Encyclopedia - Pesticide: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide - Regulation
In the US, all materials intended for sale and use as pesticides must be registered with the EPA. The process may be long, complex and ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide - Dangers Of Pesticides
Pesticides can present danger to consumers, bystanders, or workers during manufacture, transport, or during and after use. There is conce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide - Dangers Of Pesticides
Pesticides can present danger to consumers, bystanders, or workers during manufacture, transport, or during and after use. There is conce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Synergy: Encyclopedia - Synergy
Synergy or synergism most often refers to the phenomenon of two or more discrete influences or agents acting in common to create an effec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cholinesterase Inhibitor: Encyclopedia - Cholinesterase Inhibitor
A cholinesterase inhibitor or anticholinesterase is a chemical that inhibits a cholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine, so...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide - Regulation
In the US, all materials intended for sale and use as pesticides must be registered with the EPA. The process may be long, complex and ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Warfarin: Encyclopedia - Warfarin
Warfarin Warfarin (also known under the brand names of Coumadin® and Marevan®) is an anticoagulant medication that is administered ora...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ddt: Encyclopedia - Ddt
DDT was the first modern pesticide and is arguably the most well known organic pesticide. It is a highly hydrophobic colorless solid with...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bioremediation: Encyclopedia - Bioremediation
Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agrichemical: Encyclopedia - Agrichemical
Agrichemical (or agrochemical), a contraction of agricultural chemical, is a generic term for the various chemical products used in agric...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agricultural Aircraft: Encyclopedia - Agricultural Aircraft
An agricultural aircraft is an aircraft that has been built or converted for agricultural use -- usually aerial application of pesticides...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide - Managing Pest Resistance
Pest resistance to a pesticide is commonly managed through pesticide rotation or tankmixing with other pesticides. Rotation involves alte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mandrake: Encyclopedia - Mandrake
Mandrake may refer to: The plant Mandrake Mandrake (pesticide), a pesticide for wheat, commercialized by Bayer. Mandragoras, familiar de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Weed: Encyclopedia - Weed
Weed is the generic word for a plant growing in a spot where it is not wanted. Weeds become of economic significance in connection with f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide - Managing Pest Resistance
Pest resistance to a pesticide is commonly managed through pesticide rotation or tankmixing with other pesticides. Rotation involves alte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cottonseed Oil: Encyclopedia - Cottonseed Oil
Cottonseed oil is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the cotton plant after the cotton lint has been removed. It must be refined...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide - Pesticides Active Against Higher Level Animal Life Forms
Pesticide - Repellents and attractants. Insect Attractants [6] Insect Repellents Bird Repellents [7] Mammal Repellents [8] ... See ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide - History
Since before 500 BC, humans have used pesticides to prevent damage to their crops. The first known pesticide was sulfur. By the 15th cent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide - Pesticides Active Against Higher Level Animal Life Forms
Pesticide - Repellents and Attractants. Insect Attractants [6] Insect Repellents Bird Repellents [7] Mammal Repellents [8] ... See ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Food: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Food - Claimed Advantages Over Conventional Farming
Organic food - Less toxic. Organic proponents cite evidence showing that certain chemicals used in conventional farming, including pest...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment: Encyclopedia Ii - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment - Animal Wastes
The constituents of animal wastewater typically contain Strong organic content—much stronger than human sewage High solids concentrati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Farming: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Farming - Issues
All aspects of organic farming and organic food are under debate. Environmentalists, food safety advocates, various consumer protection, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Farming: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Farming - Issues
Intense debate surrounds all aspects of organic farming and organic food. Environmentalists, food safety advocates, various consumer prot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diseases Of The Honeybee: Encyclopedia Ii - Diseases Of The Honeybee - Varroa Mites
Main articles: Varroa destructor Varroa destructor and Varroa jacobsoni are parasitic mites that feed off the bodily fluids of adult, pup...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Certification: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Certification - Certification Issues
Organic certification is not without its critics. Some of the staunchest opponents of chemical-based farming and corporate farming practi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peregrine Falcon: Encyclopedia Ii - Peregrine Falcon - Threats
The Peregrine Falcon became endangered because of the overuse of pesticides, in particular DDT, during the 1950s and 1960s. Pesticide bui...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Halocarbon: Encyclopedia Ii - Halocarbon - Uses
Common uses for halocarbons have been as solvents, pesticides, refrigerants, fire-resistant oils, ingredients of elastomers, adhesives an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dimethylformamide: Encyclopedia Ii - Dimethylformamide - Uses
The primary use of dimethylformamide is as a solvent with low evaporation rate. Dimethylformamide is used in the production of acrylic fi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment: Encyclopedia Ii - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment - Pesticide Runoff And Surpluses
Inappropriate use of pesticides so that pesticide-containing wastewaters enter the environment can give rise to severe and long-lasting e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diseases Of The Honeybee: Encyclopedia Ii - Diseases Of The Honeybee - Pesticide Losses
Honeybees are susceptible to many of the chemicals used for agricultural spraying of other insects and pests. Many pesticides are known t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Farming: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Farming - Productivity
A 22-year farm trial study by Cornell University published in 2005 concluded that organic farming produces the same corn and soybean yiel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment: Encyclopedia Ii - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment - Vegetable Washing Water
Washing of vegetables produces large volumes of water contaminated by soil and vegetable pieces. Low levels of pesticides used to treat t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Farming: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Farming - Overview
Organic farming excludes the use of synthetic inputs, such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and genetically modified organisms (G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Farming: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Farming - Productivity
A 22-year farm trial study by Cornell University published on July 13, 2005 concluded that Organic farming produces the same corn and soy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment: Encyclopedia Ii - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment - Piggery Waste
Piggery waste is comparable to other animal wastes except that many piggery wastes contain elevated levels of copper that can be toxic in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment: Encyclopedia Ii - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment - Slaughtering Waste
Wastewater from slaughtering activities is similar to milking parlour waste (see above) although considerably stronger in its organic com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment: Encyclopedia Ii - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment - Silage Liquor
Fresh or wilted grass or other green crops can be made into the semi fermented product called silage which can be stored and used as wint...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment: Encyclopedia Ii - Agricultural Wastewater Treatment - Milking Parlour Wastes Including Milk
Although milk has a deserved reputation as an important and valuable food product, its presence in wastewaters is highly polluting becaus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Farming: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Farming - Overview
Organic farming excludes the use of synthetic inputs, such as synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and genetically modified organisms (G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Farming: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Farming - History
The organic movement began as a reaction of insiders (agricultural scientists and farmers) against the industrialization of agriculture. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Farming: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Farming - Methods
Organic farming involves fostering natural processes, often over extended periods of time, and a holistic approach. Chemical-based farmin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Farming: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Farming - Standards
Increasingly, organic farming is defined by formal standards regulating production methods, and in some cases, final output. Two types of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Farming: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Farming - The Future
Organic farming is at a crossroads. Despite the growth in the organic food market over the last decade, the future of the small, independ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diseases Of The Honeybee: Encyclopedia Ii - Diseases Of The Honeybee - Chilled Brood
Chilled brood is not actually a disease but can be a result of mistreatment of the bees by the beekeeper. It also can be caused by a pest...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Farming: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Farming - Methods
Organic farming incorporates scientific knowledge and comprehensive traceability with traditional farming practices, based on knowledge a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Farming: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Farming - History
The development of organic farming is one of methods and markets. It is also largely the history of the organic movement, which began as ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Farming: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Farming - The Future
Organic farming is at a crossroads. Despite the growth in the organic food market over the last decade, the future of the small, independ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diseases Of The Honeybee: Encyclopedia Ii - Diseases Of The Honeybee - Dysentery
Dysentery is a condition resulting from a combination of long periods of inability to make cleansing flights (generally due to cold weath...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diseases Of The Honeybee: Encyclopedia Ii - Diseases Of The Honeybee - Small Hive Beetle
Aethina tumida is a small, dark-colored beetle that lives in beehives. Originally from Africa, the first discovery of small hive beetles ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diseases Of The Honeybee: Encyclopedia Ii - Diseases Of The Honeybee - Wax Moths
Main article: Waxworm Galleria mellonella (greater wax moths) will not attack the bees directly, but feed on the wax used by the bees to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide Misuse: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide Misuse - Human Health Hazards
One of the worst cases of pesticide misuse in recent history involved the application of a pesticide intended for outdoor agricultural us...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide - History
Since before 500 BC, humans have used pesticides to prevent damage to their crops. The first known pesticide was sulfur. By the 15th cent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diseases Of The Honeybee: Encyclopedia Ii - Diseases Of The Honeybee - American Foulbrood Afb
Paenibacillus larvae (formerly classified as Bacillus larvae) is a spore-forming bacterium. This disease only affects the bee larvae but ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide Misuse: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide Misuse - Hazards To Wildlife And Livestock
Pesticide misuse can also endanger wildlife and other environmental resources. A Florida man was recently cited and fined $23,100 for usi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide Poisoning: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide Poisoning - The Label Is The Key
Pesticides designed to kill pests are usually toxic to other creatures as well, including the applicator, people working in the field, an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diseases Of The Honeybee: Encyclopedia Ii - Diseases Of The Honeybee - European Foulbrood Efb
Melissococcus pluton is a bacterial brood disease that infests the guts of bee larvae. European foulbrood is less deadly than American fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diseases Of The Honeybee: Encyclopedia Ii - Diseases Of The Honeybee - Chalkbrood
Ascophaera apis is a fungal disease infests the gut of the larva. The fungus will compete with the larva for food, ultimately causing it ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide Poisoning: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide Poisoning - Acute Poisoning Of Humans
It is critical, when pesticide poisoning is suspected, to get competent treatment as rapidly as possible. Since pesticides have different...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide Toxicity To Bees: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide Toxicity To Bees - Highly Toxic Pesticides To Bees
Listed by brand name, generic name and length of residual toxicity. Note that the brand names listed here are by no means complete. Pest...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diseases Of The Honeybee: Encyclopedia Ii - Diseases Of The Honeybee - American Foulbrood Afb
Paenibacillus larvae (formerly classified as Bacillus larvae) is a spore-forming bacterium. This disease only affects the bee larvae but ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pesticide Toxicity To Bees: Encyclopedia Ii - Pesticide Toxicity To Bees - Common Insecticides Toxic To Bees Used On Soybeans
Many insecticides used against soybean aphids are highly toxic to bees. Orthene 75S (acephate) Address 75 WSP (acephate) Sevin (Carbaryl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diseases Of The Honeybee: Encyclopedia Ii - Diseases Of The Honeybee - Nosema
Nosema apis is a spore-forming parasite that invades the intestinal tracts of adult bees and causes nosema disease. Nosema is also associ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diseases Of The Honeybee: Encyclopedia Ii - Diseases Of The Honeybee - Acarine Tracheal Mites
Acarapis woodi is a small parasitic mite that infests the airways of the honeybee. The first known infestation of the mites occurred in t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gypsy Moth: Encyclopedia Ii - Gypsy Moth - The Use Of Pesticides Against The Gypsy Moth
The decision to use pesticides is influenced by a number of factors: The number of visible egg masses. The percentage of preferred hosts...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pollinator Decline: Encyclopedia Ii - Pollinator Decline - Possible Explanations For Pollinator Decline
Pollinator decline - Pesticide misuse. It is a label violation to apply most insecticides on crops during bloom, or to allow the pestic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pollinator Decline: Encyclopedia Ii - Pollinator Decline - Observation Of Pollinator Decline
As plantings have grown larger, the need for concentrated pollinators at bloom time has grown. At the same time populations of many polli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pollinator Decline: Encyclopedia Ii - Pollinator Decline - Consequences
The value of bee pollination in human nutrition and food for wildlife is immense and difficult to quantify. It is commonly said that abou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pollinator Decline: Encyclopedia Ii - Pollinator Decline - Solutions To Pollinator Decline
The decline of pollinators is compensated to some extent by beekeepers becoming migratory, following the bloom northward in the spring fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Certification: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Certification - Purpose Of Certification
Organic certification addresses a growing worldwide demand for organic food. It is intended to assure quality and prevent fraud. For orga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Certification: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Certification - The Certification Process
In order to certify a farm, the farmer is typically required to engage in a number of new activities, in addition to normal farming opera...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Certification: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Certification - Certification & Product Labelling
Being able to put the word "organic" on a food product is a valuable marketing advantage in today's consumer market. Certification is int...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Warfarin: Encyclopedia Ii - Warfarin - Uses
Warfarin - Medical use. Warfarin is given to people with an excessive tendency for thrombosis. This can prevent growth or embolism (spr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Organic Certification: Encyclopedia Ii - Organic Certification - Certification Around The World
In some countries, organic standards are formulated and overseen by the government. The United States and the European Union have compreh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Warfarin: Encyclopedia Ii - Warfarin - History
The early 1920s saw the outbreak of a previously unrecognized disease of cattle in the northern United States and Canada. Cattle would di...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Warfarin: Encyclopedia Ii - Warfarin - Advantages And Disadvantages
Warfarin - Pharmacokinetics and antagonism. Warfarin is slower acting than the common anticoagulant heparin, though it has a number of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Decline In Frog Populations: Encyclopedia Ii - Decline In Frog Populations - Parasites
Researcher Joseph Kiesecker focused research on a rural area of Pennsylvania where trematodes were present in ponds. His research indicat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gypsy Moth: Encyclopedia Ii - Gypsy Moth - Hosts
Gypsy moth larvae prefer hardwoods, but may feed on several hundred different species of trees and shrubs. In the East the gypsy moth pre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gypsy Moth: Encyclopedia Ii - Gypsy Moth - Effects Of Defoliation On Trees
The effects of defoliation depend primarily on the amount of foliage that is removed, the condition of the tree at the time it is defolia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gypsy Moth: Encyclopedia Ii - Gypsy Moth - Factors That Affect Gypsy Moth Populations
Natural enemies play an important role during periods when gypsy moth populations are sparse. Natural enemies include parasitic and preda...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gypsy Moth: Encyclopedia Ii - Gypsy Moth - Managing The Gypsy Moth
A number of tactics have the potential to minimize damage from gypsy moth infestations and to contain or maintain gypsy moth populations ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gypsy Moth: Encyclopedia Ii - Gypsy Moth - Silvicultural Guidelines For Forest Stands And Woodlots
Several interrelated factors determine the vulnerability of forest stands and woodlots to gypsy moth defoliation. An awareness of these f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gypsy Moth: Encyclopedia Ii - Gypsy Moth - Life Cycle
Gypsy moth egg masses are laid on branches and trunks of trees, but egg masses may be found in any sheltered location. Egg masses are buf...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gypsy Moth: Encyclopedia Ii - Gypsy Moth - Us Pest
The gypsy moth was accidentally introduced into the United States in 1868 by a French scientist, Leopold Trouvelot, living in Medford, Ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sustainable Agriculture: Encyclopedia Ii - Sustainable Agriculture - Methods
Monoculture, a method of growing one crop in a field annually, is generally considered to be unsustainable due to the outside resources r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Union Carbide: Encyclopedia Ii - Union Carbide - Company History
The Union Carbide Company was founded in 1898, and in 1917 the Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation was formed from this and other comp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ecological Genetics: Encyclopedia Ii - Ecological Genetics - History
Although work on natural populations had been done previously, it is acknowledged that the field was founded by the Briton E.B. Ford in t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Weed: Encyclopedia Ii - Weed - Invasive Species
Many plants have become weeds by being transferred by human action to locations where they have no natural grazing predators; and they wi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Weed: Encyclopedia Ii - Weed - Weed Control
In order to reduce weed growth, many weed control strategies have been developed. The most basic is ploughing, which cuts the roots of an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Weed: Encyclopedia Ii - Weed - Weed Control
In order to reduce weed growth, many weed control strategies have been developed. The most basic is ploughing, which cuts the roots of an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wastewater: Encyclopedia Ii - Wastewater - Wastewater Types
Wastewater - Industrial. Organic - bio-degradable - includes abattoirs, creameries, ice-cream manufacture Organic - non bio-degradable...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gossypium: Encyclopedia Ii - Gossypium - Genetically Modified Cotton
GM cotton was developed to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides. GM cotton is widely used throughout the world with claims of requirin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rachel Carson: Encyclopedia Ii - Rachel Carson - Environmental Activism And Silent Spring
Starting in the mid-1940s, Carson became concerned about the use of newly invented pesticides, especially DDT. "The more I learned about ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Desert Locust: Encyclopedia Ii - Desert Locust - Biopesticides
Biopesticides include fungi, bacteria, neem extract and pheromones. The effectiveness of many biopesticides equals that of conventional c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - White River Indiana: Encyclopedia Ii - White River Indiana - Pollution
In 1997, the White River was listed as one of the United States' most threatened rivers. Pesticides (herbicides and insecticides) are use...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Pest Control: Encyclopedia Ii - Biological Pest Control - Overview
A key belief of the organic gardener is that biodiversity furthers health. The more variety a landscape has, the more sustainable it is. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Biological Pest Control: Encyclopedia Ii - Biological Pest Control - Examples Of Predators
Ladybugs, and in particular their larvae which are active between May and July, are voracious predators of aphids such as greenfly and bl...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Natural Foods: New Age Spiritual Dictionary On Natural Foods
natural foods Whole foods; foods grown or processed with a minimum of refining, additives, preservatives, hormones, chemical fertiliz...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Organic Or Natural: Alternate Health Therapy Dictionary On Organic Or Natural
Organic or Natural - In alternative medicine these terms usually mean materials obtained from nature without the use of chemical ferti...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Organic Food: Holistic Health Dictionary I On Organic Food
ORGANIC FOOD Is cultivated and processed without the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides (insecticides and herbicides), preservat...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Health Foods: Alternate Health Therapy Dictionary On Health Foods
Health Foods - Foods purported to be produced without the use of chemical fertilizers, herbicides or pesticides sprays and sold withou...   » Read the article