Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

Ras Hafun is believed to be the location of the ancient trade center of "Opone". Opone was mentioned by an anonymous merchant in the 1st century CE in his Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. Ancient Egyptian, Roman and Persian Gulf pottery has been recovered from the site by an archaeological team from the University of Michigan. Opone is in the thirteenth entry of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, which in part states: And then, after sailing four hundred stadia along a promontory, toward which place the current ...

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Hafun, Hafun - Hafun in the Ancient World Opone, Hafun - Modern Hafun

Read more here: » Hafun: Encyclopedia II - Hafun - Hafun in the Ancient World Opone

The precise location of the land of Punt has been a subject of debate. Ancient Egyptian texts are consistent about connecting the location of Punt with the Red Sea, narrowing the possibilities for Punt's geographic location. These records indicate Punt's location to be found south of Nubia, but exactly what modern territory it corresponds to is disputed. Historians generally agree on eastern Africa, possibly near what is now the coast of Sudan or Eritrea (as is suggested by archaeological evidence). Some argue Punt was as far away as Somalia, though this latter view is now ...

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Land of Punt, Land of Punt - History, Land of Punt - Punt's location, Land of Punt - Older literature

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Kerala - Ancient. Traditional Keralite legend proclaims that Parasurama, an avatar of Mahavishnu, threw his battle axes into the sea as penance and unction for his part in his sanguinary conflict with and annihilation of the Kshatriyas. As the ocean took in his axes, a new crescent-shaped land bounded by what is now Gokarnam in the north and Kanyakumari in the south foamed and arose from the waters. "God's own country", Kerala's sobriquet since ancient times, derives from this legend.^{See also:}

Kerala, Kerala - History, Kerala - Ancient, Kerala - Overseas contact, Kerala - Colonial, Kerala - Modern post-colonial, Kerala - Geography, Kerala - Administration, Kerala - Politics, Kerala - Arts, Kerala - Society and social development, Kerala - Demographics, Kerala - Social development, Kerala - Malayalam calendar, Kerala - Economy, Kerala - Tourism, Kerala - Road network, Kerala - Trivia, Kerala - Related topics, Kerala - Notes

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Right from the time India gained its independence from British rule in 1947, the issue of the French settlements was raised with the Government of France. It took seven years for Pondicherry to achieve freedom. However, even earlier there were agitations now and then against the French rulers. In 1787 and 1791, farmers of Karaikal agitated against the heavy land tax imposed by the French. The first war of Indian Independence had its impact in the French settlements but it did not attract the attention of the rulers, as the incidents w ...

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Pondicherry, Pondicherry - Geography, Pondicherry - History, Pondicherry - Independence from France, Pondicherry - Liberation of Mahe and Yanam, Pondicherry - Government & Administration, Pondicherry - Media, Pondicherry - Notes

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History of Somalia - 1969 coup d'etat. The stage was set for a coup d'état, but the event that precipitated the coup was unplanned. On October 15, 1969, a bodyguard killed president Shermaarke while prime minister Igaal was out of the country. (The assassin, a member of a lineage said to have been badly treated by the president, was subsequently tried and executed by the revolutionary government.) Igaal returned to Mogadishu to arrange for the selection of a new president by the National Assembly. His choice was ...

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History of Somalia, History of Somalia - Early History, History of Somalia - Colonial Era, History of Somalia - World War II, History of Somalia - Independence, History of Somalia - Siad Barre's regime, History of Somalia - 1969 coup d'etat, History of Somalia - Supreme Revolutionary Council, History of Somalia - Siad Barre and Scientific Socialism, History of Somalia - The Language and Literacy Issue, History of Somalia - Creation of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party, History of Somalia - Somalia 1980-90, History of Somalia - Entrenching Siad Barre's personal rule, History of Somalia - Repression, History of Somalia - Persecution of the Majeerteen, History of Somalia - Oppression of the Isaaq, History of Somalia - Harrying of the Hawiye, History of Somalia - Somali Civil War, History of Somalia - Recent history, History of Somalia - History in years

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The opening to the Persian Gulf was described, but not given a name, in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a 1st-century mariner's guide: Ch.35. At the upper end of these Calaei islands is a range of mountains called Calon, and there follows not far beyond, the mouth of the Persian Gulf, where there is much diving for the pearl-mussel. To the left of the straits are great mountains called Asabon, and to the right there rises in full view another round and high mountain called Semiramis; between them the passage across th ...

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Strait of Hormuz, Strait of Hormuz - Strategic position of the islands, Strait of Hormuz - Etymology, Strait of Hormuz - Air tragedy

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The earliest evidence of human habitation in the district are rock-cut caves and megalithic burial sites of the Neolithic age. The Thaliparamba-Kannur-Thalassery area abounds in rock-cut caves, dolmens, burial stone circles and menhirs, all of megalithic burial order. The district was part of the Chera kingdom, which ruled most of Kerala during the first several centuries CE. Later Kannur was the capital of the Kolattiri Rajas, whose kingdom had trading relations with Arabia and Persia during 12th century and 13th century. In his book of tra ...

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Kannur district, Kannur district - Origin of name, Kannur district - History, Kannur district - Indian Freedom movement, Kannur district - Payyannur Conference, Kannur district - Civil Disobedience Movement, Kannur district - Morazha Incident, Kannur district - Peasant struggles, Kannur district - Contemporary politics, Kannur district - Geography, Kannur district - Climate, Kannur district - Beaches, Kannur district - Economy, Kannur district - Industry, Kannur district - Divisions, Kannur district - Transport, Kannur district - Demography, Kannur district - Flora and fauna, Kannur district - Aralam wildlife, Kannur district - Education, Kannur district - Sports and Games, Kannur district - Landmarks, Kannur district - Snake Park, Kannur district - St. Angelo's Fort, Kannur district - Paithal Mala, Kannur district - Sree Ramaswami Temple, Kannur district - Trichambaram Temple, Kannur district - Rajarajeswara temple, Kannur district - Ezhimala, Kannur district - Madayi Mosque, Kannur district - Madayipara

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The archipelago consists of the mountainous main island of Socotra (3625 km² ) and three smaller islands known collectively as "the Brothers", Abd Al Kuri, Samha, Darsa, plus other uninhabitable rock outcrops. Abd Al Kuri and Samha have a population of a few hundred people between them; Darsa is uninhabited. The principal city is Hadiboh (estimated population in 2004, 43,000) The inhabitants of Socotra raise cattle and goats. The climate is generally tropical desert, with rainfall being light, seasonal (winter) and more abundant at the higher ground ...

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Socotra, Socotra - Geography and climate, Socotra - History

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The Forum Cuppedinis in ancient Rome was a market which offered general goods while at least four other large markets specialized in particular goods such as cattle, wine, fish and herbs and vegetables, and the Roman forum drew the bulk of the traffic. All new cities, like Timgad, were laid out according to an orthogonal grid plan which facilitated transportation and commerce. The cities were connected by good roads ...

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Roman commerce, Roman commerce - Negotiatores and Mercatores, Roman commerce - Commercial infrastructure, Roman commerce - Land routes, Roman commerce - Sea routes, Roman commerce - Standard weights and measures, Roman commerce - Commerce and Religion

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After World War II, while many European nations were granting independence to their colonies, Portugal's dictator António de Oliveira Salazar clung to the concept that Mozambique and other Portuguese possessions were overseas provinces of the mother country, and emigration to the colonies soared (Mozambique's Portuguese population was about 250,000 in 1975). The drive for Mozambican independence developed apace, and in 1962 several anti-colonial political groups formed the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), which initiated an armed campai ...

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History of Mozambique, History of Mozambique - Independence, History of Mozambique - Civil War, History of Mozambique - Democracy

Read more here: » History of Mozambique: Encyclopedia II - History of Mozambique - Independence

The precise location of the land of Punt has been a subject of debate. Ancient Egyptian texts are consistent about connecting the location of Punt with the Red Sea, narrowing the possibilities for Punt's geographic location. These records indicate Punt's location to be found south of Nubia, but exactly what modern territory it corresponds to is disputed. Historians generally agree on eastern Africa, possibly near what is now the coast of Sudan or Eritrea (as is suggested by archaeological eviden ...

See also:

Land of Punt, Land of Punt - History, Land of Punt - Punt's location, Land of Punt - Older literature

Read more here: » Land of Punt: Encyclopedia II - Land of Punt - Punt's location

The term Rakhine (pronounced Ra Khaing) derives from the Pali word Rakkhapura (Sanskrit Raksapura), meaning “Land of Ogres”, possibly a pejorative referring to the original Negrito inhabitants. On the other hand, from pali word "Rakkhapura" > "Rakkhita" meaning the land of the people of Rakhasa (Rakhasa > Rakkha > Rakkhaing > Rakhaing)who were titled this name in honour of preservation on their national heritage and ethics or morality (Sila ). Rakhapura is now internationally known as Arakan but it is sti ...

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Rakhine State, Rakhine State - Name, Rakhine State - Demographics, Rakhine State - Organization, Rakhine State - Economy, Rakhine State - History

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The sea was called the "Arabian Gulf" in most European sources up to the 20th century. This was derived from older Greek sources. Herodotus, Straban and Ptolemy all call the waterway "Arabicus Sinus", while reserving the term "Sea of Erythrias" (Red Sea) for the waters around the southern Arabian Peninsula, now known as Indian Ocean. The name of the sea does not indicate the colour of the water. It may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured cyanobacteria Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water surface. Some suggest tha ...

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Red Sea, Red Sea - Name, Red Sea - Physical properties, Red Sea - Tourism, Red Sea - Bordering countries, Red Sea - Towns and cities

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The earliest evidence of human habitation in the district are rock-cut caves and megalithic burial sites of the Neolithic age. The Taliparamba-Kannur-Thalassery area abounds in rock-cut caves, dolmens, burial stone circles and menhirs, all of megalithic burial order. The district was part of the Chera kingdom, which ruled most of Kerala during the first several centuries CE. Later Kannur was the capital of the Kolattiri Rajas, whose kingdom had trading relations with Arabia and Persia during 12th century and 13th century. In his book of trav ...

See also:

Kannur district, Kannur district - Origin of name, Kannur district - History, Kannur district - Indian Freedom movement, Kannur district - Payyannur Conference, Kannur district - Civil Disobedience Movement, Kannur district - Morazha Incident, Kannur district - Peasant struggles, Kannur district - Contemporary politics, Kannur district - Geography, Kannur district - Climate, Kannur district - Beaches, Kannur district - Economy, Kannur district - Industry, Kannur district - Divisions, Kannur district - Transport, Kannur district - Demography, Kannur district - Flora and fauna, Kannur district - Aralam wildlife, Kannur district - Education, Kannur district - Sports and Games, Kannur district - Landmarks, Kannur district - Snake Park, Kannur district - St. Angelo's Fort, Kannur district - Paithal Mala, Kannur district - Sree Ramaswami Temple, Kannur district - Trichambaram Temple, Kannur district - Muthappan Temple, Kannur district - Rajarajeswara temple, Kannur district - Ezhimala, Kannur district - Madayi Mosque, Kannur district - Madayipara

Read more here: » Kannur district: Encyclopedia II - Kannur district - History

Main article: History of Yemen The port's convenient position on the sea route between India and Europe has made Aden desirable to rulers who sought to possess it at various times throughout history. Known as Arabian Eudaemon in the 1st century BC, it was a transshipping point for the Red Sea trade, but fell on hard times when new shipping practices by-passed it and made the daring direct crossing to India in the 1st century AD, according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. See also:

Aden, Aden - History, Aden - British Rule, Aden - Little Aden 1955 to 1967, Aden - Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency, Aden - Independence

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Pliny the Elder is the earliest writer to mention Adulis (N.H. 6.34), who misunderstood the name of the place, and thought its name meant that it had been founded by escaped Egyptian slaves. It is mentioned by the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a guide of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, which describes it as an emporium for the ivory, hides, slaves and other exports of the interior. It may have previously been known as Ber ...

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Adulis, Adulis - History, Adulis - Archeological excavations, Adulis - Bibliography

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Pepper has been used as a spice in India since prehistoric times. It was probably first cultivated on the Malabar coast of India, in what is now the state of Kerala. The ancient history of black pepper is often interlinked with (and confused with) that of long pepper, the dried fruit of closely related Piper longum. The Romans knew of both and often referred to either as just "piper". In fact, it was not until the discovery of the New World and of chile peppers that the popularity of long pepper entirely declined. Chile peppers ...

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Black pepper, Black pepper - Varieties of pepper, Black pepper - The pepper plant, Black pepper - History, Black pepper - Ancient times, Black pepper - Postclassical Europe, Black pepper - China, Black pepper - Pepper as a medicine, Black pepper - Flavour, Black pepper - World trade, Black pepper - Notes

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The Medieval Cholas rose to prominence when King Vijayalaya defeated the Pallavas and captured Thanjavur. In the early 10th century King Paranthaka I defeated the Pandyan king Rajasimha and also invaded Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Though his son, Rajaditya, was defeated and killed by the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna III (c.949 CE), the setback proved only temporary. The Medieval Chola kings would go on to capture most of South India, Bengal, and some overseas territories in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Indonesia. Until the later 13th century, the Chola Em ...

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Cholas, Cholas - The Capital cities of the Cholas, Cholas - Legacy of the Medieval Cholas, Cholas - Early Cholas or Sangam Cholas, Cholas - Medieval Cholas, Cholas - Chola Navy, Cholas - List of Chola Kings, Cholas - Early Sangam Cholas, Cholas - Medeival Cholas, Cholas - Reference

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Just as Saints Peter and Paul are said to have brought the fledgling Christianity to Greece and Rome, Thomas is often said to have taken it eastwards. Thomas Apostle - Thomas and Syria. Thomas has a role in the legend of king Abgar of Edessa (Urfa), for having sent Thaddaeus to preach in Edessa after the Ascension (Eusebius, Historia ecclesiae 1.13; III.1; Ephrem the Syrian also recounts this legend.) In the 4th century the martyrium erected over his burial place brought pilgrims to Edessa. In the 3 ...

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Thomas Apostle, Thomas Apostle - Thomas in the Gospel of John, Thomas Apostle - Name and identity, Thomas Apostle - Twin and its renditions, Thomas Apostle - Other names, Thomas Apostle - Split identity, Thomas Apostle - Later history, Thomas Apostle - Thomas and Syria, Thomas Apostle - Thomas and India, Thomas Apostle - Writings attributed to Thomas, Thomas Apostle - Thomas and John

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G.W.B. Huntingford lists five proposed locations for Rhapta: Tanga, at the mouth of the Mkulumuzi and Sigi rivers Pangani, at the mouth of the Ruvu river Msasani, three miles north of Dar es Salaam — or Dar es Salaam itself Kisuyu Somewhere in the Rufiji River delta, opposite Mafia Island. Huntingford dismisses the first two as being too close to Zanzibar and Pemba islands (which he identifies with Menouthis, and follows the author of the Periplus in locating Menouthis n ...

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Rhapta, Rhapta - Location, Rhapta - Goods, Rhapta - Bibliography

Read more here: » Rhapta: Encyclopedia II - Rhapta - Location

Kodungallur was a critical trade link in Indian Ancient Maritime History. It was known as Muziris to Pliny the Elder (N.H. 6.26) who describes it as primum emporium Indiae. The port was familiar to the author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea which described it as being situated on river Pseudostomos (Greek for "false mouth" - a precise translation of the Malayalam description of the mouth of the Periyar, Alimukam) two miles from its mouth ^{See also:}

Kodungallur, Kodungallur - Ancient fame, Kodungallur - Flood of 1341AD, Kodungallur - Sights, Kodungallur - Various names

Read more here: » Kodungallur: Encyclopedia II - Kodungallur - Ancient fame