Social psychology attempts to understand the relationship between minds, groups, and behaviors in three general ways. First, it tries to see how the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other(s) (Allport 3). This includes social perception, social interaction, and the many kinds of social influence (like trust, power, and persuasion). Gaining insight into the social psychology of persons involves looking at the influences that individuals ha ...

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Social psychology, Social psychology - Subfields, Social psychology - Angles of research, Social psychology - The concerns of social psychology, Social psychology - Empirical methods and Social philosophy, Social psychology - Methodology, Social psychology - The Methodology Wars and social philosophy, Social psychology - Relation to other fields, Social psychology - Major perspectives in social psychology, Social psychology - Social psychological theories, Social psychology - Social elements of the individual, Social psychology - The social psychology of interaction, Social psychology - The psychological elements of collectives, Social psychology - Well-known cases studies and related works

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Psychologization.

See HYPNOTISM

(See also: Psychologization, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

Images of a meditating yogi from the Indus Valley Civilization are thought to be 6 to 7 thousand years old. The earliest written accounts of yoga appear in the Rig Veda, which began to be codified between 1500 and 1200 BC. It is difficult to establish the date of yoga from this as the Rig Veda was orally transmitted for at least a millennium. The first Yoga text dates to around the 2nd century BC by Patanjali, and prescribes adherence to "eight limbs" (the ...

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Yoga, Yoga - Yoga practice and intention, Yoga - The word yoga, Yoga - Diversity of yoga, Yoga - Yoga and religion, Yoga - Common themes, Yoga - Origins, Yoga - Hindu yoga, Yoga - Bhagavad Gita, Yoga - Patanjali, Yoga - God in Yoga philosophy, Yoga - Hatha yoga, Yoga - Natya yoga, Yoga - Buddhist yoga, Yoga - Yoga and tantra, Yoga - Notable Yogis

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Social psychology has close ties with the other social sciences, especially sociology and psychology. It also has very strong ties to the field of social philosophy. Sociology is the study of group behavior and human societies, with emphasis on the structures of societies and the processes of social influence. Includes all organizational behavior. Psychology is the study of the underlying psychological processes that make all behaviors and experiences possible. Some examples of the things it seeks t ...

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Social psychology, Social psychology - Subfields, Social psychology - SP's three angles of research, Social psychology - The concerns of social psychology, Social psychology - Empirical methods and Social philosophy, Social psychology - Methodology, Social psychology - The Methodology Wars and social philosophy, Social psychology - Relation to other fields, Social psychology - Relevant issues in social philosophy, Social psychology - Relevant issues in psychology, Social psychology - Relevant issues in sociology, Social psychology - Major perspectives in social psychology, Social psychology - Social psychological theories, Social psychology - Social elements of the individual, Social psychology - The social psychology of interaction, Social psychology - The psychological elements of collectives, Social psychology - Well-known cases studies and related works, Social psychology - Related topics

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In task analysis, often regarded as a behavioral approach to designing learning materials and activities, complex performance goals are analyzed into simpler, subsidiary objectives that are arranged in an instructional sequence. Behavioral objectives include descriptions of: (1) the target behavior; (2) the conditions under which the target behavior is to be performed; and (3) the performance criteria (Mager, 1975). An example of a behavioral objective is: The student will be able to read aloud from a list of common words with the "-t ...

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Educational psychology, Educational psychology - Social moral and cognitive development, Educational psychology - Individual differences and disabilities, Educational psychology - Learning and cognition, Educational psychology - Behavioral perspective, Educational psychology - Cognitive perspective, Educational psychology - Social cognitive theory, Educational psychology - Constructivist perspective, Educational psychology - Motivation, Educational psychology - Research methods, Educational psychology - Educational psychology for teaching, Educational psychology - Educational psychology for instructional design and technology, Educational psychology - History of educational psychology, Educational psychology - Careers in educational psychology, Educational psychology - Influential educational psychologists and theorists, Educational psychology - Research journals, Educational psychology - Sources

Read more here: » Educational psychology: Encyclopedia II - Educational psychology - Educational psychology for instructional design and technology

A person may be considered an educational psychologist if he or she has completed a graduate degree in educational psychology or a closely related field. Universities establish educational psychology graduate programs in either psychology departments or, more commonly, faculties of education. Psychologists that work in a k-12 school setting are usually trained at either the masters or doctoral (PhD or EdD) level. In addition to conducting assessments, school psychologists provide services such as academic and behavio ...

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Educational psychology, Educational psychology - Social moral and cognitive development, Educational psychology - Individual differences and disabilities, Educational psychology - Learning and cognition, Educational psychology - Behavioral perspective, Educational psychology - Cognitive perspective, Educational psychology - Social cognitive theory, Educational psychology - Constructivist perspective, Educational psychology - Motivation, Educational psychology - Research methods, Educational psychology - Educational psychology for teaching, Educational psychology - Educational psychology for instructional design and technology, Educational psychology - History of educational psychology, Educational psychology - Careers in educational psychology, Educational psychology - Influential educational psychologists and theorists, Educational psychology - Research journals, Educational psychology - Sources

Read more here: » Educational psychology: Encyclopedia II - Educational psychology - Careers in educational psychology

Educational psychology cannot claim priority in the systematic analysis of educational processes. Philosophers of education such as Democritus, Quintilian, Vives and Comenius, had examined, classified and judged the methods of education centuries before the beginnings of psychology in the late 1800s. Instead, aspirations of the new discipline rested on the application of the scientific methods of observation and experimentation to educational problems. Even in the earliest years of the discipline, educational psychologists recognized the lim ...

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Educational psychology, Educational psychology - Social moral and cognitive development, Educational psychology - Individual differences and disabilities, Educational psychology - Learning and cognition, Educational psychology - Behavioral perspective, Educational psychology - Cognitive perspective, Educational psychology - Social cognitive theory, Educational psychology - Constructivist perspective, Educational psychology - Motivation, Educational psychology - Research methods, Educational psychology - Educational psychology for teaching, Educational psychology - Educational psychology for instructional design and technology, Educational psychology - History of educational psychology, Educational psychology - Careers in educational psychology, Educational psychology - Influential educational psychologists and theorists, Educational psychology - Research journals, Educational psychology - Sources

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Psychology of evil: Nascent Christian psychological philosophy endorsed by M. (Morgan) Scott Peck, M.D. Peck is the author of The Road Less Traveled: A New Psychology of Love, Traditional Values and Spiritual Growth (Simon & Schuster, 1979), People of the Lie: The Hope for Healing Human Evil (Simon & Schuster, 1983), Further Along The Road Less Traveled: The Unending Journey Toward Spiritual Growth (Simon & Schuster, 1993), In Heaven as on Earth: A Vision of the Afterlife, and The Road Less Traveled and Beyond: Spiritual Growth in an Age of Anxiety (Simon & Schuster, 1997).

(See also: Psychology of evil, Body Mind and Soul, Alternative Health, Alternative Health Dictionary)

psychological astrology (astro-psychology): Combination of horoscopic astrology (see astrologic medicine) and Jungian psychology. psychology of evil: Nascent Christian psychological philosophy endorsed by M. (Morgan) Scott Peck, M.D.

Peck is the author of The Road Less Traveled: A New Psychology of Love, Traditional Values and Spiritual Growth (Simon & Schuster, 1979), People of the Lie: The Hope for Healing Human Evil (Simon & Schuster, 1983), Further Along The Road Less Traveled: The Unending Journey Toward Spiritual Growth (Simon & Schuster, 1993), In Heaven as on Earth: A Vision of the Afterlife, and The Road Less Traveled and Beyond: Spiritual Growth in an Age of Anxiety (Simon & Schuster, 1997).

In The Road Less Traveled (p. 273), Peck equated laziness with original sin,a condition that Christianity ascribes to the first human's act of disobedience to God. Peck stated that the lazy part of the self...may actually be the devil. In People of the Lie, which he called a dangerous book, Peck claimed that he had met Satan. He stated: As well as being the Father of Lies, Satan may be said to be a spirit of mental illness. In Further Along The Road Less Traveled, he asserts (pp. 186-187): Spiritual/religious ideas and concepts are necessary in the treatment of many people....I realized that there was no way to treat...people (with phobias) effectively without trying to convert them to a more benign worldview: a view of the world...as...at least...a place in which they....had some kind of protection in the form of God's grace.

(See also: Psychological astrology, Body Mind and Soul, Alternative Health, Alternative Health Dictionary)

Yoga: Literally, "union." Union with the Supreme Being, or any practice that makes for such union. Meditation that unites the individual spirit with God, the Supreme Spirit. The name of the philosophy expounded by the sage Patanjali, teaching the process of union of the individual with the Universal Soul.

(See also: Yoga, Hinduism, Hinduism Dictionary, Sanskrit Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

yoga: (Sanskrit) "Union." From yuj, "to yoke, harness, unite."

The philosophy, process, disciplines and practices whose purpose is the yoking of individual consciousness with transcendent or divine consciousness. One of the six darshanas, or systems of orthodox Hindu philosophy.

Yoga was codified by Patanjali in his Yoga Sutras (ca 200 bce) as the eight limbs (ashtanga) of raja yoga. It is essentially a one system, but historically, parts of raja yoga have been developed and emphasized as yogas in themselves.

Prominent among the many forms of yoga are

-       hatha yoga (emphasizing bodily perfection in preparation for meditation),

-       kriya yoga (emphasizing breath control), as well as

-       karma yoga (selfless service) and

-       bhakti yoga (devotional practices) which could be regarded as an expression of raja yoga's first two limbs (yama and niyama).

See: Yoga, austerity, bhakti yoga, danda, hatha yoga, jivanmukta, raja yoga, shad darshana, siddha yoga, siddhi.

(See also: Yoga, Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)

In psychology, heuristics are simple, efficient rules of thumb which have been proposed to explain how people make decisions, come to judgments and solve problems, typically when facing complex problems or incomplete information. These rules work well under most circumstances, but in certain cases lead to systematic cognitive biases. For instance, people may tend to perceive more expensive beers as tasting better than inexpensive ones. This finding holds true even when prices and brands are switched; putting the high price on t ...

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Heuristic, Heuristic - Psychology, Heuristic - Theorized psychological heuristics, Heuristic - Philosophy, Heuristic - Law, Heuristic - Computer science, Heuristic - Human-computer interaction

Read more here: » Heuristic: Encyclopedia II - Heuristic - Psychology

Yoga:

Union of the individual soul and the Supreme Soul; the discipline by which such union is effected. The Yoga system of philosophy, ascribed to Patanjali, deals with the realisation of Truth through concentration of mind.

(See also: Yoga, Sanskrit Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

There is no universal agreement about which subjects are the main branches of philosophy. The Aristotelian division was as follows: Metaphysics. The science of what ultimately exists, now sometimes called Ontology. Cosmology. This includes the nature of material substance, of quality and quantity, of space, causation and change. Psychology. This is a much wider and more 'philosophical' subject than the modern subject of the same name, encompassing the philosophy of perception, the theory of knowledge, the nature of the soul (now si ...

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Philosophy, Philosophy - Definition, Philosophy - Branches of philosophy, Philosophy - History of philosophy, Philosophy - Philosophical traditions, Philosophy - Other traditions, Philosophy - Western and Eastern philosophy, Philosophy - Applied philosophy, Philosophy - General philosophy topics, Philosophy - General philosophy lists, Philosophy - History of philosophy, Philosophy - Bibliography, Philosophy - Introductions, Philosophy - Reference works

Read more here: » Philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy - Branches of philosophy

Motivation is an internal state that arouses, guides and sustains behavior. Educational psychology research on motivation is concerned with the volition or will that students bring to a task, their level of interest and intrinsic motivation, the personally held goals that guide their behavior, and their belief about the causes of their success or failure. A form of attribution theory developed by Bernard Weiner describes how students' beliefs about the causes of academic success or failure affect their emotions and motivations (Weiner ...

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Educational psychology, Educational psychology - Social moral and cognitive development, Educational psychology - Individual differences and disabilities, Educational psychology - Learning and cognition, Educational psychology - Behavioral perspective, Educational psychology - Cognitive perspective, Educational psychology - Social cognitive theory, Educational psychology - Constructivist perspective, Educational psychology - Motivation, Educational psychology - Research methods, Educational psychology - Educational psychology for teaching, Educational psychology - Educational psychology for instructional design and technology, Educational psychology - History of educational psychology, Educational psychology - Careers in educational psychology, Educational psychology - Influential educational psychologists and theorists, Educational psychology - Research journals, Educational psychology - Sources

Read more here: » Educational psychology: Encyclopedia II - Educational psychology - Motivation

Yoga

(from Sanskrit. verbal root, meaning "discipline," )

Any number of physical or spiritual disciplines arising in India. An Eastern philosophy involving spiritual discipline using various techniques to experience union with a Supreme Being. Many yogic paths exist and include work on the physical body as in Hatha yoga, which uses breathing exercises and sustained physical postures to gain physical and mental control over the body; Bhakti, the yoga of devotion and love using the heart as a vehicle for transcendence; and other types of yoga specific to a path or teacher including Iyengar, Jnana, Karma, Kripalu, Kriya, Kundalini, Raja, Siddha and Tantra yoga.

(See also: Yoga, New Age Spirituality, Body Mind and Soul)

Criticisms of transpersonal psychology has come from several commentators. One of the earliest criticisms of the field was issued by the Humanistic psychologist Rollo May, who disputed the conceptual foundations of transpersonal psychology (Aanstos, Serling & Greening, 2000). May was particularly concerned about the low level of reflection on the dark side of human nature, and on human suffering, among the early transpersonal theorists. A similar critique was also put forward by Alexander (1980) who thought that Transpersonal Psychology, ...

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Transpersonal psychology, Transpersonal psychology - The development of the field, Transpersonal psychology - Research Interests, Transpersonal psychology - Contributions to the academic field, Transpersonal psychology - Criticisms of Transpersonal psychology

Read more here: » Transpersonal psychology: Encyclopedia II - Transpersonal psychology - Criticisms of Transpersonal psychology

Social psychology attempts to understand the relationship between minds, groups, and behaviors in three general ways. First, it tries to see how the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other(s) (Allport 3). This includes social perception, social interaction, and the many kinds of social influence (like trust, power, and persuasion). Gaining insight into the social psychology of persons involves looking at the influences that individuals ha ...

See also:

Social psychology, Social psychology - Subfields, Social psychology - SP's three angles of research, Social psychology - The concerns of social psychology, Social psychology - Empirical methods and Social philosophy, Social psychology - Methodology, Social psychology - The Methodology Wars and social philosophy, Social psychology - Relation to other fields, Social psychology - Relevant issues in social philosophy, Social psychology - Relevant issues in psychology, Social psychology - Relevant issues in sociology, Social psychology - Major perspectives in social psychology, Social psychology - Social psychological theories, Social psychology - Social elements of the individual, Social psychology - The social psychology of interaction, Social psychology - The psychological elements of collectives, Social psychology - Well-known cases studies and related works, Social psychology - Related topics

Read more here: » Social psychology: Encyclopedia II - Social psychology - SP's three angles of research

yoga

(Sanskrit) "Yoke" 1. Union of self with the absolute or divine. 2. Methods or discipline employed to obtain such union. 3. Meditative practices originating in pre-Aryan India used by Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and some Moslems and Christians. 4. One of the orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy

(See also: Yoga, Body Mind and Soul)

A Theosophical definition of Yoga :

Yoga

(Sanskrit) Literally "union," "conjunction," etc. In India it is the technical name for one of the six Darsanas or schools of philosophy, and its foundation is ascribed to the sage Patanjali. The name Yoga itself describes the objective of this school, the attaining of union or at-one-ness with the divine-spiritual essence within a man. The yoga practices when properly understood through the instructions of genuine teachers  - who, by the way, never announce themselves as public lecturers or through books or advertisements  - are supposed to induce certain ecstatic states leading to a clear perception of universal truths, and the highest of these states is called samadhi.

There are a number of minor forms of yoga practice and training such as the karma yoga, hatha yoga, bhakti yoga, raja yoga, jnana yoga, etc. Similar religious aspirations or practices likewise exist in Occidental countries, as, for instance, what is called salvation by works, somewhat equivalent to the Hindu karma yoga or, again, salvation by faith  - or love, somewhat similar to the Hindu bhakti yoga; while both Orient and Occident have, each one, its various forms of ascetic practices which may be grouped under the term hatha yoga.

No system of yoga should ever be practiced unless under the direct teaching of one who knows the dangers of meddling with the psychomental apparatus of the human constitution, for dangers lurk at every step, and the meddler in these things is likely to bring disaster upon himself, both in matters of health and as regards sane mental equilibrium. The higher branches of yoga, however, such as the raja yoga and jnana yoga, implying strict spiritual and intellectual discipline combined with a fervid love for all beings, are perfectly safe. It is, however, the ascetic practices, etc., and the teachings that go with them, wherein lies the danger to the unwary, and they should be carefully avoided.

See also: Yoga, Mysticism, Body Mind and Soul)

In 1879 Wilhelm Wundt founded a laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany, specifically to focus on general and basic questions concerning behaviour and mental states. Then in 1890, William James published the book Principles of Psychology which laid many of the foundations for the sorts of questions that psychologists would focus on for years to come. James was the first professor of Psychology at Harvard University. Crucially, the approach of Wundt and James did not involve metaphysical or religious explanations of human thought and behaviour, freeing it from the realms of phil ...

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History of psychology, History of psychology - Overview, History of psychology - Prescientific psychology, History of psychology - Scientific psychology

Read more here: » History of psychology: Encyclopedia II - History of psychology - Scientific psychology

Although Max Wertheimer is credited as the founder of the movement, the concept of Gestalt was first introduced in contemporary philosophy and psychology by Christian von Ehrenfels (a member of the School of Brentano). The idea of Gestalt has its roots in theories by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Immanuel Kant, and Ernst Mach. Both von Ehrenfels and Edmund Husserl seem to have been inspired by Mach's work Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations, 1886), in formulating their very similar concepts of Gestal ...

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Gestalt psychology, Gestalt psychology - Origins, Gestalt psychology - Theoretical framework and methodology, Gestalt psychology - Prägnanz, Gestalt psychology - Relationship to gestalt therapy

Read more here: » Gestalt psychology: Encyclopedia II - Gestalt psychology - Origins