Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and oleum – oil), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold, is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. A widely believed myth is that the oil itself is flammable; however, it is actually the gas that evaporates from the oil that is flammable. Petroleum exists in the upper strata of some areas of the Earth's crust. Another name is naphtha, from Persian naft or nafátá (to flow). It consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, l ...

Including:

• Petroleum - Origin
• Petroleum - Biogenic theory
• Petroleum - Abiogenic theory
• Petroleum - Composition
• Petroleum - Extraction
• Petroleum - Alternate means of producing oil
• Petroleum - History
• Petroleum - Environmental effects
• Petroleum - Future of oil
• Petroleum - Classification
• Petroleum - Pricing
• Petroleum - Top petroleum-producing countries
• Petroleum - Books about the petroleum industry
• Petroleum - Films about petroleum
• Petroleum - Writers covering the petroleum industry

Read more here: » Petroleum: Encyclopedia - Petroleum

See also:

Petroleum, Petroleum - Origin, Petroleum - Biogenic theory, Petroleum - Abiogenic theory, Petroleum - Extraction, Petroleum - Alternate means of producing oil, Petroleum - History, Petroleum - Environmental effects, Petroleum - Future of oil, Petroleum - Classification, Petroleum - Pricing, Petroleum - Top petroleum-producing countries, Petroleum - Petroleum in Military Strategy, Petroleum - Books about the petroleum industry, Petroleum - Films about petroleum, Petroleum - Writers covering the petroleum industry

Read more here: » Petroleum: Encyclopedia II - Petroleum - Classification

The oil industry classifies "crude" by the location of its origin (e.g., "West Texas Intermediate, WTI" or "Brent") and often by its relative weight (API gravity) or viscosity ("light", "intermediate" or "heavy"); refiners may also refer to it as "sweet", which means it contains relatively little sulfur, or as "sour", which means it contains substantial amounts of sulfur and requires more refining in o ...

See also:

Petroleum, Petroleum - Origin, Petroleum - Biogenic theory, Petroleum - Abiogenic theory, Petroleum - Composition, Petroleum - Extraction, Petroleum - Alternate means of producing oil, Petroleum - History, Petroleum - Environmental effects, Petroleum - Future of oil, Petroleum - Classification, Petroleum - Pricing, Petroleum - Top petroleum-producing countries, Petroleum - Books about the petroleum industry, Petroleum - Films about petroleum, Petroleum - Writers covering the petroleum industry

Read more here: » Petroleum: Encyclopedia II - Petroleum - Classification

West Texas Intermediate (WTI) is a type of crude oil used as a benchmark in oil pricing and the underlying commodity of New York Mercantile Exchange's oil futures contracts. This is usually the type referenced in Western news reports about oil prices, alongside North Sea Brent Blend crude. WTI is a light crude, lighter than Brent crude. It contains about 0.24% sulfur, rating it a sweet crude, again sweeter than Brent. Its properties and production site make it ideal for being refined in the United States, mostly in the Midwest and Gulf Coast regions. Typical price difference per bar ...

Read more here: » West Texas Intermediate: Encyclopedia - West Texas Intermediate

Brent Crude is one of the major classifications of oil consisting of Brent Crude, Brent Sweet Light Crude, Oseberg and Forties. Brent Crude is sourced from the North Sea. Oil production from Europe, Africa and the Middle East flowing West tends to be priced relative to this oil, i.e. it forms a benchmark. Brent blend is a light crude oil, though not as light as West Texas Intermediate (WTI). It contains approximately 0.37% of sulfur, classifying it as sweet crude, yet again not as sweet as WTI. Brent is ideal for product ...

Read more here: » Brent Crude: Encyclopedia - Brent Crude

In geography, a desert is a landscape form or region that receives little precipitation - less than 250 mm per year. Deserts have a reputation for supporting very little life. Compared to wetter regions this may be true, although upon closer examination, deserts often harbor a wealth of life that usually remains hidden (especially during the daylight) to preserve moisture. Approximately one-third of Earth's land surface is desert. (See a map of the world's non-polar deserts, http: ...

Including:

• Desert - Types of desert
• Desert - Montane deserts
• Desert - Desert features
• Desert - Soils
• Desert - Vegetation
• Desert - Water
• Desert - Mineral resources
• Desert - List of deserts
• Desert - Americas
• Desert - Africa
• Desert - Asia-Pacific

Read more here: » Desert: Encyclopedia - Desert

Modelling A locomotive (from lat. locus motivus) is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train, and has no payload capacity of its own; its sole purpose is to move the train along the tracks. In contrast, many trains feature self-propelled payload-carrying vehicles; these are not normally considered locomotives, and may be referred to as multiple units or railcars; the use of these self-propelled vehicles is increasingly common for passenger trains, but very rare for freight (see however CargoSprinter). ...

Including:

• Locomotive - Origins
• Locomotive - Benefits of locomotives
• Locomotive - Classification by motive power
• Locomotive - Steam
• Locomotive - Diesel-mechanical
• Locomotive - Diesel-electric
• Locomotive - Diesel-hydraulic
• Locomotive - Gas turbine-electric
• Locomotive - Electric
• Locomotive - Electro-diesel
• Locomotive - Magnetic levitation
• Locomotive - Classification by use

Read more here: » Locomotive: Encyclopedia - Locomotive

Canada - Mexico - South Africa - U.S. Rail Transport - Science - Sports Births - Deaths 1854 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). 1854 - Events. January 4 - The McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald aboard the Samarang. January 13 - The accordion is patented by Anthony Faas. January 21 - Loss of the Tayleur - 380 drowned, later dubbed "the first Titanic" February 11 - Major stree ...

Including:

• 1854 - Events
• 1854 - Births
• 1854 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1854: Encyclopedia - 1854

Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfo ...

Including:

• Bacteria - History and taxonomy
• Bacteria - Metabolism
• Bacteria - Movement
• Bacteria - Groups and identification
• Bacteria - Benefits and dangers
• Bacteria - Miscellaneous
• Bacteria - Sources

Read more here: » Bacteria: Encyclopedia - Bacteria

An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. A common misconception is that groundwater exists in underground rivers (e.g. caves where water flows freely underground), while the truth is that the pore spaces of rocks in the subsurface are simply saturated with water — like a kitchen sponge, which can be pumped out and used for agricultural, industrial or municipal uses. The stud ...

Including:

• Aquifer - Aquifer classification
• Aquifer - Saturated versus unsaturated
• Aquifer - Aquifers versus aquitards
• Aquifer - Confined versus unconfined
• Aquifer - Human dependence on groundwater
• Aquifer - Subsidence
• Aquifer - Examples

Read more here: » Aquifer: Encyclopedia - Aquifer

Permaculture is a design system which aims to create sustainable human habitats by following nature's patterns. The word 'permaculture', coined by Australians Bill Mollison and David Holmgren during the 1970s, is derived as a contraction of permanent agriculture, or permanent culture. The idea of permacuture is considered among the most significant innovations developed by Australian's in the century since Australian federation [1]. However like "nature", the permaculture concept evolves with time making its definition difficult ...

Including:

• Permaculture - Origins
• Permaculture - Influences
• Permaculture - Core values
• Permaculture - The permaculture design innovation
• Permaculture - Observation
• Permaculture - Patterns
• Permaculture - Permaculture Zone
• Permaculture - Links and connections
• Permaculture - Layers/'Stacking'
• Permaculture - Guilds
• Permaculture - Perennial plants
• Permaculture - Animals
• Permaculture - Annual Monoculture anti-pattern
• Permaculture - Energy
• Permaculture - Permaculture design for ecological-economic ethics
• Permaculture - Contemporary examples
• Permaculture - Africa
• Permaculture - Australia
• Permaculture - Indonesia
• Permaculture - United Kingdom

Read more here: » Permaculture: Encyclopedia - Permaculture

Plastic is a term that covers a range of synthetic or semisynthetic polymerization products. They are composed of organic condensation or addition polymers and may contain other substances to improve performance or economics. There are few natural polymers generally considered to be "plastics". Plastics can be formed into objects or films or fibers. Their name is derived from the fact that many are malleable, having the property of plasticity. Plastics are designed with immense variation in properties such as heat tolerance, hardness, ...

Including:

• Plastic - Natural polymers
• Plastic - Cellulose-based plastics: celluloid and rayon
• Plastic - Bakelite phenolic
• Plastic - Polystyrene and PVC
• Plastic - Nylon
• Plastic - Synthetic rubber
• Plastic - Plastics explosion: acrylic polyethylene etc.
• Plastic - The environment
• Plastic - Biodegradable Plastics
• Plastic - Price and the future
• Plastic - Common plastics and their typical uses
• Plastic - Special purpose plastics

Read more here: » Plastic: Encyclopedia - Plastic

The Kingdom of Belgium (Dutch: Koninkrijk België; French: Royaume de Belgique; German: Königreich Belgien) is a country in northwest Europe bordered by the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France. Belgium has a population of over ten million people in an area of thirty thousand square kilometres. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Romance Europe, it is both linguistically and culturally divided. Two major languages are spoken in Belgium: Dutch—sometimes unofficially called Flemish—spok ...

Including:

• Belgium - History
• Belgium - Politics
• Belgium - Communities and regions
• Belgium - Geography
• Belgium - Economy
• Belgium - Demographics
• Belgium - Culture
• Belgium - Notes

Read more here: » Belgium: Encyclopedia - Belgium

Locomotives may generate mechanical work from fuel, or they may take power from an outside source. It is common to classify locomotives by their means of providing motive work - the common ones include: Locomotive - Steam. The first railway locomotives (19th century) were powered by steam, first by burning wood, later coke and coal or petroleum. Because of the steam engine, some people took to calling the steam locomotives themselves "steam engines". The steam locomotive remained by far the most common type of locomotive until after Worl ...

See also:

Locomotive, Locomotive - Origins, Locomotive - Benefits of locomotives, Locomotive - Classification by motive power, Locomotive - Steam, Locomotive - Diesel-mechanical, Locomotive - Diesel-electric, Locomotive - Diesel-hydraulic, Locomotive - Gas turbine-electric, Locomotive - Electric, Locomotive - Electro-diesel, Locomotive - Magnetic levitation, Locomotive - Classification by use

Read more here: » Locomotive: Encyclopedia II - Locomotive - Classification by motive power

The average age at diagnosis for MDS is about 65 years, but pediatric cases have been reported. Some patients have a history of exposure to chemotherapy (especially alkylating agents such as melphalan, mustard, cyclophosphamide, busulfan, and chlorambucil) or radiation (therapeutic or accidental), or both (e.g., at the time of stem cell transplantation for another disease). Workers in some industries with heavy exposure to hydrocarbons such as the petroleum industry have a slightly higher risk of contracting the disease than the general population. Males are slightly more frequently affected than females. Xylene and ben ...

See also:

Myelodysplastic syndrome, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Signs and symptoms, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Diagnosis, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Pathophysiology, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Types and classification, Myelodysplastic syndrome - French-American-British FAB classification, Myelodysplastic syndrome - WHO classification, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Diagnosis, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Epidemiology, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Therapy, Myelodysplastic syndrome - History, Myelodysplastic syndrome - Notes

Read more here: » Myelodysplastic syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Myelodysplastic syndrome - Diagnosis

All internal combustion engines depend on the exothermic chemical process of combustion: the reaction of a fuel, typically with air, although other oxidisers such as nitrous oxide may be employed. Also see stoichiometry. The most common fuels in use today are made up of hydrocarbons and are derived from petroleum. These include the fuels known as diesel, gasoline and liquified petroleum gas. Most internal combustion engines designed for gasoline can run on natural gas or liquified petroleum gases without modifications except for the fuel delivery components. Liquid and ga ...

See also:

Internal combustion engine, Internal combustion engine - History, Internal combustion engine - Non-compression, Internal combustion engine - Compression, Internal combustion engine - Applications, Internal combustion engine - Operation, Internal combustion engine - Parts, Internal combustion engine - Classification, Internal combustion engine - Principles of operation, Internal combustion engine - Engine cycle, Internal combustion engine - Fuel and oxidizer types, Internal combustion engine - Cylinders, Internal combustion engine - Ignition system, Internal combustion engine - Fuel systems, Internal combustion engine - Engine configuration, Internal combustion engine - Engine capacity, Internal combustion engine - Engine pollution, Internal combustion engine - Bibliography

Read more here: » Internal combustion engine: Encyclopedia II - Internal combustion engine - Operation

Sedimentary rocks are economically important in that they can be used as construction material. In addition, sedimentary rocks often form porous and permeable reservoirs in sedimentary basins in which petroleum and other hydrocarbons can be found. It is believed that the relatively low levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere, in comparison to that of Venus, is due to large amounts of carbon being trapped in limestone and dolomite sedimentary layers. The flux of carbon from eroded sedi ...

See also:

Sedimentary rock, Sedimentary rock - Formation, Sedimentary rock - Classification, Sedimentary rock - Clastic sedimentary rocks, Sedimentary rock - Biogenic sedimentary rocks, Sedimentary rock - Precipitate sedimentary rocks, Sedimentary rock - Other information

Read more here: » Sedimentary rock: Encyclopedia II - Sedimentary rock - Other information

Motor oil used for vehicle engines is commonly called engine oil in American Petroleum Institute (API) documentation. Engine oil is used for the lubrication, cooling, and cleaning of internal combustion engines. Motor oil may be composed of a lubricant base stock only in the case of non-detergent oil, or a lubricant base stock plus additives to improve the oil's detergency, extreme pressure performance, and ability to inhibit corrosion of engine parts. Lubricant base stocks are categorized into five groups by the API. Groups I and II ...

See also:

Motor oil, Motor oil - Use of motor oil, Motor oil - Properties of motor oil, Motor oil - Grades of motor oil, Motor oil - Single-grade motor oil, Motor oil - Multi-grade motor oil, Motor oil - Turbine motor oil, Motor oil - American Petroleum Institute, Motor oil - Maintenance, Motor oil - History of motor oils, Motor oil - Future of motor oil, Motor oil - Other additives

Read more here: » Motor oil: Encyclopedia II - Motor oil - American Petroleum Institute

Pern bears three continents, four major oceans, and a large number of islands. The largest continent, the Southern, is noted for large areas of grassland and jungle, as well as high tectonic and volcanic activity. The Northern Continent, in contrast, is relatively infertile composed primarily of 'shield' bedrock and is the most tectonically stable landmass on the planet. Not much is known of the small Far Western Continent, as it has never been explored; its existence is known only from orbital satellite ...

See also:

Pern, Pern - Historical synopsis, Pern - Planetary system data, Pern - Geography, Pern - Ecology, Pern - Indigenous Species, Pern - Introduced Species, Pern - Social Structure, Pern - Weyrs, Pern - Holds, Pern - Halls, Pern - Other, Pern - Human settlement patterns

Read more here: » Pern: Encyclopedia II - Pern - Geography

Miri's population consists of Chinese, Dayak, Malay, Melanau, Indian, Kayan, Kenyan, Kelabit, Iban, Bidayuh, Penan and other indigenous groups. Through this broad classifications, the races are further sub-divided into different tribes, each having their own particular areas of abode, occupation and language. However, the commercial, industrial and technological advances, coupled with easy accessibility and a growing number of inter-racial marriages among locals, Miri is currently a potpourri of customs, traditions and belie ...

See also:

Miri, Miri - History of Miri, Miri - The Oil Town, Miri - Demographics, Miri - Miri Tourism & Resort City, Miri - Grand Old Lady

Read more here: » Miri: Encyclopedia II - Miri - Demographics