Peru-Bolivian Confederation

Bolivia's 2002 gross domestic product (GDP) totaled $7.9 billion. Economic growth is about 2.5% a year and inflation expected to be between 3% and 4% in 2002 (it was under 1% in 2001). Since 1985, the Government of Bolivia has implemented a far-reaching program of macroeconomic stabilization and structural reform aimed at maintaining price stability, creating conditions for sustained growth, and alleviating poverty. A major reform of the customs service in recent years has significantly improved transparency in this area. The most imp ...

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Economy of Bolivia, Economy of Bolivia - Economy, Economy of Bolivia - Financials, Economy of Bolivia - Reference

Read more here: » Economy of Bolivia: Encyclopedia II - Economy of Bolivia - Economy

Dependent territories : Falkland Islands · French Guiana · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands See also : Peru-Bolivian Confederation -|} ...

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Extreme points of South America, Extreme points of South America - Extreme points of South American countries

Read more here: » Extreme points of South America: Encyclopedia II - Extreme points of South America - Extreme points of South American countries

Demographics of Venezuela - Overview. The July 2005 CIA estimate puts Venezuela's total population at 25,375,281 inhabitants. It should be noted that many Venezuelan government officials, statisticians, and activists consider this a gross underestimate. Notably, the 2005 INE estimate is 26,577,423 inhabitants. Additionally, over the past five years, Venezuelan society's general age structure has been trending towards the homologous structure found in Cuba, Western Europe, Japan, and other healthy and rapid ...

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Demographics of Venezuela, Demographics of Venezuela - Background and overview, Demographics of Venezuela - Population, Demographics of Venezuela - Overview, Demographics of Venezuela - Total population, Demographics of Venezuela - Life expectancy at birth, Demographics of Venezuela - Population growth rate, Demographics of Venezuela - Birth and death rates, Demographics of Venezuela - Total fertility rate, Demographics of Venezuela - Infant mortality rate, Demographics of Venezuela - Age structure, Demographics of Venezuela - Sex ratio, Demographics of Venezuela - Net emigration rate, Demographics of Venezuela - Literacy and education, Demographics of Venezuela - Ethnic and religious affiliations, Demographics of Venezuela - Ethnic affiliation, Demographics of Venezuela - Religious affiliation

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Venezuela's national, official language is Spanish; however, numerous indigenous languages and those introduced by immigrants created a large number of dialects. The official language of 16 out of 21 Latin American countries is Castilian, or Spanish. Sixty-two percent of Latin America speaks Spanish, but only 54% speaks Spanish as their mother tongue. The five exceptions are Brazil (Portuguese), Haiti (French), Puerto Rico (two official languages: Spanish and English), Paraguay (Spanish and Guarani, and Peru (Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara). Brazilian im ...

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Culture of Venezuela, Culture of Venezuela - History, Culture of Venezuela - History of the language of Venezuela, Culture of Venezuela - Castilian or Spanish?, Culture of Venezuela - History of Venezuelan money

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Ecuadorians place great importance on the family, both nuclear and extended. Unlike in much of the West, where the elderly are often placed in care facilities geared towards people of advanced age, the elderly Ecuador will often live with their youngest son and his wife. Godparents are also far more important in Ecuador than in the West, and they are expected to provide both financial and psychological support to their godchildren, for example, Ecuadorians with marital trouble ...

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Culture of Ecuador, Culture of Ecuador - Family, Culture of Ecuador - Women, Culture of Ecuador - Sports and Entertainment, Culture of Ecuador - Cuisine, Culture of Ecuador - Language, Culture of Ecuador - Art and Literature

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Geographers have devised different ways to divide Colombia into regions. It is most appropriate to divide the country into four geographic regions: the Andean highlands, consisting of the three Andean ranges and intervening valley lowlands; the Caribbean lowlands coastal region; the Pacific lowlands coastal region, separated from the Caribbean lowlands by swamps at the base of the Isthmus of Panama; and eastern Colombia, the great plain that lies to the east of the Andes Mountains.

Geography of Colombia, Geography of Colombia - Geographic regions, Geography of Colombia - Andean Highlands, Geography of Colombia - Caribbean Lowlands, Geography of Colombia - Pacific Lowlands, Geography of Colombia - Eastern Colombia, Geography of Colombia - Climate, Geography of Colombia - Relief, Geography of Colombia - Facts, Geography of Colombia - Rivers and Lakes, Geography of Colombia - Rivers confined to Colombia, Geography of Colombia - Rivers originated in Colombia, Geography of Colombia - Lakes, Geography of Colombia - Sources

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See also: Government of the Río de la Plata, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, May Revolution Europeans arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of Amerigo Vespucci. Spanish navigator Juan Díaz de Solís visited the territory which is now Argentina in 1516. Spain established a permanent colony on the site of Buenos Aires in 1580 as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru; initial settlement was primarily overland from Peru. The natural port of the Río de la Plata estuary could not be used because all communications and c ...

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History of Argentina, History of Argentina - During the reign of the Inca, History of Argentina - Spanish colonial era, History of Argentina - Birth of the Argentine State, History of Argentina - The emergence of modern Argentina, History of Argentina - The Great Depression and World War II, History of Argentina - The rise of Juan Perón, History of Argentina - Struggle between Peronist and anti-Peronist forces, History of Argentina - Perón returns from exile, History of Argentina - The Dirty War, History of Argentina - The return to democracy, History of Argentina - The 1990s, History of Argentina - The economic crisis, History of Argentina - The recovery, History of Argentina - Notes, History of Argentina - Reference, History of Argentina - External link

Read more here: » History of Argentina: Encyclopedia II - History of Argentina - Spanish colonial era

Geographic coordinates: 9°00′N 80°00′W Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total: 78,200 km² land: 75,990 km² water: 2,210 km² Area - comparative: slightly smaller than South Carolina Land boundaries: total: 555 km border countries: Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km Coastline: 2,490 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nautical miles (44 km) exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles (370 km)
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Geography of Panama, Geography of Panama - General facts, Geography of Panama - Sources

Read more here: » Geography of Panama: Encyclopedia II - Geography of Panama - General facts

The coastal plain, which occupies about 5 percent of the country's area, is home to more than 90 percent of its inhabitants. The plain ranges from five to six kilometers wide and extends from the Courantyne River in the east to the Venezuelan border in the northwest. The coastal plain is made up largely of alluvial mud swept out to sea by the Amazon River, carried north by ocean currents, and deposited on the Guyanese shores. A rich clay of great fertility, this mud overlays the white sands and clays formed from the erosion of the int ...

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Geography of Guyana, Geography of Guyana - Terrain, Geography of Guyana - Hydrology, Geography of Guyana - Climate, Geography of Guyana - Facts, Geography of Guyana - Sources

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Each region has different factors that affect its climate. The Costa is influenced primarily by proximity to warm or cool ocean currents. By contrast, climate in the Sierra varies more as a function of altitude. The Oriente has a fairly uniform climate that varies only slightly between the two subregions. Climate in the Galápagos Islands is both moderated by the ocean currents and affected by altitude. Throughout Ecuador variation in rainfall primarily determines seasons. Temperature is determined by altitude. With each ascent of 200 meters in altitude, temperature drops 1° C. This pheno ...

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Geography of Ecuador, Geography of Ecuador - Area, Geography of Ecuador - Land boundaries, Geography of Ecuador - Maritime claims, Geography of Ecuador - Cities, Geography of Ecuador - Geographical regions, Geography of Ecuador - Galápagos Islands, Geography of Ecuador - La Costa the coast, Geography of Ecuador - La Sierra the highlands, Geography of Ecuador - El Oriente the East, Geography of Ecuador - Drainage, Geography of Ecuador - Climate, Geography of Ecuador - Elevation extremes, Geography of Ecuador - Natural resources, Geography of Ecuador - Land use, Geography of Ecuador - Irrigated land, Geography of Ecuador - Natural hazards, Geography of Ecuador - Environment - current issues, Geography of Ecuador - Environment - international agreements, Geography of Ecuador - Geography - note, Geography of Ecuador - Sources

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Uruguay may be divided into four regions, based on social, economic, and geographical factors. The regions include the interior, the littoral, Greater Montevideo, and the coast. Geography of Uruguay - The interior. This largest region includes the departments of Artigas, Cerro Largo, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Rivera, Salto, Tacuarembó, and Treinta y Tres and the eastern halves of Paysandú, Río Negro, and Soriano. The topsoil is thin and unsu ...

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Geography of Uruguay, Geography of Uruguay - Topography and hydrography, Geography of Uruguay - Climate, Geography of Uruguay - Land use and settlement patterns, Geography of Uruguay - The interior, Geography of Uruguay - The Littoral, Geography of Uruguay - Greater Montevideo, Geography of Uruguay - The coast, Geography of Uruguay - Regional development, Geography of Uruguay - Facts, Geography of Uruguay - Sources

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The main meal of a Colombian's day is lunch, usually eaten at about 1 or 2pm. This meal consists of three courses: a soup followed by a main course followed by either a drink or dessert. Although, in some cases, in the morning after breakfeast a snack is eaten, also known as Medias Nueves and also after lunch, called Medias Onces. Many varieties of fruit virtually unknown to the Western world are enjoyed in Colombia, such as the zapote, lulo, curuba, mamoncillo, uchuva, feijoa, sweet gran ...

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Culture of Colombia, Culture of Colombia - Geography, Culture of Colombia - Religion, Culture of Colombia - Family, Culture of Colombia - Society, Culture of Colombia - Manners and Communication, Culture of Colombia - Entertainment, Culture of Colombia - Cuisine, Culture of Colombia - Art and Literature

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Juan Manuel Blanes (1830-1901), Uruguay's most famous 19th century artist, painted large canvases depicting the life of the gaucho, the South American cowboy, and events from Uruguay's history. Pedro Figari (1861-1938) painted detailed scenes of daily life in Montevideo and the countryside. Joaquín Torres García (1874-1949) developed what is known as constructive universalism and influenced a generation of Uruguayan painters. The realistic sculptures of José Belloni (1880-1965) can be seen in public parks and plazas in Montevideo. They depict scenes from Uruguayan life, such as a stagecoach drawn by horses, or a wagon pulled by oxen ...

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Culture of Uruguay, Culture of Uruguay - Arts, Culture of Uruguay - Literature, Culture of Uruguay - Religion, Culture of Uruguay - Language, Culture of Uruguay - Food

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Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Colombia conventional short form: Colombia local long form: Republica de Colombia local short form: Colombia Government type: republic; executive branch dominates government structure Capital: Bogota Administrative divisions: 32 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 capital district* (distrito capital); Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlantico, Distrito Capital de Bogota*, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundina ...

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Politics of Colombia, Politics of Colombia - Constitutional Reforms, Politics of Colombia - Principal Government Official, Politics of Colombia - International organization participation:

Read more here: » Politics of Colombia: Encyclopedia II - Politics of Colombia - Principal Government Official

From 1974 until 1982, different presidential administrations chose to focus on ending the persistent insurgencies that sought to undermine Colombia's traditional political system. Both groups claimed to represent the poor and weak against the rich and powerful classes of the country, demaning the completion of true land and political reform, from an openly Communist perspective. By 1974, another challenge to the state's authority and legitimacy had come from the 19th of April Movement (M-19), a mostly urban guerrilla group founded all ...

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History of Colombia, History of Colombia - Pre-Columbian period, History of Colombia - Colonial times, History of Colombia - Struggle for independence, History of Colombia - The Republic, History of Colombia - The National Front, History of Colombia - Post-National Front years, History of Colombia - Post 1990, History of Colombia - Recent developments, History of Colombia - External link

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Francisco Antonio De Zela, a royal accountant (similar in function to a modern-day income tax auditor), initiated the push for Peruvian Independence from Spain in 1811 in Tacna, leading to a series of commemorative actions for the city, culminating in the 1828 declaration of Tacna as the "Heroic City" ("La Heroica Ciudad de San Pedro de Tacna") by President José de La Mar. It was the capital of the short-lived Peru-B ...

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Tacna, Tacna - History, Tacna - Tourist attractions, Tacna - Festivities

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Protector title - Heads of State. Wakil ar-Ra`aya (rendered as Protector of the People) was the (or a?) title of the Persian imperial Monarch under the Zand dynasty - those rulers refused (except the last as noted) the style Shahanshah. The founding ruler adopted the style; it appears that his successors used the same style, although documentation is obscure 1773 - 1 March 1779 Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (b. c.1707 - d. 1779) 6 March 1779 - 1779 Abu al-Fath Khan Zand (1st ...

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Protector title, Protector title - Political & Administrative, Protector title - Heads of State, Protector title - Foreign Hegemons, Protector title - British colonial administration, Protector title - Religious & faith-related, Protector title - Catholic, Protector title - Islamic, Protector title - Sources and References

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Argentine cinema has achieved international recognition with films such as The Official Story and 9 Queens, though it has only rarely been taken into account by mainstream popular viewers who prefer Hollywood-type movies. Even low-budget productions, however, have obtained prizes in cinema festivals (such as Cannes). The city of Mar del Plata organizes its own festival dedicated to this art. A study in August 2005 found that about one third of Argentinians had attended the cinema in the previous three months, particularl ...

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Culture of Argentina, Culture of Argentina - Cinema and theater, Culture of Argentina - Music, Culture of Argentina - Sports, Culture of Argentina - Language, Culture of Argentina - Gastronomy, Culture of Argentina - Literature, Culture of Argentina - Spare time, Culture of Argentina - Reference

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See also: Primera Junta, Junta Grande, First Triumvirate News of the French Revolution and the American Revolutionary War brought liberal ideas to Latin America. After the French seized the power in Spain, Buenos Aires formed its own junta on May 25, 1810 and invited the other provinces to join. However, the reluctance of some factions and the centralist tendencies of the more radical activists delayed a formal declaration of independence. In the ...

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History of Argentina, History of Argentina - During the reign of the Inca, History of Argentina - Spanish colonial era, History of Argentina - Birth of the Argentine State, History of Argentina - The emergence of modern Argentina, History of Argentina - The Great Depression and World War II, History of Argentina - The rise of Juan Perón, History of Argentina - Struggle between Peronist and anti-Peronist forces, History of Argentina - Perón returns from exile, History of Argentina - The Dirty War, History of Argentina - The return to democracy, History of Argentina - The 1990s, History of Argentina - The economic crisis, History of Argentina - The recovery, History of Argentina - Notes, History of Argentina - Reference, History of Argentina - External link

Read more here: » History of Argentina: Encyclopedia II - History of Argentina - Birth of the Argentine State

These years of prosperity ended with the Crash of 1929 and the ensuing worldwide economic crisis. The Argentine military forced aged Hipólito Yrigoyen from power in 1930 and ushered in another decade of Conservative rule. The collapse of international trade led to an industrial growth focused on import substitution, leading to a stronger economic independence (relatively, because oil production in the country was dominated by foreign companies, mostly from the USA, something that Yrigoyen wanted to stop and one of the possible reason ...

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History of Argentina, History of Argentina - During the reign of the Inca, History of Argentina - Spanish colonial era, History of Argentina - Birth of the Argentine State, History of Argentina - The emergence of modern Argentina, History of Argentina - The Great Depression and World War II, History of Argentina - The rise of Juan Perón, History of Argentina - Struggle between Peronist and anti-Peronist forces, History of Argentina - Perón returns from exile, History of Argentina - The Dirty War, History of Argentina - The return to democracy, History of Argentina - The 1990s, History of Argentina - The economic crisis, History of Argentina - The recovery, History of Argentina - Notes, History of Argentina - Reference, History of Argentina - External link

Read more here: » History of Argentina: Encyclopedia II - History of Argentina - The Great Depression and World War II