J. J. Becher - Early life, J. J. Becher - Wandering scholar, J. J. Becher - Phlogiston Read more here: » J. J. Becher: Encyclopedia II - J. J. Becher - Wandering scholar |
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| | | | phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - Antoine Lavoisier - Contributions to chemistry
Antoine Lavoisier - Background.
Beginning in 1775, he served in the Royal Gunpowder Administration, where his work led to improvements in the production of gunpowder and the use of agricultural chemistry by designing a new method for preparing saltpeter.
Antoine Lavoisier - Major works.
Some of Lavoisier's most important experiments examined the nature of combustion, or burning. Through these experiments, he demonstrated that burning is a process that involves the combination o ...
See also:Antoine Lavoisier, Antoine Lavoisier - Early life, Antoine Lavoisier - Contributions to chemistry, Antoine Lavoisier - Background, Antoine Lavoisier - Major works, Antoine Lavoisier - Research on hydrogen and role disproving Phlogiston theory, Antoine Lavoisier - Pioneer of Stoichiometry, Antoine Lavoisier - Major works on analytical chemistry and chemical nomenclature, Antoine Lavoisier - Aftermath, Antoine Lavoisier - Law and politics, Antoine Lavoisier - Execution, Antoine Lavoisier - Can a severed head think? Read more here: » Antoine Lavoisier: Encyclopedia II - Antoine Lavoisier - Contributions to chemistry |
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| | | | phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - History of chemistry - Early developments
History of chemistry - Origins.
Although the chemistry comes from the ancient Babylon, Egypt and especially Persia after Islam but, the birth of chemistry is often more strictly dated to Antoine Lavoisier's discovery of the law of conservation of mass, and thereby to his refutation of the phlogiston theory of combustion in 1783. (Phlogiston was supposed to be an almost undetectable substance liberated by flammable materials in burning.) Mikhail Lomonosov independently established a tradition of chemistry in Russi ...
See also:History of chemistry, History of chemistry - Early developments, History of chemistry - Origins, History of chemistry - The vitalism debate and organic chemistry, History of chemistry - The dispute about atomism, History of chemistry - The periodic table, History of chemistry - Industrial exploitation, History of chemistry - The modern definition of chemistry, History of chemistry - Quantum chemistry, History of chemistry - Molecular biology and biochemistry, History of chemistry - Semiconductor processing, History of chemistry - Notes Read more here: » History of chemistry: Encyclopedia II - History of chemistry - Early developments |
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| | | | phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Priestley - Early life and education He was born in Birstall parish, six miles from Leeds, Yorkshire. He learned a variety of languages, both classical and modern, in his youth, including several Semitic languages; he also studied what was then called natural history. The school he attended was called Batley Grammar School which still exists, and now has a junior and infants section for children between the ages of 2-10, named Priestley House.
In 1751 he entered Daventry, a school under Nonconformist auspices, and there his religious views took shape. He became an adhere ...
See also:Joseph Priestley, Joseph Priestley - Early life and education, Joseph Priestley - Warrington, Joseph Priestley - Leeds, Joseph Priestley - Birmingham, Joseph Priestley - London and USA, Joseph Priestley - Honours and extras Read more here: » Joseph Priestley: Encyclopedia II - Joseph Priestley - Early life and education |
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| | | | phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - History of chemistry - Quantum chemistry Some view the birth of quantum chemistry in the discovery of the Schrödinger equation and its application to hydrogen atom in 1926. However, the 1927 article of Walter Heitler and Fritz London [1] is often recognised as the first milestone in the history of quantum chemistry. This is the first application of quantum mechanics to the diatomic hydrogen molecule. In the following years many progresses were performed by Robert S. Mulliken, Max Bor ...
See also:History of chemistry, History of chemistry - Early developments, History of chemistry - Origins, History of chemistry - The vitalism debate and organic chemistry, History of chemistry - The dispute about atomism, History of chemistry - The periodic table, History of chemistry - Industrial exploitation, History of chemistry - The modern definition of chemistry, History of chemistry - Quantum chemistry, History of chemistry - Molecular biology and biochemistry, History of chemistry - Semiconductor processing, History of chemistry - Notes Read more here: » History of chemistry: Encyclopedia II - History of chemistry - Quantum chemistry |
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| | | | phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - History of science - Early cultures In prehistoric times, advice and knowledge was passed from generation to generation in an oral tradition. The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity. Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop, because more time could be devoted to tasks other than survival.
Many ancient civilizations collected astronomical information in a systematic manner th ...
See also:History of science, History of science - Theories and sociology of the history of science, History of science - Pre-experimental science, History of science - Early cultures, History of science - The Middle Ages, History of science - The Scientific Revolution, History of science - Modern science, History of science - Natural sciences, History of science - Social sciences, History of science - Emerging disciplines, History of science - Notes Read more here: » History of science: Encyclopedia II - History of science - Early cultures |
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| | | | phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - Antoine Lavoisier - Early life Born to a wealthy family in Paris, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier inherited a large fortune when his mother died. He attended the College Mazarin from 1754 to 1761, studying chemistry, botany, astronomy, and mathematics. His education was filled with the ideals of the French Enlightenment of the time, he felt fascination for Maquois's dictionary. His devotion and passion for chemistry was largely influenced by Étienne Condillac a prominent french scholar of the 18th century. His first chemical publication appeared in 1764. In 1767 he worked on a ...
See also:Antoine Lavoisier, Antoine Lavoisier - Early life, Antoine Lavoisier - Contributions to chemistry, Antoine Lavoisier - Background, Antoine Lavoisier - Major works, Antoine Lavoisier - Research on hydrogen and role disproving Phlogiston theory, Antoine Lavoisier - Pioneer of Stoichiometry, Antoine Lavoisier - Major works on analytical chemistry and chemical nomenclature, Antoine Lavoisier - Aftermath, Antoine Lavoisier - Law and politics, Antoine Lavoisier - Execution, Antoine Lavoisier - Can a severed head think? Read more here: » Antoine Lavoisier: Encyclopedia II - Antoine Lavoisier - Early life |
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| | | | phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - Oxygen - Precautions Oxygen can be toxic at elevated partial pressures (i.e. high relative concentrations). This is important in some forms of scuba diving, such as with a rebreather.
Certain derivatives of oxygen, such as ozone (O3), singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals and superoxide, are also highly toxic. The body has developed mechanisms to protect against these toxic species. For instance, the naturally-occurring glutathione can act as an antioxidant, as can bilirubin which is normally a breakdown product of hemoglobin. To ...
See also:Oxygen, Oxygen - Characteristics, Oxygen - Applications, Oxygen - History, Oxygen - Occurrence, Oxygen - Compounds, Oxygen - Isotopes, Oxygen - Precautions Read more here: » Oxygen: Encyclopedia II - Oxygen - Precautions |
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| | | | phlogiston theory: Encyclopedia II - Oxygen - History Oxygen was first discovered by Michał Sędziwój, Polish alchemist and philosopher in late 16th century. Sędziwój assumed the existence of oxygen by warming nitre (saltpeter). He thought of the gas given off as "the elixir of life".
Oxygen was again discovered by the Swedish pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele sometime before 1773, but the discovery was not published until after the independent discovery by Joseph Priestley on August 1, 1774, who called the gas dephlogisticated air (see phlogiston theory). Priestley published hi ...
See also:Oxygen, Oxygen - Characteristics, Oxygen - Applications, Oxygen - History, Oxygen - Occurrence, Oxygen - Compounds, Oxygen - Isotopes, Oxygen - Precautions Read more here: » Oxygen: Encyclopedia II - Oxygen - History |
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