philological - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Attila The Hun: Encyclopedia - Attila The Hun
Attila the Hun (Old Norse: Atle, Atli; German: Etzel; ca. 406–453 AD) was the last and most powerful king of the Huns. He reigned over ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bollandist: Encyclopedia - Bollandist
The Bollandists are an association of Jesuit scholars publishing the Acta Sanctorum (the Lives of the Saints). They are named after the F...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assyriology: Encyclopedia - Assyriology
Assyriology is the historical and archaeological study of ancient Mesopotamia. The field covers not just Assyria but also that nation's e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Accademia Dei Lincei: Encyclopedia - Accademia Dei Lincei
The Accademia dei Lincei, (literally the "Academy of the Lynxes", but also known as the Lincean Academy), is located at the Palazzo Corsi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews
Israel: nn Europe: nn South Africa: nn Oceania: nn   • Ashkenazi Jews   • Mizrahi Jews   •&...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Christoph Luxenberg: Encyclopedia - Christoph Luxenberg
Christoph Luxenberg is the pseudonym of the author of the 2000 book Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran: Ein Beitrag zur Entschlüsselu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hermeneutics: Encyclopedia - Hermeneutics
Hermeneutics may be described as the theory of interpretation and understanding of a text through empirical means. It should not be confu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scholasticism: Encyclopedia - Scholasticism
Scholasticism comes from the Latin word scholasticus which means "that [which] belongs to the school", and is the school of philosophy ta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sefer Yetzirah: Encyclopedia - Sefer Yetzirah
Sefer Yetzirah (Hebrew, "Book of Creation[1]", ספר יצירה) is the title of two books on esoteric Jewish mysticism. The older and m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - William Carey: Encyclopedia - William Carey
William Carey (August 17, 1761 – June 9, 1834) was an English missionary and Baptist minister, known as the "father of modern missions....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medieval Croatian State: Encyclopedia Ii - Medieval Croatian State - Kingdom
Tomislav was crowned in the Duvno field in 925 (note that sources vary from 923 to 928), as the first King of Croatia. The central town o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - The Dark Ages And The Great Migrations
History of the Balkans - Nomadic peoples. Western Huns empire stretched in 434 AD from Central Europe to the Black Sea and from the Dan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Spain: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Spain - Moorish Spain And The Golden Age 711-12th Century
With the victory of Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711, the lives of the Sephardim changed dramatically. In spite of the stigma attached to being dhi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Cleland: Encyclopedia Ii - John Cleland - Later Writing
Cleland's obituary in the Monthly Review said that he had been granted a government annuity of one hundred pounds to prevent his writing ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fredric Jameson: Encyclopedia Ii - Fredric Jameson - Life And Works
Jameson was born in Cleveland, Ohio. After graduating from Haverford College in 1954, he briefly travelled to Europe, studying at Aix-en-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Sephardim Under Islam
With the victory of Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711, the lives of the Sephardim changed dramatically. In spite of the stigma attached to being dhi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attila The Hun: Encyclopedia Ii - Attila The Hun - Shared Kingship
By 432, the Huns were united under Ruga. In 434 Ruga died, leaving his nephews Attila and Bleda, the sons of his brother Mundjuk, in cont...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - The Dark Ages And The Great Migrations
History of the Balkans - Nomadic peoples. Western Huns empire stretched in 434 AD from Central Europe to the Black Sea and from the Dan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Spain: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Spain - Moorish Spain And The Golden Age 711-12th Century
With the victory of Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711, the lives of the Sephardim changed dramatically. In spite of the stigma attached to being dhi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Figure Of Speech: Encyclopedia Ii - Figure Of Speech - Classification
Figures of speech have been classified into a number of different categories. Most figures originated out of centuries of philological co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Innokenty Annensky: Encyclopedia Ii - Innokenty Annensky - Biography
Annensky was born into the family of a public official in Omsk on September 1 N.S. 1855. In 1860, while still a child, he was taken to Sa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Book Collecting: Encyclopedia Ii - Book Collecting - History Of Anglo-european Book Collecting
Whenever a high degree of civilization has been attained, book-lovers have multiplied, and to the student with his modest desire to read ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - William Carey: Encyclopedia Ii - William Carey - Late Indian Period
Once settled in Serampore, the mission bought a house large enough to accommodate all of their families and a school, which was to be the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adrianus Turnebus: Encyclopedia Ii - Adrianus Turnebus - Life
Turnebus was born at Les Andelys in Normandy. At the age of twelve he was sent to Paris to study, and attracted great notice by his remar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hermeneutics: Encyclopedia Ii - Hermeneutics - Hermeneutic Traditions
Hermeneutics in the Western world, as a general science of text interpretation, can be traced back to two separate sources. One source wa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock - Bibliography
Klopstock's Werke first appeared in seven quarto volumes (1798-1809). At the same time a more complete edition in twelve octavo volumes w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judgement Of Paris: Encyclopedia Ii - Judgement Of Paris - The Story
The narrative can be seen as a rationalized series of episodic causes and consequences that has been developed to embed within a human ti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lazar Gulkowitsch: Encyclopedia Ii - Lazar Gulkowitsch - Life
Born in Zirin (Minsk province), Belarus as the son of a merchant, he attended school in Baranavichy and then the famous yeshiva (Talmud c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Naskh Exegesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Naskh Exegesis - Theory
Naskh employs the logic of chronology and progressive revelation. The different situations encountered over the course of Muhammad's more...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judgement Of Paris: Encyclopedia Ii - Judgement Of Paris - The Story
The narrative can be seen as a rationalized series of episodic causes and consequences that has been developed to embed within a human ti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Elvish Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Elvish Languages - Elvish Languages Of Middle-earth
Author J. R. R. Tolkien created many languages for Elves to complement his books set in the fictional universe of Middle-earth. His inter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - The Dark Ages And The Great Migrations
History of the Balkans - Nomadic peoples. Western Huns empire stretched in 434 AD from Central Europe to the Black Sea and from the Dan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Accademia Dei Lincei: Encyclopedia Ii - Accademia Dei Lincei - L'accademia
The academy replaced the first scientific community ever, the Academia Secretorum Naturae, that was closed due to Inquisition. It was fou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Key Concepts
Much controversy surrounds whether Nietzsche advocated a single or comprehensive philosophical viewpoint. Many charge Nietzsche with prop...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scholasticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Scholasticism - Scholastic Method
The scholastics would choose a book by a renowned scholar, called auctor, as a subject of investigation, for example the Bible. By readin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sefer Yetzirah: Encyclopedia Ii - Sefer Yetzirah - Cosmogony
The linguistic theories of the author of the Sefer Yetzirah are an integral component of his philosophy, its other parts being astrologic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attila The Hun: Encyclopedia Ii - Attila The Hun - Appearance, Character, And Name
The main source for information on Attila is Priscus, a historian who traveled with Maximin on an embassy from Theodosius II in 448. He d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - Current State And Perspectives
Since 2000, all Balkan countries are friendly towards the EU and the USA. Greece has been a member of the European Union since 1981. Slov...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Life
Friedrich Nietzsche - Youth 1844–1869. Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844, in the small town of Röcken, near Leipzig, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Book Collecting: Encyclopedia Ii - Book Collecting - Elements Of Book Collecting
Collection interests may include books relating to all the qualities of a book or books, including: author, illustrator, publisher, print...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - The Balkans In Modern Times
History of the Balkans - World War I in the Balkans. World War I (then known as the Great War) started when a Serb man called Gavrilo P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - Rise Of Independence
The Ottoman (Turkish) Empire was losing influence, status and territory throughout the 19th century, known as the 'sick man of Europe'; a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - The Pig War
Main Article: Bosnian crisis The means adopted by the governments of Vienna and Budapest to nullify the plans of Serbian expansion were ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - Balkan Wars
Main article: Balkan Wars History of the Balkans - First Balkan War. Main article: First Balkan War For more info please use the main...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Style
Nietzsche is unique among philosophers for what is widely regarded as the remarkable power and effectiveness of his prose style - particu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Kierkegaard And Nietzsche
Many philosophers believe Nietzsche, aside from the name, knew little of the 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855). G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Medicine
Although less than in Ashkenazi Jews, there is a higher incidence of certain hereditary diseases in Sephardi Jews. The most important one...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Relationship To Other Jews
Although the Sephardim lived on peaceful terms with other Jews, they rarely intermarried with them; neither did they unite with them in f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Names
In contrast to Ashkenazic Jews, who do not name newborn children after living relatives, Sephardic Jews often name their children after t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sephardi Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Sephardi Jews - Later History And Culture
Among the Sephardim were many who were the descendants, or heads, of wealthy families and who, as Marranos, had occupied prominent positi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Works
Friedrich Nietzsche - Writings and philosophy. Aus meinem Leben, 1858 Über Musik, 1858 Napoleon III als Praesident, 1862 Fatum und Ge...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Reception Of Nietzsche
Among the first to recognize Nietzsche's importance was the German novelist Thomas Mann, who showed Nietzsche's influence in his novels, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Political Views
During the First World War and after 1945, many regarded Nietzsche as having helped to cause the German militarism. In fact, the German r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Gender Views
Nietzsche's comments on women have provoked a great deal of discussion. Given modern sensitivities regarding the sexes and the rise of fe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Book Collecting: Encyclopedia Ii - Book Collecting - Purpose And Value
Book collecting is the bringing together of books which in their contents, their form or the history of the individual copy possess some ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Spain: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Spain - Early History Before 300 Ce
Image:Hispania.jpgSome associate the country of Tarshish, as mentioned in the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, I Kings, and Jonah, wit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Friedrich Nietzsche: Encyclopedia Ii - Friedrich Nietzsche - Place In Contemporary Ethical Theory
Nietzsche's work addresses ethics from several perspectives; in today's terms, we might say his remarks pertain to meta-ethics, normative...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Spain: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Spain - Forced Conversions And The New Christians 1391-1492
The year 1391 forms a turning-point in the history of the Spanish Jews. The persecution was the immediate forerunner of the Inquisition, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - Early History
History of the Balkans - Chalcolithic civilization. Early cultures of the Balkans were predominantly agricultural. Archaeologists have ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medieval Croatian State: Encyclopedia Ii - Medieval Croatian State - Rise Of Croatia
Croatian lands in the Dark Ages were located between three major entities: the Eastern Roman Empire which aimed to control the Dalmatian ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medieval Croatian State: Encyclopedia Ii - Medieval Croatian State - Christianity
The Christianization of the Croats began after their arrival, probably in the 7th century, influenced by the proximity of the old Roman c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - Early History
History of the Balkans - Chalcolithic cultures. Early cultures of the Balkans were predominantly agricultural. Archaeologists have iden...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - Classical Antiquity
History of the Balkans - Odrysian empire. Main article: Odrysian empire The Odrysian empire was a union of Thracian tribes that was p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - Middle Ages And The Early Modern Period
The Balkans was a confluence of great powers, a buffer between occident and orient. Various wars, rebellions, invasions, and disputes bet...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - The Balkans In Modern Times
History of the Balkans - World War I in the Balkans. World War I (then known as the Great War) started when a Serb man called Gavrilo P...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - Balkan Wars
Main article: Balkan Wars History of the Balkans - First Balkan War. Main article: First Balkan War For more info please use the main...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - The Pig War
Main Article: Bosnian crisis The means adopted by the governments of Vienna and Budapest to nullify the plans of Serbian expansion were ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - Rise Of Independence
The Ottoman (Turkish) Empire was losing influence, status and territory throughout the 19th century, known as the 'sick man of Europe'; a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medieval Croatian State: Encyclopedia Ii - Medieval Croatian State - Migration Of The Croats
No contemporary written records about the migration have been preserved, especially not about the events as a whole and from the area its...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Cleland: Encyclopedia Ii - John Cleland - Fanny Hill And Homosexuality
Cleland's account of when Fanny Hill was written is somewhat difficult. For one thing, the novel has allusions to other novels that were ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - Current State And Perspectives
Since 2000, all Balkan countries are friendly towards the EU and the USA. Greece has been a member of the European Union since 1981. Slov...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Spain: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Spain - Official Persecution And Massacres 1300-1391
In the beginning of the fourteenth century the position of Jews became precarious throughout Spain as anti-semitism increased many Jews e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Spain: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Spain - Christian Spain 974-1300
History of the Jews in Spain - Early Rule 974-1085. Christian princes, the counts of Castile and the first kings of Leon, treated the J...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - Middle Ages And The Early Modern Period
The Balkans was a confluence of great powers, a buffer between occident and orient. Various wars, rebellions, invasions, and disputes bet...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Spain: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Spain - Edict Of Expulsion
Several months after the fall of Granada an Edict of Expulsion was issued against the Jews of Spain by Ferdinand and Isabella (March 31, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Spain: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Spain - Marranos 1492-1858
The history of the Jews henceforth in Spain is that of the Maranos, whose numbers, as has been shown, had been increased by no less than ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Cleland: Encyclopedia Ii - John Cleland - Later Life
None of Cleland's literary works provided him with a comfortable living, and he was typically bitter about this. He publically denounced ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Balkans: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Balkans - Classical Antiquity
History of the Balkans - Odrysian empire. Main article: Odrysian empire The Odrysian empire was a union of Thracian tribes that was p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - John Cleland: Encyclopedia Ii - John Cleland - Publication Of Fanny Hill
John Cleland began courting the Portuguese to found a Portuguese East India Company, but he never got a commitment from them. In 1748, Cl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Spain: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Spain - Modern Times 1858-
When Spain got a new Constitution in 1868, Jews once again were permitted to tread once more upon Spanish soil, but the edict of expulsio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Spain: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Spain - Under The Visigoths 5th Century-711
Barbaric invasions brought most of the Iberian Peninsula under Visigothic rule by the early fifth century. Other than in their contempt f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Naskh Exegesis: Encyclopedia Ii - Naskh Exegesis - Literature
The following is a list of classical examples of the naskh genre: Abū 'Ubaid al-Qāsim b. Sallām (d. 838), Kitāb al-nāsikh wal-mans�...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sefer Yetzirah: Encyclopedia Ii - Sefer Yetzirah - Date
The essential elements of the book are characteristic of the third or fourth century; for a work of this nature, composed in the geonic p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hermeneutics: Encyclopedia Ii - Hermeneutics - Medieval Hermeneutics
Medieval interpretations of text incorporated exegesis in a fourfold mode that emphasized the distinction between the letter and the spir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sefer Yetzirah: Encyclopedia Ii - Sefer Yetzirah - Gnostic Elements
Far more important is the similarity of the Sefer Yetzirah to various Gnostic systems, to which Grätz has called special attention. As t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sefer Yetzirah: Encyclopedia Ii - Sefer Yetzirah - Theories Of Contrast In Nature
In addition to the doctrine of the Sefirot and the letters, the theory of contrasts in nature, or of the syzygies ("pairs"), as they are ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sefer Yetzirah: Encyclopedia Ii - Sefer Yetzirah - The Creation
While the astrological cosmogony of the book contains few Jewish elements, an attempt is made, in the account of the creation, to give a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hermeneutics: Encyclopedia Ii - Hermeneutics - Renaissance Hermeneutics
The discipline of hermeneutics emerged with the new humanist education of the 15th century as a historical and critical methodology for a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hermeneutics: Encyclopedia Ii - Hermeneutics - Hermeneutics Of Schleiermacher And Dilthey
Friedrich Schleiermacher explored the nature of understanding in relation not just to the problem of deciphering sacred texts, but to all...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attila The Hun: Encyclopedia Ii - Attila The Hun - Attila In The West
As late as 450, Attila had proclaimed his intent to attack the powerful Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse in alliance with Emperor Valentinian...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attila The Hun: Encyclopedia Ii - Attila The Hun - Invasion Of Italy And Death
Attila returned in 452 to claim his marriage to Honoria anew, invading and ravaging Italy along the way; his army sacked numerous cities ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attila The Hun: Encyclopedia Ii - Attila The Hun - Sole Ruler
Constantinople suffered major natural (and man-made) disasters in the years following the Huns' departure: bloody riots between the racin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attila The Hun: Encyclopedia Ii - Attila The Hun - Background And Beginnings
The European Huns are often thought to have been a western extension of the Xiongnu (Xiōngnú), (匈奴) n., a group of nomad tribes fro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hermeneutics: Encyclopedia Ii - Hermeneutics - Misuse
One prominent theme which arises in contemporary philosophical hermeneutics (i.e., the work of Hans-Georg Gadamer) is a serious calling i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sefer Yetzirah: Encyclopedia Ii - Sefer Yetzirah - The Phonetic System
The philological is discussed first, since it is necessary for an elucidation of the philosophical speculations of the work. The twenty-t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sefer Yetzirah: Encyclopedia Ii - Sefer Yetzirah - Influence
The later Sefer Yetzirah is devoted to speculations concerning God and the angels. The ascription of its authorship to Rabbi Akiba, and e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scholasticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Scholasticism - Contemporary Scholasticism
The Canadian essayist John Ralston Saul has argued in his books that much of what passes for post-modernist discourse in universities tod...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scholasticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Scholasticism - History
Scholastic philosophy usually combined logic, metaphysics and semantics into one discipline, and is generally recognized to have develope...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scholasticism: Encyclopedia Ii - Scholasticism - Scholastic School
Scholastic schools had two methods of teaching. The first is the lectio. A teacher would read a text, expounding on certain words or idea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sefer Yetzirah: Encyclopedia Ii - Sefer Yetzirah - Origin
While the mystic use of letters and numbers points to a Babylonian origin, the idea of the creative power of the various sounds is Egypti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Attila The Hun: Encyclopedia Ii - Attila The Hun - Appearance Character And Name
The main source for information on Attila is Priscus, a historian who traveled with Maximin on an embassy from Theodosius II in 448. He d...   » Read the article