Phenomenology is a current in philosophy that takes the intuitive experience of phenomena (what presents itself to us in conscious experience) as its starting point and tries to extract the essential features of experiences and the essence of what we experience. It stems from the School of Brentano and was mostly based on the work of the 20th century philosopher Edmund Husserl, and was developed further by philosophers such as Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Max Scheler, Hannah Arendt, and Emmanuel Levinas. As such, phenomeno ...

Including:

• Phenomenology - Historical overview of the use of the term
• Phenomenology - Husserl and the origin of Phenomenology
• Phenomenology - Precursors and influences
• Phenomenology - Phenomenology in the first edition of the Logische Untersuchungen 1900/1901
• Phenomenology - Transcendental phenomenology after the Ideen 1913
• Phenomenology - Transcendental phenomenologists
• Phenomenology - Realist phenomenology
• Phenomenology - Realist phenomenologists
• Phenomenology - Existential phenomenology
• Phenomenology - Heidegger's phenomenology and differences with Husserl
• Phenomenology - Existential phenomenologists
• Phenomenology - Currents influenced by phenomenology

Read more here: » Phenomenology: Encyclopedia - Phenomenology

Husserl derived many important concepts that are central to phenomenology from the works and lectures of his teachers, the philosophers and psychologists Franz Brentano and Carl Stumpf. An important element of phenomenology that Husserl borrowed from Brentano was intentionality, the notion that the main characteristic of consciousness is that it is always intentional. Intentionality, which could be summarised as "aboutness", describes the relationship between mental acts and the external world. Every mental phenomenon or psychological ...

See also:

Phenomenology, Phenomenology - Historical overview of the use of the term, Phenomenology - Husserl and the origin of Phenomenology, Phenomenology - Precursors and influences, Phenomenology - Phenomenology in the first edition of the Logische Untersuchungen 1900/1901, Phenomenology - Transcendental phenomenology after the Ideen 1913, Phenomenology - Realist phenomenology, Phenomenology - Existential phenomenology, Phenomenology - Heidegger's phenomenology and differences with Husserl, Phenomenology - Currents influenced by phenomenology

Read more here: » Phenomenology: Encyclopedia II - Phenomenology - Husserl and the origin of Phenomenology

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Existential phenomenology differs from transcendental phenomenology by its rejection of the transcendental ego. Merleau-Ponty objects to the ego's transcendence of the world, which for Husserl leaves the world spread out and completely transparent before the conscious. Heidegger thinks of conscious being as always and already in the world. Transcendence is maintained in existential phenomenology to the extent that the method of phenomenology must take a presuppositionless starting point - transcending claims about the world arising from, for example, natural or scientific at ...

See also:

Phenomenology, Phenomenology - Historical overview of the use of the term, Phenomenology - Husserl and the origin of Phenomenology, Phenomenology - Precursors and influences, Phenomenology - Phenomenology in the first edition of the Logische Untersuchungen 1900/1901, Phenomenology - Transcendental phenomenology after the Ideen 1913, Phenomenology - Realist phenomenology, Phenomenology - Existential phenomenology, Phenomenology - Heidegger's phenomenology and differences with Husserl, Phenomenology - Currents influenced by phenomenology

Read more here: » Phenomenology: Encyclopedia II - Phenomenology - Existential phenomenology

After Husserl's publication of the Ideen in 1913, many phenomenologists took a critical stance towards his new theories. Especially the members of the Munich group distanced themselves from his new transcendental phenomenology and preferred the earlier realist phenomenology of the first edition of the Logical Investigations. Realist phenomenologists include: Adolf Reinach, Alexander Pfänder, Johannnes Daub ...

See also:

Phenomenology, Phenomenology - Historical overview of the use of the term, Phenomenology - Husserl and the origin of Phenomenology, Phenomenology - Precursors and influences, Phenomenology - Phenomenology in the first edition of the Logische Untersuchungen 1900/1901, Phenomenology - Transcendental phenomenology after the Ideen 1913, Phenomenology - Realist phenomenology, Phenomenology - Existential phenomenology, Phenomenology - Heidegger's phenomenology and differences with Husserl, Phenomenology - Currents influenced by phenomenology

Read more here: » Phenomenology: Encyclopedia II - Phenomenology - Realist phenomenology

Some years after the publication of the Logical Investigations, Husserl made some key elaborations which led him to the distinction between the act of consciousness (noesis) and the phenomena at which it is directed (the noemata). "noetic" refers to the act of consciousness (believing, willing, hating and loving ...) "noematic" refers to the object or content (noema) which a ...

See also:

Phenomenology, Phenomenology - Historical overview of the use of the term, Phenomenology - Husserl and the origin of Phenomenology, Phenomenology - Precursors and influences, Phenomenology - Phenomenology in the first edition of the Logische Untersuchungen 1900/1901, Phenomenology - Transcendental phenomenology after the Ideen 1913, Phenomenology - Realist phenomenology, Phenomenology - Existential phenomenology, Phenomenology - Heidegger's phenomenology and differences with Husserl, Phenomenology - Currents influenced by phenomenology

Read more here: » Phenomenology: Encyclopedia II - Phenomenology - Transcendental phenomenology after the Ideen 1913

While the term "phenomenology" was used several times in the history of philosophy before Husserl, modern use ties it more explicitly to his particular method. Friedrich Christoph Oetinger (German pietist) for the study of the "divine system of relations" Johann Heinrich Lambert (mathematician, physician and philosopher) for the theory of appearances underlying empirical knowledge. Immanuel Kant used it in a similar vein. Hegel can be considered one of the precursors to phenomenology, due to his Phe ...

See also:

Phenomenology, Phenomenology - Historical overview of the use of the term, Phenomenology - Husserl and the origin of Phenomenology, Phenomenology - Precursors and influences, Phenomenology - Phenomenology in the first edition of the Logische Untersuchungen 1900/1901, Phenomenology - Transcendental phenomenology after the Ideen 1913, Phenomenology - Realist phenomenology, Phenomenology - Existential phenomenology, Phenomenology - Heidegger's phenomenology and differences with Husserl, Phenomenology - Currents influenced by phenomenology

Read more here: » Phenomenology: Encyclopedia II - Phenomenology - Historical overview of the use of the term