Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

The freshly independent Somalis loved politics, every nomad had a radio to listen to political speeches, and remarkable for a Muslim country, women were also active participants, with only mild mumblings from the more conservative sectors of society. Despite this promising start, there were significant underlying problems, most notably the north/south economic divide and the Ogaden issue. In hindsight it might have made more sense to create two separate countries from the outset, rather than re-uniting the very distinct halves of Somalia and ...

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History of Somalia, History of Somalia - Early History, History of Somalia - Colonial Era, History of Somalia - World War II, History of Somalia - Independence, History of Somalia - Siad Barre's regime, History of Somalia - 1969 coup d'etat, History of Somalia - Supreme Revolutionary Council, History of Somalia - Siad Barre and Scientific Socialism, History of Somalia - The Language and Literacy Issue, History of Somalia - Creation of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party, History of Somalia - Somalia 1980-90, History of Somalia - Entrenching Siad Barre's personal rule, History of Somalia - Repression, History of Somalia - Persecution of the Majeerteen, History of Somalia - Oppression of the Isaaq, History of Somalia - Harrying of the Hawiye, History of Somalia - Somali Civil War, History of Somalia - Recent history, History of Somalia - History in years

Read more here: » History of Somalia: Encyclopedia II - History of Somalia - Independence

Italian hegemony of Somalia was short-lived, because on the outset of WWII, Mussolini realized he would have to concentrate his resources primarily on the home front to survive the Allied onslaught. As a result the British were able to totally reconquer Somalia by 1941. During the war years, Somalia was directly ruled by a British military administration and martial law was in place, especially in the north wher ...

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History of Somalia, History of Somalia - Early History, History of Somalia - Colonial Era, History of Somalia - World War II, History of Somalia - Independence, History of Somalia - Siad Barre's regime, History of Somalia - 1969 coup d'etat, History of Somalia - Supreme Revolutionary Council, History of Somalia - Siad Barre and Scientific Socialism, History of Somalia - The Language and Literacy Issue, History of Somalia - Creation of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party, History of Somalia - Somalia 1980-90, History of Somalia - Entrenching Siad Barre's personal rule, History of Somalia - Repression, History of Somalia - Persecution of the Majeerteen, History of Somalia - Oppression of the Isaaq, History of Somalia - Harrying of the Hawiye, History of Somalia - Somali Civil War, History of Somalia - Recent history, History of Somalia - History in years

Read more here: » History of Somalia: Encyclopedia II - History of Somalia - World War II

Very little is known about the economy of the Indo-Greeks. The abundance of their coins would tend to suggest large mining operations, particularly in the mountainous area of the Hindu-Kush, and an important monetary economy. The Indo-Greek did strike bilingual coins both in the Greek "round" standard and in the Indian "square" standard, suggesting that monetary circulation extended to all parts of society. The adoption of Indo-Greek monetary conventions by neighbouring kingdoms, such as the Kunindas to the east and the Satavahanas to the south, would also suggest that Indo-Greek coins ...

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Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Early History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Evidence of the initial invasion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation and rise of Menander I, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Bactrian invasions against Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Economy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Armed forces, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Later History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Enduring legacy of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - List of the Indo-Greek kings and their territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes

Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Economy

Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art. Main article: Greco-Buddhist art In general, the art of the Indo-Greeks is poorly documented, and few works of art (apart from their coins and a few stone palettes) are directly attributed to them. Traditionally, no sculptural remains have been attributed to the Indo-Greeks, although their Hellenistic heritage and artistic proficiency would naturally have encouraged such creations (as neighbouring and contemporary Ai-Khanoum abundantly suggests). On ...

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Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Early History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Evidence of the initial invasion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation and rise of Menander I, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Bactrian invasions against Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Economy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Armed forces, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Later History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Enduring legacy of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - List of the Indo-Greek kings and their territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes

Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art

Names of China - People's Republic of China. The official name of the People's Republic of China in various languages and scripts. Simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国 (pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó) - Official language and script, used in Mainland China Traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國 (pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Jyutping: zung1 waa4 jan4 man4 gung6 wo4 gwok3) - Official in Hong Kong and Macau English: People's Republic of China - Official in ...

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Names of China, Names of China - Sinitic names, Names of China - Zhongguo, Names of China - Zhonghua, Names of China - Han, Names of China - Tang, Names of China - Huaxia, Names of China - Tianxia, Names of China - Jiuzhou, Names of China - Chixian Shenzhou, Names of China - Sihai, Names of China - Other names, Names of China - Chin, Names of China - Sin, Names of China - Ser, Names of China - Cathay, Names of China - Tabgach, Names of China - Nikan, Names of China - Rgya nag, Names of China - Mangi, Names of China - Official Names, Names of China - People's Republic of China, Names of China - Republic of China

Read more here: » Names of China: Encyclopedia II - Names of China - Official Names

Names used in the rest of Asia, especially East and Southeast Asia, are usually derived directly from words in a language of China learned through the land-route. Those languages belonging to a former dependency (tributary) or Chinese-influenced country have a pronunciation especially similar pronunciation to that of Chinese. Those used in European languages, however, have indirect names that came via the sea-route and bear little resemblance to what is used in China. < ...

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Names of China, Names of China - Sinitic names, Names of China - Zhongguo, Names of China - Zhonghua, Names of China - Han, Names of China - Tang, Names of China - Huaxia, Names of China - Tianxia, Names of China - Jiuzhou, Names of China - Chixian Shenzhou, Names of China - Sihai, Names of China - Other names, Names of China - Chin, Names of China - Sin, Names of China - Ser, Names of China - Cathay, Names of China - Tabgach, Names of China - Nikan, Names of China - Rgya nag, Names of China - Mangi, Names of China - Official Names, Names of China - People's Republic of China, Names of China - Republic of China

Read more here: » Names of China: Encyclopedia II - Names of China - Other names

History of Somalia - Entrenching Siad Barre's personal rule. The Ogaden War of 1977-78 between Somalia and Ethiopia and the consequent refugee influx forced Somalia to depend for its economic survival on humanitarian handouts. Domestically, the lost war produced a national mood of depression. Organized opposition groups began to emerge, and in dealing with them Siad Barre intensified his political repression, using jailings, torture, and summary executions of dissidents and collective punishment of ...

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History of Somalia, History of Somalia - Early History, History of Somalia - Colonial Era, History of Somalia - World War II, History of Somalia - Independence, History of Somalia - Siad Barre's regime, History of Somalia - 1969 coup d'etat, History of Somalia - Supreme Revolutionary Council, History of Somalia - Siad Barre and Scientific Socialism, History of Somalia - The Language and Literacy Issue, History of Somalia - Creation of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party, History of Somalia - Somalia 1980-90, History of Somalia - Entrenching Siad Barre's personal rule, History of Somalia - Repression, History of Somalia - Persecution of the Majeerteen, History of Somalia - Oppression of the Isaaq, History of Somalia - Harrying of the Hawiye, History of Somalia - Somali Civil War, History of Somalia - Recent history, History of Somalia - History in years

Read more here: » History of Somalia: Encyclopedia II - History of Somalia - Somalia 1980-90

Under the Emperors Tewodros II (1855 - 1868), Yohannes IV (1872 - 1889), and Menelek II (1889 - 1913), the kingdom began to emerge from its medieval isolation. Emperor Tewodros II was born Lij (= Mr) Kassa in Kwara, a small district of Western Amhara, in 1818. His father was a small local chief, and his uncle Ras Kinfu was governor of the districts of Dembea, Qwara and Chelga between Lake Tana and the undefined northwestern frontier. On the death of his uncle he was made chief of Kwara. He turned his attention to conquering the remaining chief divisions of the ...

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History of Ethiopia, History of Ethiopia - Earliest History, History of Ethiopia - The Axumite Kingdom, History of Ethiopia - The Ethiopian Dark Ages, History of Ethiopia - Portuguese Influence, History of Ethiopia - The Period of the Princes, History of Ethiopia - Leaving the Medieval World, History of Ethiopia - Interactions with European Colonial Powers, History of Ethiopia - Modern History, History of Ethiopia - Additional Reading, History of Ethiopia - Notes

Read more here: » History of Ethiopia: Encyclopedia II - History of Ethiopia - Leaving the Medieval World

Saint Thomas appears in a few passages in the Gospel of John. John 11:16: Lazarus has just died, and the disciples are resisting Jesus' decision to return to Judea, where the Jews had previously tried to stone Jesus. Jesus is determined, but Thomas has the last word: "Let us also go, that we might die with him" (NIV). Some interpret this to anticipate St. Paul's theological conception of "dying with Christ". John 14:5: During The Last Supper, Jesus assures his disciples that they know where he is going ...

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Thomas Apostle, Thomas Apostle - Thomas in the Gospel of John, Thomas Apostle - Name and identity, Thomas Apostle - Twin and its renditions, Thomas Apostle - Other names, Thomas Apostle - Split identity, Thomas Apostle - Later history, Thomas Apostle - Thomas and Syria, Thomas Apostle - Thomas and India, Thomas Apostle - Writings attributed to Thomas, Thomas Apostle - Thomas and John

Read more here: » Thomas Apostle: Encyclopedia II - Thomas Apostle - Thomas in the Gospel of John

There are several myths and legends associated with Kannur. The name Kannur is said to have been derived from two Malayalam words 'Kannan' (Krishna) and 'Ur' (place). It is quite common in India that the names of villages and districts are associated with Indian mythological characters, even if there is no mention of such a village in the respective mythology. The name 'Kannur' also is not an exception. According to another version, 'Kannur' is a derivation of Kanathur, an ancient village, the name of which survives even today in one ...

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Kannur district, Kannur district - Origin of name, Kannur district - History, Kannur district - Indian Freedom movement, Kannur district - Payyannur Conference, Kannur district - Civil Disobedience Movement, Kannur district - Morazha Incident, Kannur district - Peasant struggles, Kannur district - Contemporary politics, Kannur district - Geography, Kannur district - Climate, Kannur district - Beaches, Kannur district - Economy, Kannur district - Industry, Kannur district - Divisions, Kannur district - Transport, Kannur district - Demography, Kannur district - Flora and fauna, Kannur district - Aralam wildlife, Kannur district - Education, Kannur district - Sports and Games, Kannur district - Landmarks, Kannur district - Snake Park, Kannur district - St. Angelo's Fort, Kannur district - Paithal Mala, Kannur district - Sree Ramaswami Temple, Kannur district - Trichambaram Temple, Kannur district - Muthappan Temple, Kannur district - Rajarajeswara temple, Kannur district - Ezhimala, Kannur district - Madayi Mosque, Kannur district - Madayipara

Read more here: » Kannur district: Encyclopedia II - Kannur district - Origin of name

east),(unoccupied until May 1893). 16 Mar 1905 :Italian Somalia (Italian Somaliland) colony (in the northeast and in the south). Jul 1910:Italian Somaliland a crown colony. 15 Jan 1935:Italian Somalia Part of Italian East Africa with It. Eritrea (and from 1936 Ethiopia). 1 Jun 1936 :Part of Italian East Africa(province of Somalia, formed by the merger of the colony and the Ethiopian region ...

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History of Somalia, History of Somalia - Early History, History of Somalia - Colonial Era, History of Somalia - World War II, History of Somalia - Independence, History of Somalia - Siad Barre's regime, History of Somalia - 1969 coup d'etat, History of Somalia - Supreme Revolutionary Council, History of Somalia - Siad Barre and Scientific Socialism, History of Somalia - The Language and Literacy Issue, History of Somalia - Creation of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party, History of Somalia - Somalia 1980-90, History of Somalia - Entrenching Siad Barre's personal rule, History of Somalia - Repression, History of Somalia - Persecution of the Majeerteen, History of Somalia - Oppression of the Isaaq, History of Somalia - Harrying of the Hawiye, History of Somalia - Somali Civil War, History of Somalia - Recent history, History of Somalia - History in years

Read more here: » History of Somalia: Encyclopedia II - History of Somalia - History in years

Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and it has been suggested that their invasion of India was intended to show their support for the philhellenic Mauryan empire, and to protect the Buddhist faith from the religious persecutions of the Sungas. Demetrius, who organized the invasion, was named Dharmamita ("Friend of the Dharma") in the Indian text of the Yuga-Purana. The city of Sirkap founded by Demetrius combines Greek and Indian influences without ...

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Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Early History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Evidence of the initial invasion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation and rise of Menander I, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Bactrian invasions against Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Economy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Armed forces, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Later History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Enduring legacy of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - List of the Indo-Greek kings and their territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes

Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Culture

Local turmoil preceded the invasion of northern India undertaken by Demetrius, son of the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus, circa 180 BCE. General Pusyamitra Sunga had destroyed the ruling Mauryan King and had recently founded the Sunga dynasty (185–78 BCE). Written evidence of the initial Greek invasion survives in the Greek writings of Strabo and in Sanskrit in the records of Patanjali, Kālidāsa, and in the Yuga Parana, among others. Coins and architectural evidence also att ...

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Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Early History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Evidence of the initial invasion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation and rise of Menander I, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Bactrian invasions against Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Economy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Armed forces, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Later History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Enduring legacy of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - List of the Indo-Greek kings and their territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes

Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Early History

Majority of the population of the district are dependent directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihood. The main crops grown in the district are paddy, coconut, pepper, cashew, tapioca, arecanut and plantation crops like rubber. Paddy occupies the largest area among annual crops. Under the high yielding variety programme, substantial increase in paddy production has been achieved, even though the percentage of area sown under paddy is decreasing year after year, due to conversion of paddy fields to other purposes. The ave ...

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Kannur district, Kannur district - Origin of name, Kannur district - History, Kannur district - Indian Freedom movement, Kannur district - Payyannur Conference, Kannur district - Civil Disobedience Movement, Kannur district - Morazha Incident, Kannur district - Peasant struggles, Kannur district - Contemporary politics, Kannur district - Geography, Kannur district - Climate, Kannur district - Beaches, Kannur district - Economy, Kannur district - Industry, Kannur district - Divisions, Kannur district - Transport, Kannur district - Demography, Kannur district - Flora and fauna, Kannur district - Aralam wildlife, Kannur district - Education, Kannur district - Sports and Games, Kannur district - Landmarks, Kannur district - Snake Park, Kannur district - St. Angelo's Fort, Kannur district - Paithal Mala, Kannur district - Sree Ramaswami Temple, Kannur district - Trichambaram Temple, Kannur district - Muthappan Temple, Kannur district - Rajarajeswara temple, Kannur district - Ezhimala, Kannur district - Madayi Mosque, Kannur district - Madayipara

Read more here: » Kannur district: Encyclopedia II - Kannur district - Economy

Kannur district - Snake Park. Snake Park is a famous landmark in the district of Snake Park at Parassinikkadavu, en route from Kannur to Taliparamba, 2 km from National Highway(NH) 17. Here one gets to see a large genre of snakes and other small animals and there is even a live show, where trained personnel play and 'interact' with a variety of snakes, including cobras and vipers, and seek to quell mythical fears and superstitions about snakes. The Snake Park set up by the Visha Chikista Kendra at Pappinisseri, h ...

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Kannur district, Kannur district - Origin of name, Kannur district - History, Kannur district - Indian Freedom movement, Kannur district - Payyannur Conference, Kannur district - Civil Disobedience Movement, Kannur district - Morazha Incident, Kannur district - Peasant struggles, Kannur district - Contemporary politics, Kannur district - Geography, Kannur district - Climate, Kannur district - Beaches, Kannur district - Economy, Kannur district - Industry, Kannur district - Divisions, Kannur district - Transport, Kannur district - Demography, Kannur district - Flora and fauna, Kannur district - Aralam wildlife, Kannur district - Education, Kannur district - Sports and Games, Kannur district - Landmarks, Kannur district - Snake Park, Kannur district - St. Angelo's Fort, Kannur district - Paithal Mala, Kannur district - Sree Ramaswami Temple, Kannur district - Trichambaram Temple, Kannur district - Rajarajeswara temple, Kannur district - Ezhimala, Kannur district - Madayi Mosque, Kannur district - Madayipara

Read more here: » Kannur district: Encyclopedia II - Kannur district - Landmarks

The flood of the river in 1341 AD resulted in the splitting of the river into two tributaries at Thottummukham. That silted up the natural harbour at the mouth of the river, and resulted in the creation of a new harbour at Kochi. That development also led to the rise of the Samoothiri Rajas of Kozhikode. A local era called the Putu Vaipu era was commenced in commemoration of this event. The town was nearly completely destroyed by the Portuguese (Suarez de Menezes) on September 1, 1504 in retaliation for the Samoothiri Raja's actions against them^{See also:}

Kodungallur, Kodungallur - Ancient fame, Kodungallur - Flood of 1341AD, Kodungallur - Sights, Kodungallur - Various names

Read more here: » Kodungallur: Encyclopedia II - Kodungallur - Flood of 1341AD

Unhomogenized milk and cream contain butterfat in the form of microscopic globules, each of which is surrounded by a membrane made of phospholipids (fatty acid emulsifiers) and proteins. These membranes are what prevent the fat in milk from pooling together into a single mass. Making butter involves agitating cream to damage the fat globule membranes, allowing the fats to come together and separate from the other parts of the cream. The specific details of how this is done can create butters with different consistencies, mostly due to the bu ...

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Butter, Butter - Butter making, Butter - Types of butter, Butter - History, Butter - Worldwide, Butter - Storage and cooking, Butter - Health and nutrition, Butter - Notes

Read more here: » Butter: Encyclopedia II - Butter - Butter making

Cholas - Early Sangam Cholas. Veliyan Tittan (50 B.C.E- 25 B.C.E) Porvaikko-Perunarkilli (25 B.C.E-1 B.C.E) Mudittalaiko-Perunarkilli a.k.a Ilan-set-Senni (1 B.C.E-25) Karikalan I (1-25 C.E) Velpahtadakkai-Perunarkilli (25-50 C.E) Uruva-pahter-Ilan-id-Senni (50-75 C.E) Karikalan II (75-100 C.E) Sed-Senni-Nalankilli (100-125 C.E) Kulamurrattu-tunciya-Killivalavan (125-150 C.E) Rajasuyam-Vetta-Perunarkilli (150-175 C.E) < ...

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Cholas, Cholas - The Capital cities of the Cholas, Cholas - Legacy of the Medieval Cholas, Cholas - Early Cholas or Sangam Cholas, Cholas - Medieval Cholas, Cholas - Chola Navy, Cholas - List of Chola Kings, Cholas - Early Sangam Cholas, Cholas - Medeival Cholas, Cholas - Reference

Read more here: » Cholas: Encyclopedia II - Cholas - List of Chola Kings

The Cholas are attributed to be amongst the earliest kingdoms to posses a powerful navy that could threaten neighbouring countries. The first of these was Karikalan who attacked the nearby island of Ceylon and defeating the army. He was also instrumental in occupying the Lakshadweep islands. Another King with many more maritime victories was Raja Rajan Cholan who is arguably responsible for leading the 2nd Golden Age of Tamil Nadu. After his decisive victories over the Cheras and Pandias, he turned his attention to the Sinhalese King Mahinda ...

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Cholas, Cholas - The Capital cities of the Cholas, Cholas - Legacy of the Medieval Cholas, Cholas - Early Cholas or Sangam Cholas, Cholas - Medieval Cholas, Cholas - Chola Navy, Cholas - List of Chola Kings, Cholas - Early Sangam Cholas, Cholas - Medeival Cholas, Cholas - Reference

Read more here: » Cholas: Encyclopedia II - Cholas - Chola Navy

Peppercorns are, by monetary value, the most widely traded spice in the world, accounting for 20 per cent of all spice imports in 2002. The price of pepper can be volatile, and this figure fluctuates a great deal year to year; for example, pepper made up 39 per cent of all spice imports in 1998.[22] By weight, slightly more chile pe ...

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Black pepper, Black pepper - Varieties of pepper, Black pepper - The pepper plant, Black pepper - History, Black pepper - Ancient times, Black pepper - Postclassical Europe, Black pepper - China, Black pepper - Pepper as a medicine, Black pepper - Flavour, Black pepper - World trade, Black pepper - Notes

Read more here: » Black pepper: Encyclopedia II - Black pepper - World trade

The early Cholas ruled between the 1st and the 4th centuries CE. The most famous king of the early Cholas was Karikalan (2nd century CE). He is well known for his great engineering marvel, "Kallanai", a great anaikut (dam used for irrigation) across the Kaveri River. Kallanai is considered the oldest water-diversion structure in the world still in use. Karikalan is said to have invaded Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and used his captives as slav ...

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Cholas, Cholas - The Capital cities of the Cholas, Cholas - Legacy of the Medieval Cholas, Cholas - Early Cholas or Sangam Cholas, Cholas - Medieval Cholas, Cholas - Chola Navy, Cholas - List of Chola Kings, Cholas - Early Sangam Cholas, Cholas - Medeival Cholas, Cholas - Reference

Read more here: » Cholas: Encyclopedia II - Cholas - Early Cholas or Sangam Cholas

Since even accidental agitation can turn cream into butter, it is likely that the invention of butter goes back to the earliest days of dairying, perhaps in the Mesopotamian area between 9000 and 8000 BCE. The earliest butter would have been from sheep or goat's milk; cattle are not thought to have been domesticated for another thousand years or so.[6] An ancient method of butter making, still used today in some parts of Africa and the Near ...

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Butter, Butter - Butter making, Butter - Types of butter, Butter - History, Butter - Worldwide, Butter - Storage and cooking, Butter - Health and nutrition, Butter - Notes

Read more here: » Butter: Encyclopedia II - Butter - History