The term cognition (Latin, cogito: to think) is used in several different loosely related ways. In psychology it is used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a view that argues that the mind has internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and intentions) and can be understood in terms of information processing, especially when a lot of abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes such as involving knowledge, expertise or learning for example are at work. It is also used ...

Including:

• Cognition - Cognition in mainstream psychology
• Cognition - Influence and influences
• Cognition - Cognitive ontology
• Cognition - Cognition as compression
• Cognition - Cognition as a social process
• Cognition - Cognition in a cultural context
• Cognition - Example of emergent organization
• Cognition - Summary
• Cognition - Related fields

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See also:

Cognition, Cognition - Cognition in mainstream psychology, Cognition - Influence and influences, Cognition - Cognitive ontology, Cognition - Cognition as compression, Cognition - Cognition as a social process, Cognition - Cognition in a cultural context, Cognition - Example of emergent organization, Cognition - Summary, Cognition - Related fields

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In multiple observations, some dating back to antiquity, language acquisition in human children, fails to emerge unless the children are exposed to language. Thus 'language acquisition' is an example of an 'emergent behavior', which in fact requires a narrow, yet evolutionarily reliably occurring, set of inputs. In this case, the individual is made up of a set of mechanisms 'expecting' such input form the social world. In education, for instance, which has the explicit task in society of developing child cognition, choices are made re ...

See also:

Cognition, Cognition - Cognition in mainstream psychology, Cognition - Influence and influences, Cognition - Cognitive ontology, Cognition - Cognition as compression, Cognition - Cognition as a social process, Cognition - Cognition in a cultural context, Cognition - Example of emergent organization, Cognition - Summary, Cognition - Related fields

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Personality psychology is a branch of psychology which studies personality and individual difference processes - that which makes us into a person. One emphasis in personality psychology is on trying to create a coherent picture of a person and all his or her major psychological processes. Another emphasis views personality psychology as the study of individual differences. These two views work together in practice. Personality psychologists are interested in a broad view of the individual's psychological processes. This often leads t ...

Including:

• Personality psychology - What is personality?
• Personality psychology - A typology of personality models
• Personality psychology - Personality theories
• Personality psychology - Trait theories
• Personality psychology - Psychodynamic theories
• Personality psychology - Behaviorist theories
• Personality psychology - Cognitive and social-cognitive theories
• Personality psychology - Humanistic theories
• Personality psychology - Other theories
• Personality psychology - Personality tests
• Personality psychology - Brain Research

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Cognitive psychology is the psychological science that studies cognition, the mental processes that underlie behavior, including thinking, deciding, reasoning, and to some extent motivation and emotion. This covers a broad range of research domains, examining questions about the workings of memory, attention, perception, knowledge representation, reasoning, creativity and problem solving. The term came into use with the publication of the book Cognitive Psychology by Ulric Neisser in 1967. There he gives a very broad definition ...

Including:

• Cognitive psychology - Major research areas in cognitive psychology
• Cognitive psychology - Famous and/or influential cognitive psychologists
• Cognitive psychology - Related lists

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Cognitive Therapy is the study of all human activities related to knowledge. These activities include Attention, Creativity, Memory, Perception, Problem Solving, Thinking and Use of Language. It is viewed as a psychological treatment of thoughts. The nature of our feelings is largely determined by the way that we think. It examines the connections between how we think, how we feel and how we behave, our belief systems and ideas that are unrealistic.

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The theory of cognitive development is a developmental psychology theory developed by Jean Piaget to explain cognitive development. The theory is central to child psychology and is based on schemata—schemes of how one perceives the world—in "critical periods," times when children are particularly susceptible to certain information. For his development of the theory, Piaget was awarded the Erasmus Prize. Piaget divided schemes that childen use to understand the world through four main stages, roughly correlated with and beca ...

Including:

• Theory of cognitive development - Sensorimotor stage
• Theory of cognitive development - Preoperational stage
• Theory of cognitive development - Concrete Operational stage
• Theory of cognitive development - Formal Operational stage
• Theory of cognitive development - General Information regarding the stages

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Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994). Practically every introduction to cognitive science also stresses that it is highly interdisciplinary; components of cognitive science include psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science, robotics, anthropology and biology. Cognitive science - History. psychology, neuroscience, Neural Darwinism, Society of Mind theory, cognitive science of ...

Including:

• Cognitive science - History
• Cognitive science - Principles of Cognitive Science
• Cognitive science - Approaches
• Cognitive science - Levels of analysis
• Cognitive science - Interdisciplinary nature
• Cognitive science - Cognitive science - The term
• Cognitive science - Scope of cognitive science
• Cognitive science - Artificial intelligence
• Cognitive science - Attention
• Cognitive science - Language processing
• Cognitive science - Learning and development
• Cognitive science - Memory
• Cognitive science - Perception and action
• Cognitive science - Research methods
• Cognitive science - Behavioral experiments
• Cognitive science - Brain imaging
• Cognitive science - Computational modeling
• Cognitive science - Neurobiological methods
• Cognitive science - Key findings
• Cognitive science - Notable researchers in cognitive science and related fields

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A cognitive bias is any of a wide range of observer effects identified in cognitive science and social psychology including very basic statistical, social attribution, and memory errors that are common to all human beings. Biases drastically skew the reliability of anecdotal and legal evidence. Social biases, usually called attributional biases affect our everyday social interactions. And biases related to probability and decision making significantly affect the scientific method which is deliberately designed to minimize such bias fr ...

Including:

• Cognitive bias - Overview
• Cognitive bias - Types of cognitive biases

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Animal cognition is the title given to a modern approach to the mental capacities of animals. It has developed out of comparative psychology, but has also been strongly influenced by the approach of ethology and behavioral ecology. Much of what used to be considered under the title of animal intelligence is now thought of under this heading. Animal cognition - Historical background. For most of the twentieth century, the dominant approach to animal psychology was to use experiments on intelligence in animal ...

Including:

• Animal cognition - Historical background
• Animal cognition - Methodology
• Animal cognition - Research questions
• Animal cognition - Attention
• Animal cognition - Categorisation
• Animal cognition - Memory
• Animal cognition - Tool use
• Animal cognition - Reasoning and problem solving
• Animal cognition - Language
• Animal cognition - Consciousness
• Animal cognition - Deception empathy and theory of mind
• Animal cognition - Continuing controversy

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Cognitive poetics is a relatively new school of literary criticism that applies the principles of cognitive science, particularly cognitive psychology, to the interpretation of texts. It may be viewed as a specialized subdivision of reader-response criticism, and is also closely related to stylistics, whose application to literary study has been most popular in continental Europe. Like the New Critics, cognitive poetics engages in close analysis of the text; bu ...

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Cognitive dissonance is a condition first proposed by the psychologist Leon Festinger in 1956, relating to his hypothesis of cognitive consistency. Cognitive dissonance is a state of opposition between cognitions. For the purpose of cognitive dissonance theory, cognitions are defined as being an any element of knowlege attitude, emotion, belief or value, as well as a goal, plan, or an interest. In brief, the theory of cognitive dissonance holds that contradicting cognitions serve as a driving force that compels the human mind t ...

Including:

• Cognitive dissonance - Origins and the experiment
• Cognitive dissonance - Conflicting cognitions: cognitive dissonance
• Cognitive dissonance - Two kinds of dissonance
• Cognitive dissonance - Further propositions by Festinger

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Cognitive neuropsychology is a branch of neuropsychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relates to specific psychological processes. It places a particular emphasis on studying the cognitive effects of brain injury or neurological illness with a view to inferring models of normal cognitive functioning. Cognitive neuropsychology - History. The modern science of cognitive neuropsychology emerged during the 1960s. However there have been a series of inf ...

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• Cognitive neuropsychology - History
• Cognitive neuropsychology - Methods

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The field of Cognitive neuroscience concerns the study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and is a branch of biological psychology which, in turn, is part of the wider field of neuroscience, the most comprehensive interdisciplinary discipline studying the brain . Cognitive neuroscience overlaps with cognitive psychology, and in fact has its roots largely in cognitive psychophysiology. But whereas cognitive psychologists seek to understand the mind, researchers in cognitive neuroscience are concerned with under ...

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• Cognitive neuroscience - Cognitive neuroscience topics
• Cognitive neuroscience - Related WikiBooks

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The cognitive functions, sometimes known as mental functions, are thinking, feeling, sensing and intuition. They were initially conceived of by Carl Jung in his pioneering work "Psychological Types" (1921, ISBN 0691097704). Each one of these mental functions can be either introverted or extraverted (known as attitudes). Isabel Myers interpreted Jung's writing as saying that the auxiliary, tertiary, and inferior functions are always in the opposite attitude of the dominant. Many, however, have found Jung's w ...

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The "cognitive revolution" is a name for an intellectual movement in the 1950s that combined new thinking in psychology, anthropology and linguistics with the nascent fields of artificial intelligence, computer science and neuroscience. The cognitive revolution in psychology, was a response to behaviorism. At the time the predominant school in experimental psychology had been behaviorism for a number of decades. This school was heavily influenced by Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and other physiologists, who had defined psychology ...

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The cognitive science of mathematics is the study of mathematical ideas using the techniques of cognitive science. Specifically, it is the search for foundations of mathematics in human cognition. This approach was long preceded by the study, in cognitive sciences proper, of human cognitive bias, especially in statistical thinking, most notably by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, including theories of measurement, risk and behavioral finance from these and other authors. These studies suggested that mathematical practice and p ...

Including:

• Cognitive science of mathematics - Topics

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Cognitive space uses the analogy of location in two, three or higher dimentional space to describe and categorize the thoughts, memories and ideas. Each individual has his/her cognitive space, resulting in a unique categorization of their ideas. The dimensions of this cognitive space depend on information, training and finally on a person's awareness. All this depends globally from the cultural setting. The relationship between cognitive space and language has been investigated by Izchak Schlesinger (ISBN 9780521434362). He argues that case categories are ...

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Cognitive ontology is ontology (study of being) which begins from features of human cognition directly, as opposed to its collective summary which is reflected in language. The more radical forms of it challenge also the central position of mathematics as "just another language" which biases human cognition. Barry Smith is a notable figure in this field, and has also studied naïve physics. Perceptual psychology is a very closely related field, as it studies the limits of what humans can perceive.

Cognitive neuropsychiatry is a sub-discipline of psychology and psychiatry that aims to understand mental illness and psychopathology in terms of models of normal psychological function. It is also a way of uncovering normal psychological processes by studying the effects of their change or impairment. It is derived from the fields of psychiatry, cognitive neuroscience, and cognitive neuropsychology. It is a relatively new discipline and only started in earnest in the 1990s but has been influential, not least because of its ear ...

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