Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and oleum – oil), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold, is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. A widely believed myth is that the oil itself is flammable; however, it is actually the gas that evaporates from the oil that is flammable. Petroleum exists in the upper strata of some areas of the Earth's crust. Another name is naphtha, from Persian naft or nafátá (to flow). It consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, l ...

Including:

• Petroleum - Origin
• Petroleum - Biogenic theory
• Petroleum - Abiogenic theory
• Petroleum - Composition
• Petroleum - Extraction
• Petroleum - Alternate means of producing oil
• Petroleum - History
• Petroleum - Environmental effects
• Petroleum - Future of oil
• Petroleum - Classification
• Petroleum - Pricing
• Petroleum - Top petroleum-producing countries
• Petroleum - Books about the petroleum industry
• Petroleum - Films about petroleum
• Petroleum - Writers covering the petroleum industry

Read more here: » Petroleum: Encyclopedia - Petroleum

Including:

• Diesel - Petroleum diesel
• Diesel - Chemical composition
• Diesel - Synthetic diesel
• Diesel - Biodiesel
• Diesel - Uses
• Diesel - Other uses
• Diesel - Notes

Read more here: » Diesel: Encyclopedia - Diesel

In refining, the component chemicals of petroleum are separated by fractional distillation, which is a separation based on relative boiling points (or equivalently relative volatility). The different products (in order of boiling points) include light gases (e.g. methane, ethane, propane), gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel, gasoil, paraffin wax, and asphalt. Subtler techniques, such as gas chromatography, HPLC, and GC-MS, can separate some fractions of petroleum into individual compounds; these are analytical chemistry methods used ...

See also:

Petroleum, Petroleum - Origin, Petroleum - Biogenic theory, Petroleum - Abiogenic theory, Petroleum - Composition, Petroleum - Extraction, Petroleum - Alternate means of producing oil, Petroleum - History, Petroleum - Environmental effects, Petroleum - Future of oil, Petroleum - Classification, Petroleum - Pricing, Petroleum - Top petroleum-producing countries, Petroleum - Books about the petroleum industry, Petroleum - Films about petroleum, Petroleum - Writers covering the petroleum industry

Read more here: » Petroleum: Encyclopedia II - Petroleum - Composition

Benzine, also known as petroleum ether, is a group of various volatile, highly flammable, liquid hydrocarbon mixtures used chiefly as nonpolar solvents. Benzine is obtained from petroleum refineries as the portion of the distillate which is intermediate between the lighter naphtha and the heavier kerosene. It has a specific gravity of between 0.7 and 0.8 depending on its composition. Benzine should not be confused with benzene. Benzine is a mixture of alkanes, e.g., pentane, hexane, and heptane, where as benzene is a cyclic, aro ...

Read more here: » Benzine: Encyclopedia - Benzine

Syngas (from synthesis gas) is the name given to gases of varying composition that are generated in coal gasification and some types of waste-to-energy facilities. The name comes from their use in creating synthetic petroleum for use as a fuel or lubricant via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Syngas consists primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and has less than half the energy density of natural gas. It also contains some sulfur compounds, a safety feature since this allows for its detection in the case of leakage. Syngas can be produced from natural g ...

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Chewing gum is a type of confectionery which is designed to be chewed, not swallowed. Traditionally, it was made of chicle, a natural latex product, although for reasons of economy many modern chewing gums use petroleum-based plastic instead of chicle. Chicle is nonetheless still the base of choice for some "upscale" gum brands, as well as some regional markets, such as in Japan. Chewing gum - History of gum. Chewing gum, in various forms, has existed since at least Ancient Greece. The Greeks chewed mastic ...

Including:

• Chewing gum - History of gum
• Chewing gum - Types of gum
• Chewing gum - Composition and manufacture
• Chewing gum - Gum and society
• Chewing gum - Gum and military
• Chewing gum - Footnotes

Read more here: » Chewing gum: Encyclopedia - Chewing gum

C-4 or Composition C-4 is a common variety of military plastic explosive. C-4 is made up of explosive, plastic binder, plasticizer and, nowadays, marker or taggant chemicals such as 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMDNB) to help detect the explosive and identify its source. As with many plastic explosives, the explosive material in C-4 is RDX (also known as cyclonite or cyclotrimethylene trinitramine) which makes up around 91% of the C-4 by weight. The plasticizer is di(2-ethylhexyl) or dioctyl sebacate (5.3%), and the binder is polyisobutylene (2.1%). Another binder used is dioctyl adipate (DOA). ...

Including:

• C-4 explosive - Trivia

Read more here: » C-4 explosive: Encyclopedia - C-4 explosive

The hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin (synonyms: abiotic, abyssal, endogenous, inorganic, juvenile, mineral, primordial) holds that petroleum is formed by non-biological processes deep in the earth's crust and mantle. It contradicts the more widely-held view that petroleum is a fossil fuel produced from the remains of ancient living organisms. The constituent precursors of petroleum (mainly methane) are commonplace and it is possible that appropriate conditions exist for hydrocarbons to be formed deep within the earth ...

Including:

• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Comparison of theories
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Raw material
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Events before conversion
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Conversion to petroleum and methane
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Formation of coal
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Evidence supporting abiogenic theory
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Supergiant oil fields
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Extraterrestrial methane
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Existence of hydrocarbon deposits
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Methane on Earth
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Cold planetary formation
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Unusual deposits
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Deep microbes
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Helium
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Trace metals
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Diamondoids
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Hydrogen
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Thermodynamics
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Biology
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Serpentinization and chemical synthesis of oil
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Deep structures and petroleum association
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Why is oil frequently found in sedimentary basins?
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Ambiguous results
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Biomarkers or Chemofossils
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Deep hot carbon sources
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Evidence supporting biogenic theory
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Unusual deposits
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Biomarkers
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Petroleum origin peak oil and politics
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - The future of the abiogenic theory

Read more here: » Abiogenic petroleum origin: Encyclopedia - Abiogenic petroleum origin

Bintulu is a coastal town, and the capital of the Bintulu District (7,220.4 square kilometers) in the Bintulu Division of Sarawak, Malaysia. It is about 650 kilometers from Kuching and about 215 kilometers from either Sibu or Miri. The ethnic composition is primarily Iban, Chinese, Malay, Melanau, and a large number of foreign workers. Bintulu was annexed as part of Sarawak by Rajah James Brooke in 1861. A memorial near the town center commemorates Sarawak's first State Council (Majlis Negeri), held in 1867. Until the 19 ...

Including:

• Bintulu - Landmarks

Read more here: » Bintulu: Encyclopedia - Bintulu

Asphalt concrete, normally known simply as asphalt, is a composite material commonly used for construction of paved roads, highways and parking lots. It consists of asphalt binder and mineral aggregate mixed together, laid down in layers and compacted. Mixing of asphalt and aggregate is accomplished in one of three ways: Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete (commonly abbreviated as HMAC) is produced by heating the asphalt in order to decrease its viscosity and drying the aggregate to remove moisture from it prior to mix ...

Read more here: » Asphalt concrete: Encyclopedia - Asphalt concrete

In petroleum geology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules (e.g. kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons) are converted to simpler molecules (e.g. light hydrocarbons) by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of any catalysts. Cracking chemistry - Applications. In an oil refinery cracking processes allow the production of "light" products (such as LPG and gasoline) from ...

Including:

• Cracking chemistry - Applications
• Cracking chemistry - Fluid Catalytic Cracking
• Cracking chemistry - Hydrocracking
• Cracking chemistry - Steam Cracking
• Cracking chemistry - Chemistry
• Cracking chemistry - Catalytic Cracking
• Cracking chemistry - Thermal Cracking
• Cracking chemistry - History

Read more here: » Cracking chemistry: Encyclopedia - Cracking chemistry

Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. Most sandstone is comprised of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in earth's crust. Like sand, sandstone may be any color, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, gray, and white. Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features, certain colors of sandstone may be strongly identified with certain regions. For instance, much of the North Ame ...

Including:

• Sandstone - Origins
• Sandstone - Types of sandstone
• Sandstone - Basic References

Read more here: » Sandstone: Encyclopedia - Sandstone

The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth. (Other bodies may have carbon cycles, but little is known about them.) All of these components are reservoirs of carbon. The cycle is usually thought of as four main reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange. The reservoirs are the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere (usually includes freshwater systems), oceans, and sediments (includes fossil fuels). The annual mov ...

Including:

• Carbon cycle - Carbon in the atmosphere
• Carbon cycle - Carbon in the biosphere
• Carbon cycle - Carbon cycle modelling

Read more here: » Carbon cycle: Encyclopedia - Carbon cycle

Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth science. The major historic disciplines use physics, geography, mathematics, chemistry, and biology to build a quantitative understanding of the principal areas or spheres of the Earth system: Including:

• Earth science - Earth's spheres
• Earth science - Interdisciplinary fields
• Earth science - Partial list of the major Earth Science topics
• Earth science - Geology
• Earth science - Soil science
• Earth science - Oceanography
• Earth science - Geography
• Earth science - Limnology
• Earth science - Glaciology
• Earth science - Atmospheric Science
• Earth science - Systems or multidisciplinary

Read more here: » Earth science: Encyclopedia - Earth science

Diesel is produced from petroleum, and is sometimes called petrodiesel (or, less seriously, dinodiesel) when there is a need to distinguish it from diesel obtained from other sources. As a hydrocarbon mixture, it is obtained in the fractional distillation of crude oil between 250 °C and 350 °C at atmospheric pressure. Petro Diesel is considered to be a fuel oil and is about 18% denser than gasoline. Diesel typically weighs about 7.1 pounds (lb) per US gallon (gal) (850 grams per liter (g/l)), whereas gasoline ...

See also:

Diesel, Diesel - Petroleum diesel, Diesel - Chemical composition, Diesel - Synthetic diesel, Diesel - Biodiesel, Diesel - Uses, Diesel - Other uses, Diesel - Notes

Read more here: » Diesel: Encyclopedia II - Diesel - Petroleum diesel

Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oil and animal fats (bio-lipids, using transesterification). Biodiesel is a non-fossil fuel alternative to petrodiesel. It can also be mixed with petrodiesel in any amount in modern engines, though it is a strong solvent and can cause problems in some cases. There have been reports that a diesel-biodiesel mix results in lower emissions than either can achieve alone. A small percentage of biodiesel can be used as an additive in low-sulfur formulations of diesel to increase the lubricating ability that ...

See also:

Diesel, Diesel - Petroleum diesel, Diesel - Chemical composition, Diesel - Synthetic diesel, Diesel - Biodiesel, Diesel - Uses, Diesel - Other uses, Diesel - Notes

Read more here: » Diesel: Encyclopedia II - Diesel - Biodiesel

Diesel fuel is very similar to heating oil which is used in central heating. In both Europe and the United States, taxes on diesel fuel are higher than on heating oil, and in those areas, heating oil is marked with dye and trace chemicals to prevent and detect tax fraud. Similarly, "untaxed" diesel is available in the United States, which is available for use primarily in agricultural applications such as for tractor fuel. This untaxed diesel is also dyed red for identification purposes, and should a person be found to be using this untaxed ...

See also:

Diesel, Diesel - Petroleum diesel, Diesel - Chemical composition, Diesel - Synthetic diesel, Diesel - Biodiesel, Diesel - Uses, Diesel - Other uses, Diesel - Notes

Read more here: » Diesel: Encyclopedia II - Diesel - Uses

Bad quaility (high sulfur) diesel fuel has been used as a palladium extraction agent for the liquid-liquid extraction of this metal from nitric acid mixtures. This has been proposed as a means of separating the Fission product palladium from PUREX raffinate which comes from used nuclear fuel. In this solvent extraction system the hydrocarbons of the diesel act as the diluent while the dialkyl sulfides avt as the extractant. This extraction operates by a solvation mechanism, so far neither a pilot or full scale plant has been constructed to recover palladium, rhodium or ruthenium from waste ...

See also:

Diesel, Diesel - Petroleum diesel, Diesel - Chemical composition, Diesel - Synthetic diesel, Diesel - Biodiesel, Diesel - Uses, Diesel - Other uses, Diesel - Notes

Read more here: » Diesel: Encyclopedia II - Diesel - Other uses

Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oil and animal fats (bio-lipids, using transesterification). Biodiesel is a non-fossil fuel alternative to petrodiesel. It can also be mixed with petrodiesel in any amount in modern engines, though when first using it , the solvent properties of the fuel tend to clear out all the garbage that has built up from the petrodiesel and can clog fuel filters. Biodiesel has a lower gel point than regular diesel, but is comparable to diesel #2. This can be overcome by using a biodiesel/petrodiesel blend, or by ...

See also:

Diesel, Diesel - Petroleum diesel, Diesel - Chemical composition, Diesel - Synthetic diesel, Diesel - Biodiesel, Diesel - Uses, Diesel - Other uses, Diesel - Notes

Read more here: » Diesel: Encyclopedia II - Diesel - Biodiesel

Diesel fuel is very similar to heating oil which is used in central heating. In Europe, the United States and Canada, taxes on diesel fuel are higher than on heating oil due to the fuel tax, and in those areas, heating oil is marked with fuel dyes and trace chemicals to prevent and detect tax fraud. Similarly, "untaxed" diesel is available in the United States, which is available for use primarily in agricultural applications such as for tractor fuel. This untaxed diesel is also dyed red for identification purposes, and should a person be fo ...

See also:

Diesel, Diesel - Petroleum diesel, Diesel - Chemical composition, Diesel - Synthetic diesel, Diesel - Biodiesel, Diesel - Uses, Diesel - Other uses, Diesel - Notes

Read more here: » Diesel: Encyclopedia II - Diesel - Uses