Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and logos (λόγος) meaning science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. The science is considered to have been invented by Arabic physicians in Baghdad during the Golden Age of Islam; phar ...

Including:

• Pharmacology - Scientific background
• Pharmacology - Classification
• Pharmacology - Types of medication
• Pharmacology - For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system
• Pharmacology - For the cardiovascular system
• Pharmacology - For the central nervous system
• Pharmacology - For pain & consciousness Analgesic drugs
• Pharmacology - For musculo-skeletal disorders
• Pharmacology - For the eye
• Pharmacology - For the ear nose and oropharynx
• Pharmacology - For the respiratory system
• Pharmacology - For endocrine problems
• Pharmacology - For the reproductive system or urinary system
• Pharmacology - For contraception
• Pharmacology - For obstetrics and gynaecology
• Pharmacology - For the skin
• Pharmacology - For infections and infestations
• Pharmacology - For immunology
• Pharmacology - For allergic disorders
• Pharmacology - For nutrition
• Pharmacology - For neoplastic disorders
• Pharmacology - For diagnostics
• Pharmacology - For euthanasia
• Pharmacology - Other

Read more here: » Pharmacology: Encyclopedia - Pharmacology

Including:

• Clinical pharmacology - Primary aspects

Read more here: » Clinical pharmacology: Encyclopedia - Clinical pharmacology

Pharmacology - For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system. Upper digestive tract: antacids, reflux suppressants, antiflatulents, antidopaminergics, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists, cytoprotectants, prostaglandin analogues Lower digestive tract: laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrhoeals, bile acid sequestrants, opioids Pharmacology - For the cardiovascular system. General: beta-receptor blocker, calcium channel blockers, diure ...

See also:

Pharmacology, Pharmacology - Scientific background, Pharmacology - Classification, Pharmacology - Types of medication, Pharmacology - For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system, Pharmacology - For the cardiovascular system, Pharmacology - For the central nervous system, Pharmacology - For pain & consciousness Analgesic drugs, Pharmacology - For musculo-skeletal disorders, Pharmacology - For the eye, Pharmacology - For the ear nose and oropharynx, Pharmacology - For the respiratory system, Pharmacology - For endocrine problems, Pharmacology - For the reproductive system or urinary system, Pharmacology - For contraception, Pharmacology - For obstetrics and gynaecology, Pharmacology - For the skin, Pharmacology - For infections and infestations, Pharmacology - For immunology, Pharmacology - For allergic disorders, Pharmacology - For nutrition, Pharmacology - For neoplastic disorders, Pharmacology - For diagnostics, Pharmacology - For euthanasia, Pharmacology - Other

Read more here: » Pharmacology: Encyclopedia II - Pharmacology - Types of medication

Clozapine is classified as an 'atypical' antipsychotic drug because its profile of binding to dopamine receptors and its effects on various dopamine mediated behaviors differ from those exhibited by more typical antipsychotics. In particular, clozapine interferes to a lower extend with the binding of dopamine at D1, D2, D3 and D5 receptors, and has a high affinity for the D4 receptor, but it does not induce catalepsy nor inhibit apomorphine-induced stereotypy in animal models as is seen with 'conventional' neuroleptics. This evidence suggest ...

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Clozapine, Clozapine - History and main uses, Clozapine - Commonly approved indications, Clozapine - Off-label and investigational drug use, Clozapine - Chemistry, Clozapine - Pharmacology, Clozapine - Pharmacokinetics, Clozapine - Metabolism, Clozapine - Contraindications, Clozapine - Side effects, Clozapine - Monitoring, Clozapine - Dosage

Read more here: » Clozapine: Encyclopedia II - Clozapine - Pharmacology

Cocaine - Appearance. Cocaine in its purest form is an off-white or pink chunky product. Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt, typically cocaine hydrochloride (CAS 53-21-4). Cocaine is frequently adulterated or “cut” with various powdery fillers to increase its surface area; the substances most commonly used in this process are baking soda, sugars, such as lactose, inositol, and mannitol, and local anesthetics, such as lidocaine. Adulterated cocai ...

See also:

Cocaine, Cocaine - History, Cocaine - The coca leaf, Cocaine - Isolation, Cocaine - Popularization, Cocaine - Prohibition, Cocaine - Modern usage, Cocaine - Pharmacology, Cocaine - Appearance, Cocaine - Forms of cocaine, Cocaine - Methods of administration, Cocaine - Mechanism of action, Cocaine - Metabolism and excretion, Cocaine - Effects and health issues, Cocaine - Cocaine as a local anesthetic, Cocaine - Cocaine addiction, Cocaine - Treatment, Cocaine - Legal status, Cocaine - Africa, Cocaine - Asia, Cocaine - Middle east, Cocaine - Australia & Oceania, Cocaine - Europe, Cocaine - North America, Cocaine - South America, Cocaine - Usage, Cocaine - In the United States, Cocaine - Works concerning cocaine, Cocaine - Books about cocaine, Cocaine - Movies about cocaine

Read more here: » Cocaine: Encyclopedia II - Cocaine - Pharmacology

Please read under psilocybin for more details. Psilocin is the pharmacologically active agent in the body after ingestion of psilocybin or hallucinogenic mushrooms. ...

See also:

Psilocin, Psilocin - History, Psilocin - Chemistry, Psilocin - Pharmacology

Read more here: » Psilocin: Encyclopedia II - Psilocin - Pharmacology

Being structurally similar to dextromethorphan, and it has affinity for the same receptors in the central nervous system but with a slight difference in selectivity. Dextromethorphan is a weak non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist but dextrorphan is a more potent antagonist[1]. DX is a strong anti-tussive[citation needed], but is slightly less effective than DM, and has no metabolites with significant therapeutic activity in such capacity and ther ...

See also:

Dextrorphan, Dextrorphan - Chemistry, Dextrorphan - Pharmacology

Read more here: » Dextrorphan: Encyclopedia II - Dextrorphan - Pharmacology

In pharmacology, adjuvants are drugs that have few or no pharmacological effects by themselves, but may increase the efficacy or potency of other drugs when given at the same time. For instance, caffeine has minimal analgesic effect on its own, but may have an adjuvant effect when given with paracetamol. ...

See also:

Adjuvant, Adjuvant - Pharmacology, Adjuvant - Immunology, Adjuvant - Oncology, Adjuvant - Other uses

Read more here: » Adjuvant: Encyclopedia II - Adjuvant - Pharmacology

Cisplatin - Mode of action. Cisplatin acts by crosslinking DNA in various different ways, making it impossible for rapidly dividing cells to duplicate their DNA for mitosis. The damaged DNA sets off DNA repair mechanisms, which activate apoptosis when repair proves impossible. The trans isomer does not have this pharmacological effect. Most notable among the DNA changes are the intrastrand GpG adducts which form nearly 90% of the adducts. Other adducts include inter-strand crosslinks and nonfunctional addu ...

See also:

Cisplatin, Cisplatin - Pharmacology, Cisplatin - Mode of action, Cisplatin - Side effects, Cisplatin - History

Read more here: » Cisplatin: Encyclopedia II - Cisplatin - Pharmacology

Lidocaine is metabolized in the liver to pharmacologically active breakdown products which are excreted by the kidneys. It is faster acting and longer lasting than procaine (Novocain). When given intravenously, lidocaine is a class Ib antiarrhythmic agent and will block the sodium channel of the cardiac action potential, which decreases automaticity by reducing the slope of phase 4 depolarization with little effect on th ...

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Lidocaine, Lidocaine - History, Lidocaine - Pharmacology, Lidocaine - Toxicity, Lidocaine - Related Information

Read more here: » Lidocaine: Encyclopedia II - Lidocaine - Pharmacology

The mechanism of action of clopidogrel is irreversible blockade of the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor on platelet cell membranes. This receptor is named P2Y12 and is important in platelet aggregation, the cross-linking of platelets by fibrin. The blockade of this receptor inhibits platelet aggregation. Two hours after a single dose of oral Plavix®, platelet inhibition can be demonstrated. ...

See also:

Clopidogrel, Clopidogrel - Pharmacology, Clopidogrel - Pregnancy category, Clopidogrel - Adverse effects

Read more here: » Clopidogrel: Encyclopedia II - Clopidogrel - Pharmacology

Orlistat works by inhibiting pancreatic lipase, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in the intestine. Without this enzyme, triglycerides from the diet are prevented from being hydrolyzed into absorbable free fatty acids and are excreted undigested. Only trace amounts of orlistat are absorbed systemically, the primary effect is local lipase inhibition within the GI tract after an oral dose. The primary route of elimination is through the feces. At the standard prescription dose of 120 mg three times daily before meals, orlistat prevents approximatel ...

See also:

Orlistat, Orlistat - Pharmacology, Orlistat - Efficacy, Orlistat - Side effects, Orlistat - Contraindications, Orlistat - Availability

Read more here: » Orlistat: Encyclopedia II - Orlistat - Pharmacology

All statins act by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, the metabolic pathway responsible for the endogenous production of cholesterol. The drug is the form of an inactive lactone that is hydrolized after ingestion to produce the active agent. It is a white, nonhygroscopic, crystalline powder that is practically insoluble in water, and freely soluble in chloroform, methanol and ethanol. ...

See also:

Simvastatin, Simvastatin - Uses, Simvastatin - Rationing, Simvastatin - Pharmacology, Simvastatin - Marketing

Read more here: » Simvastatin: Encyclopedia II - Simvastatin - Pharmacology

Pharmacologically, kava is not addictive and is considered safe. Its active principal ingredients are the kavalactones, of which there are six major ones used to identify the chemotype of a particular variety. Kava - Preparation. Kava is traditionally consumed as a herbal tea; that is, an infusion made from straining a mixture of water and shredded, pounded, dried, or fresh root and/or stump. The plant may also be chewed as part of preparing kava; this will affect the final product due to the enzymes in sa ...

See also:

Kava, Kava - Pharmacology, Kava - Preparation, Kava - Effects, Kava - Safety, Kava - Secondary substances and other effects, Kava - Kava culture and mythology

Read more here: » Kava: Encyclopedia II - Kava - Pharmacology

Although used clinically since the early 1970s, the mechanism of action of fibrates remained unelucidated until, in the 1990s, it was discovered that fibrates activate PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), especially PPARα. The PPARs are a class of intracellular receptors that modulate carbohydrate, fat metabolism and adipose tissue differentiation. Activation of PPARs causes transcription of a number of genes on the DNA that facilitate lipid metabolism. Fibrates are structurally and pharmacologically related to the thiazolidinediones, a novel class of anti-diabetic drugs that also ...

See also:

Fibrate, Fibrate - Members, Fibrate - Uses, Fibrate - Side-effects, Fibrate - Pharmacology

Read more here: » Fibrate: Encyclopedia II - Fibrate - Pharmacology

Risperidone is a very strong dopamine blocker (antagonist); i.e., it inhibits functioning of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. It reaches peak plasma levels quickly regardless of whether it is administered as a liquid or pills. The strong dopamine-blocking reaction is known to make some people feel nauseated if they do things that normally trigger the dopamine response, such as eat a pleasing meal or experience orgasm. Risperidone is metabolised fairly quickly so this potential for na ...

See also:

Risperidone, Risperidone - Side effects, Risperidone - Pharmacology, Risperidone - Current forms, Risperidone - Safety risks

Read more here: » Risperidone: Encyclopedia II - Risperidone - Pharmacology

Bromazepam binds to the GABA receptor GABAA, causing a conformational change and increasing inhibitory effects of GABA. Other neurotransmitters are not influenced. It does not posess any antidepressant qualities. Bromazepam shares with other benzodiazepines the risk of abuse, misuse, psychological and/or physical dependence. According to many psychiatric experts Bromazepam has a greater abuse potential than other benzodiazepines because of fast resorption and rapid onset of action. Due to its relatively short halflife and duration of action (8 to 12 hours), withdrawal symptoms may be more severe and more frequently encount ...

See also:

Bromazepam, Bromazepam - Pharmacology, Bromazepam - Indications, Bromazepam - Contraindications, Bromazepam - Side-effects, Bromazepam - Special Populations, Bromazepam - Availabity, Bromazepam - Dosage

Read more here: » Bromazepam: Encyclopedia II - Bromazepam - Pharmacology

Acetylcholine is sometimes used during cataract surgery to produce rapid constriction of the pupil. It must be administered intraocularly because corneal cholinesterase metabolizes topically administered ACh before it can diffuse into the eye. It is sold by the trade name Miochol-E (CIBA Vision). Blocking, hindering or mimicking the action of acetylcholine has many uses in medicine. Cholinesterase inhibitors increase the action of acetylcholine by delaying its degradation; some have been used as nerve agents or pesticides. Clinically ...

See also:

Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine - Chemistry, Acetylcholine - Release sites, Acetylcholine - Pharmacology, Acetylcholine - Sources

Read more here: » Acetylcholine: Encyclopedia II - Acetylcholine - Pharmacology

The pupil provides the neatest and most visible example of the neural feedback control in the body. This is subserved by a balance between the antagonistic sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Informal pharmacological experiments have been performed on the pupil for centuries, since the pupil is readily visible, and its size can be readily altered by drugs, even crude plant extracts, applied to the cornea. Pharmacological control over pupil size continues to be an important part of the treatment of some ocular diseases - see pupil, uveit ...

See also:

Uvea, Uvea - Anatomy, Uvea - Regions, Uvea - Histology, Uvea - External and internal relations, Uvea - Physiology, Uvea - Pharmacology, Uvea - Immunology, Uvea - Pathology

Read more here: » Uvea: Encyclopedia II - Uvea - Pharmacology

Its pharmacological actions are the result of its binding to the cannabinoid receptor CB1, located in the brain. The presence of these specialized receptors in the brain implied to researchers that endogenous cannabinoids were manufactured by the body, so the search began for a substance normally manufactured in the brain that binds to these receptors, the so-called natural ligand or agonist, leading to the eventual discovery of anandamide and some related compounds. This story resembles the discovery of the endogenous opiates (endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphin), after the realization that morphine and ot ...

See also:

Tetrahydrocannabinol, Tetrahydrocannabinol - Pharmacology, Tetrahydrocannabinol - Toxicity, Tetrahydrocannabinol - Research, Tetrahydrocannabinol - Synthetic THC

Read more here: » Tetrahydrocannabinol: Encyclopedia II - Tetrahydrocannabinol - Pharmacology