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philological | A Wisdom Archive on philological | | philological A selection of articles related to philological | |
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philological
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO philological | | | |  philological: Encyclopedia II - Sefer Yetzirah - Theories of contrast in natureIn addition to the doctrine of the Sefirot and the letters, the theory of contrasts in nature, or of the syzygies ("pairs"), as they are called by the Gnostics, occupies a prominent place in the Sefer Yetzirah.
This doctrine is based on the assumption that the physical as well as the moral world consists of a series of contrasts mutually at war, yet pacified and equalized by the unity, God. Thus in the three prototypes of creation the contrasting elements fire and water are equalized by ; corresponding to this are the three "mothers" among the letters, the mute מ ...
See also:Sefer Yetzirah, Sefer Yetzirah - Origin, Sefer Yetzirah - Influence, Sefer Yetzirah - The phonetic system, Sefer Yetzirah - Cosmogony, Sefer Yetzirah - The Creation, Sefer Yetzirah - Theories of contrast in nature, Sefer Yetzirah - Gnostic elements, Sefer Yetzirah - Date, Sefer Yetzirah - Thelmetic Interpretations, Sefer Yetzirah - Foot notes Read more here: » Sefer Yetzirah: Encyclopedia II - Sefer Yetzirah - Theories of contrast in nature |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Sefer Yetzirah - The Creation While the astrological cosmogony of the book contains few Jewish elements, an attempt is made, in the account of the creation, to give a Jewish coloring to the Gnostic standpoint. To harmonize the Biblical statement of the creation "ex nihilo" with the doctrine of the primordial elements, the Sefer Yetzirah assumes a double creation, one ideal and the other real.
The first postulate is the spirit of God, from which the prototypes of matter emanated, the world being produced, in its turn, by the prototypes of the three primordial subst ...
See also:Sefer Yetzirah, Sefer Yetzirah - Origin, Sefer Yetzirah - Influence, Sefer Yetzirah - The phonetic system, Sefer Yetzirah - Cosmogony, Sefer Yetzirah - The Creation, Sefer Yetzirah - Theories of contrast in nature, Sefer Yetzirah - Gnostic elements, Sefer Yetzirah - Date, Sefer Yetzirah - Thelmetic Interpretations, Sefer Yetzirah - Foot notes Read more here: » Sefer Yetzirah: Encyclopedia II - Sefer Yetzirah - The Creation |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Hermeneutics - Renaissance hermeneutics The discipline of hermeneutics emerged with the new humanist education of the 15th century as a historical and critical methodology for analyzing texts. In a triumph of early modern hermeneutics, the Italian humanist Lorenzo Valla proved in 1440 that the "Donation of Constantine" was a forgery, through intrinsic evidence of the text itself. Thus hermeneutics expanded from its medieval role explaining the correct analysis of the Bible. In the 19th century Wilhelm Dilthey's more historically conscious methodological hermeneutics sought to prod ...
See also:Hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Etymology, Hermeneutics - Biblical hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Medieval hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Renaissance hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutic traditions, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics in Law, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics in Sociology, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics of Schleiermacher and Dilthey, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics since Dilthey, Hermeneutics - Misuse Read more here: » Hermeneutics: Encyclopedia II - Hermeneutics - Renaissance hermeneutics |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics of Schleiermacher and Dilthey Friedrich Schleiermacher explored the nature of understanding in relation not just to the problem of deciphering sacred texts, but to all human texts and modes of communication. The interpretation of a text must proceed by framing the content asserted in terms of the overall organization of the work. He distinguishes between grammatical interpretation and psychological interpretation. The former studies how a work is composed from general ideas, the latter ...
See also:Hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Etymology, Hermeneutics - Biblical hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Medieval hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Renaissance hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutic traditions, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics in Law, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics in Sociology, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics of Schleiermacher and Dilthey, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics since Dilthey, Hermeneutics - Misuse Read more here: » Hermeneutics: Encyclopedia II - Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics of Schleiermacher and Dilthey |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Attila the Hun - Attila in the west As late as 450, Attila had proclaimed his intent to attack the powerful Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse in alliance with Emperor Valentinian III. He had previously been on good terms with the western Empire and its de facto ruler Flavius Aëtius—Aetius had spent a brief exile among the Huns in 433, and the troops Attila provided against the Goths and Bagaudae had helped earn him the largely honorary title of magister militum in the west. The gifts and diplomatic efforts of Geiseric, who opposed and feared th ...
See also:Attila the Hun, Attila the Hun - Background and beginnings, Attila the Hun - Shared kingship, Attila the Hun - Sole ruler, Attila the Hun - Attila in the west, Attila the Hun - Invasion of Italy and death, Attila the Hun - Appearance character and name, Attila the Hun - Notes Read more here: » Attila the Hun: Encyclopedia II - Attila the Hun - Attila in the west |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Attila the Hun - Invasion of Italy and death Attila returned in 452 to claim his marriage to Honoria anew, invading and ravaging Italy along the way; his army sacked numerous cities and razed Aquileia completely, leaving no trace of it behind. Valentinian fled from Ravenna to Rome; Aetius remained in the field but lacked the strength to offer battle. Attila finally halted at the Po, where he met an embassy including the prefect Trigetius, the consul Aviennus, and Pope Leo I. After the meeting he turned his army back, having ...
See also:Attila the Hun, Attila the Hun - Background and beginnings, Attila the Hun - Shared kingship, Attila the Hun - Sole ruler, Attila the Hun - Attila in the west, Attila the Hun - Invasion of Italy and death, Attila the Hun - Appearance character and name, Attila the Hun - Notes Read more here: » Attila the Hun: Encyclopedia II - Attila the Hun - Invasion of Italy and death |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Attila the Hun - Sole ruler Constantinople suffered major natural (and man-made) disasters in the years following the Huns' departure: bloody riots between the racing factions of the Hippodrome; plagues in 445 and 446, the second following a famine; and a four-month series of earthquakes which levelled much of the city wall and killed thousands, causing another epidemic. This last struck in 447, just as Attila, having consolidated his power, again rode south into the empire through Moesia. The Roman army, under the Gothic magister militum Arnegisclus, met him on ...
See also:Attila the Hun, Attila the Hun - Background and beginnings, Attila the Hun - Shared kingship, Attila the Hun - Sole ruler, Attila the Hun - Attila in the west, Attila the Hun - Invasion of Italy and death, Attila the Hun - Appearance character and name, Attila the Hun - Notes Read more here: » Attila the Hun: Encyclopedia II - Attila the Hun - Sole ruler |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Attila the Hun - Background and beginnings The European Huns are often thought to have been a western extension of the Xiongnu (Xiōngnú), (匈奴) n., a group of nomad tribes from north-eastern China and Central Asia. These people achieved military superiority over their rivals (most of them highly cultured and civilized) by their state of readiness for combat, amazing mobility, and weapons like the Hun bow.
Attila was born around 406. Nothing certain is known about his childhood; the suppositi ...
See also:Attila the Hun, Attila the Hun - Background and beginnings, Attila the Hun - Shared kingship, Attila the Hun - Sole ruler, Attila the Hun - Attila in the west, Attila the Hun - Invasion of Italy and death, Attila the Hun - Appearance character and name, Attila the Hun - Notes Read more here: » Attila the Hun: Encyclopedia II - Attila the Hun - Background and beginnings |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Hermeneutics - Misuse One prominent theme which arises in contemporary philosophical hermeneutics (i.e., the work of Hans-Georg Gadamer) is a serious calling into question of scientism. Scientism is the more or less unquestioned belief in the supremacy of the natural sciences when it comes to serving as models of knowledge. By calling scientism into question, hermeneutics is arguing for the legitimacy of (among other things) aesthetic, literary, spiritual, and philosophical knowledge, alongside (bu ...
See also:Hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Etymology, Hermeneutics - Biblical hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Medieval hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Renaissance hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutic traditions, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics in Law, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics in Sociology, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics of Schleiermacher and Dilthey, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics since Dilthey, Hermeneutics - Misuse Read more here: » Hermeneutics: Encyclopedia II - Hermeneutics - Misuse |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Sefer Yetzirah - The phonetic system The philological is discussed first, since it is necessary for an elucidation of the philosophical speculations of the work. The twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet are classified both with reference to the position of the vocal organs in producing the sounds, and with regard to sonant intensity. In contrast to the Jewish grammarians, who assumed a special mode of articulation for each of the five groups of sounds, the Sefer Yetzirah says that no sound can be produced without the tongue, to which the other organs of speech merel ...
See also:Sefer Yetzirah, Sefer Yetzirah - Origin, Sefer Yetzirah - Influence, Sefer Yetzirah - The phonetic system, Sefer Yetzirah - Cosmogony, Sefer Yetzirah - The Creation, Sefer Yetzirah - Theories of contrast in nature, Sefer Yetzirah - Gnostic elements, Sefer Yetzirah - Date, Sefer Yetzirah - Thelmetic Interpretations, Sefer Yetzirah - Foot notes Read more here: » Sefer Yetzirah: Encyclopedia II - Sefer Yetzirah - The phonetic system |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Sefer Yetzirah - Influence The later Sefer Yetzirah is devoted to speculations concerning God and the angels. The ascription of its authorship to Rabbi Akiba, and even to Abraham, shows the high esteem which it enjoyed for centuries. It may even be said that this work had a greater influence on the development of the Jewish mind than almost any other book after the completion of the Talmud.
The Sefer Yetzirah is exceedingly difficult to understand on account of its obscure, mystical style. The difficulty is rendered still greater by the lack of a critical editi ...
See also:Sefer Yetzirah, Sefer Yetzirah - Origin, Sefer Yetzirah - Influence, Sefer Yetzirah - The phonetic system, Sefer Yetzirah - Cosmogony, Sefer Yetzirah - The Creation, Sefer Yetzirah - Theories of contrast in nature, Sefer Yetzirah - Gnostic elements, Sefer Yetzirah - Date, Sefer Yetzirah - Thelmetic Interpretations, Sefer Yetzirah - Foot notes Read more here: » Sefer Yetzirah: Encyclopedia II - Sefer Yetzirah - Influence |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Scholasticism - Contemporary Scholasticism The Canadian essayist John Ralston Saul has argued in his books that much of what passes for post-modernist discourse in universities today is nothing more than a contemporary version of scholasticism. Today's auctors would be the post-structuralist canon consisting of such people as Michel Foucault, Jean Baudrillard, Jacques Lacan, Jean-Francois Lyotard, Jacques Derrida etc.
The post-structuralist deconstruction method can be seen as the exe ...
See also:Scholasticism, Scholasticism - Scholastic method, Scholasticism - Scholastic genres, Scholasticism - Scholastic school, Scholasticism - History, Scholasticism - Famous Scholastics, Scholasticism - Key Anti-Scholastics, Scholasticism - Contemporary Scholasticism Read more here: » Scholasticism: Encyclopedia II - Scholasticism - Contemporary Scholasticism |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Scholasticism - History Scholastic philosophy usually combined logic, metaphysics and semantics into one discipline, and is generally recognized to have developed our understanding of logic significantly when compared to the older sources.
In the high scholastic period of 1250 - 1350 scholasticism moved beyond theology into the philosophy of nature, psychology, epistemology and philosophy of science. In Spain, the scholastics also made important contributions to economic theory, which would influence the later development of the Austrian school. However all scholastics were bound by Church doctrine and certain questions of faith could never be ad ...
See also:Scholasticism, Scholasticism - Scholastic method, Scholasticism - Scholastic genres, Scholasticism - Scholastic school, Scholasticism - History, Scholasticism - Famous Scholastics, Scholasticism - Key Anti-Scholastics, Scholasticism - Contemporary Scholasticism Read more here: » Scholasticism: Encyclopedia II - Scholasticism - History |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Scholasticism - Scholastic school Scholastic schools had two methods of teaching. The first is the lectio. A teacher would read a text, expounding on certain words or ideas, but no questions were allowed, it was a simple reading of a text, the instructors explained, and silence for the students.
The second is the disputatio which is at the heart of the scholastic method. There were two types of disputatios. The first was called the "ordinary" in which the question to be disputed was announced beforehand. The second was the quodlibetal in which the ...
See also:Scholasticism, Scholasticism - Scholastic method, Scholasticism - Scholastic genres, Scholasticism - Scholastic school, Scholasticism - History, Scholasticism - Famous Scholastics, Scholasticism - Key Anti-Scholastics, Scholasticism - Contemporary Scholasticism Read more here: » Scholasticism: Encyclopedia II - Scholasticism - Scholastic school |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Sefer Yetzirah - Origin While the mystic use of letters and numbers points to a Babylonian origin, the idea of the creative power of the various sounds is Egyptian. The division of the letters into the three classes of vowels, mutes, and sonants is Hellenic, although this classification necessarily underwent changes when applied to the Hebrew letters. The historical origin of the Sefer Yetzirah is accordingly placed ...
See also:Sefer Yetzirah, Sefer Yetzirah - Origin, Sefer Yetzirah - Influence, Sefer Yetzirah - The phonetic system, Sefer Yetzirah - Cosmogony, Sefer Yetzirah - The Creation, Sefer Yetzirah - Theories of contrast in nature, Sefer Yetzirah - Gnostic elements, Sefer Yetzirah - Date, Sefer Yetzirah - Thelmetic Interpretations, Sefer Yetzirah - Foot notes Read more here: » Sefer Yetzirah: Encyclopedia II - Sefer Yetzirah - Origin |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Attila the Hun - Appearance character and name The main source for information on Attila is Priscus, a historian who traveled with Maximin on an embassy from Theodosius II in 448. He describes the village the nomadic Huns had built and settled down in as the size of the great city with solid wooden walls. He described Attila himself as:
"short of stature, with a broad chest and a large head; his eyes were small, his beard thin and sprinkled with gray; and he had a flat nose and a swar ...
See also:Attila the Hun, Attila the Hun - Background and beginnings, Attila the Hun - Shared kingship, Attila the Hun - Sole ruler, Attila the Hun - Attila in the west, Attila the Hun - Invasion of Italy and death, Attila the Hun - Appearance character and name, Attila the Hun - Notes Read more here: » Attila the Hun: Encyclopedia II - Attila the Hun - Appearance character and name |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Hermeneutics - Biblical hermeneutics Perhaps the most commonly used meaning of the word hermeneutics outside academic circles is in relation to Biblical interpretation. Throughout Christian history scholars and students of the Bible have sought to mine the wealth of its meanings by developing a variety of different systems of hermeneutics.
The question relates to the problem of how the reader is to understand Holy Scripture. By definition, this is a theological act, ie. part of the discourse of a faith-community. This does not mean that it is of no relevance to those who ...
See also:Hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Etymology, Hermeneutics - Biblical hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Medieval hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Renaissance hermeneutics, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutic traditions, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics in Law, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics in Sociology, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics of Schleiermacher and Dilthey, Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics since Dilthey, Hermeneutics - Misuse Read more here: » Hermeneutics: Encyclopedia II - Hermeneutics - Biblical hermeneutics |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - Naskh exegesis - In the Canon The stem nskh occurs four times within the Qur'ān: at Q.7:154, Q.45:29, Q.22:52, and Q.2:106. The first two occurrences come in the context of texts and scribal activity: "in the writing [nuskhah] thereon" (Q.7:154) and "For We were wont to put on Record [nastansikh] all that ye did" (Q.45:29). These uses, combined with the secular Arabic usage nasakha al-kitāb- "he copied the book"- led some to equate naskh with transfer (nql)- as in the transfer of an activity from one legal category (e.g. allowed) to another (forbidden). Overall, though, these verses were of margin ...
See also:Naskh exegesis, Naskh exegesis - Theory, Naskh exegesis - Between sources, Naskh exegesis - Modes, Naskh exegesis - In the Canon, Naskh exegesis - Evolution, Naskh exegesis - Theology, Naskh exegesis - Literature, Naskh exegesis - Instances, Naskh exegesis - See Also Read more here: » Naskh exegesis: Encyclopedia II - Naskh exegesis - In the Canon |
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| | | | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Spain - Modern times 1858- When Spain got a new Constitution in 1868, Jews once again were permitted to tread once more upon Spanish soil, but the edict of expulsion was not repealed until 1968. Small numbers of Jews started to arrive in Spain in the 19th century, and synagogues were opened in Madrid and Barcelona. The Jews of Morocco, where the initial welcome had turned to oppression as centuries passed by, had welcomed the Spanish troops conquering Spanish Morocco as their liberators. Spanish historians started to interest about the Sephardi and their Spanish dialect.
The government of Miguel Pri ...
See also:History of the Jews in Spain, History of the Jews in Spain - Early History Before 300 CE, History of the Jews in Spain - Under the Visigoths 5th Century-711, History of the Jews in Spain - Moorish Spain and the Golden Age 711-12th Century, History of the Jews in Spain - Christian Spain 974-1300, History of the Jews in Spain - Early Rule 974-1085, History of the Jews in Spain - Toleration and Jewish immigration 1085-1212, History of the Jews in Spain - Turning point 1212-1300, History of the Jews in Spain - The Jewish community in 1300, History of the Jews in Spain - Official persecution and massacres 1300-1391, History of the Jews in Spain - Massacres of 1366., History of the Jews in Spain - Anti-Jewish Enactments, History of the Jews in Spain - The Massacre of 1391, History of the Jews in Spain - Forced Conversions and the New Christians 1391-1492, History of the Jews in Spain - Forced conversions, History of the Jews in Spain - Hatred of the New Christians, History of the Jews in Spain - Edict of Expulsion, History of the Jews in Spain - Number of the Exiles, History of the Jews in Spain - Marranos 1492-1858, History of the Jews in Spain - Modern times 1858-, History of the Jews in Spain - External link Read more here: » History of the Jews in Spain: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Spain - Modern times 1858- |
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| | | | | philological: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Spain - Marranos 1492-1858 The history of the Jews henceforth in Spain is that of the Maranos, whose numbers, as has been shown, had been increased by no less than 50,000 during the period of expulsion. As Spain got possession of the New World, the Maranos attempted to find a refuge from the Inquisition in both the East and the West Indies, where they often came in contact with relatives who had remained true to their faith, or had become reconverted in Holland or elsewhere. These formed business alliances with their relatives remaining in Spain, so that a large porti ...
See also:History of the Jews in Spain, History of the Jews in Spain - Early History Before 300 CE, History of the Jews in Spain - Under the Visigoths 5th Century-711, History of the Jews in Spain - Moorish Spain and the Golden Age 711-12th Century, History of the Jews in Spain - Christian Spain 974-1300, History of the Jews in Spain - Early Rule 974-1085, History of the Jews in Spain - Toleration and Jewish immigration 1085-1212, History of the Jews in Spain - Turning point 1212-1300, History of the Jews in Spain - The Jewish community in 1300, History of the Jews in Spain - Official persecution and massacres 1300-1391, History of the Jews in Spain - Massacres of 1366., History of the Jews in Spain - Anti-Jewish Enactments, History of the Jews in Spain - The Massacre of 1391, History of the Jews in Spain - Forced Conversions and the New Christians 1391-1492, History of the Jews in Spain - Forced conversions, History of the Jews in Spain - Hatred of the New Christians, History of the Jews in Spain - Edict of Expulsion, History of the Jews in Spain - Number of the Exiles, History of the Jews in Spain - Marranos 1492-1858, History of the Jews in Spain - Modern times 1858-, History of the Jews in Spain - External link Read more here: » History of the Jews in Spain: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Spain - Marranos 1492-1858 |
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