Periplus of the Erythraean Sea - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Adulis: Encyclopedia - Adulis
Adulis is an archeological site in Eritrea, about 30 miles south of Massawa. It was the port of the Kingdom of Aksum, located on the coas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aden: Encyclopedia - Aden
Aden (Arabic: عدن [ʿAdan]) is a city in Yemen, 105 miles (170 kilometers) East of Bab-el-Mandeb. It is a natural port, built on an o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Butter: Encyclopedia - Butter
Butter is a dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented cream or milk. It is an everyday food in many parts of the world. Butter co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Pepper: Encyclopedia - Black Pepper
Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kerala: Encyclopedia - Kerala
Kerala (Malayalam: കേരളം — Keralam) is a state on the southwestern coast of India. The state is located on the tropical Malab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kodungallur: Encyclopedia - Kodungallur
Cranganore (modern day Kodungallur) and known in ancient times as Shinkli, Muchiri (anglicised to Muziris), Muyirikkodu, Muchiripattinam ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thomas Apostle: Encyclopedia - Thomas Apostle
History of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth The Apostles Ecumenical councils Great Schism The Crusades Reformation The Trinity God the Fath...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom
The Indo-Greeks (or sometimes Greco-Indians) designate a series of Greek kings, who invaded and controlled parts of northwest and norther...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Daemon Mythology: Encyclopedia - Daemon Mythology
The words daemon and daimon, sometimes dæmon, are distinctively Hellenizing or Latinate spellings of δαιμων, used purposefully tod...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Red Sea: Encyclopedia - Red Sea
The Red Sea (Arabic البحر الأحمر Baḥr al-Aḥmar, al-Baḥru l-’Aḥmar; Hebrew ים סוף Yam Suf; Tigrigna ቀይሕ �...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cholas: Encyclopedia - Cholas
The Chola Empire rose to power in the 9th century in the Tamil speaking districts of Southern India. Although the Chola Dynasty existed s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dahlak Archipelago: Encyclopedia Ii - Dahlak Archipelago - History
G.W.B. Huntingford has identified a group of islands near Adulis called "Alalaiou" in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, which were a so...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - The Indo-greeks And Buddhism
Main article: Greco-Buddhism The Edicts of Ashoka, inscribed during the reign of the Indian emperor Ashoka (273-232 BCE), claim that the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Names Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - Names Of China - Sinitic Names
In modern China, the term Zhongguo is used to refer to all of China, including China proper, Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tib...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indian Ocean: Encyclopedia Ii - Indian Ocean - Environment
The African, Indian, and Antarctic crustal plates converge in the Indian Ocean. Their junctures are marked by branches of the Mid-Oceanic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Butter: Encyclopedia Ii - Butter - Types Of Butter
Before modern factory butter making, cream was usually collected from several milkings and was therefore several days old and somewhat fe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hecataeus: Encyclopedia Ii - Hecataeus - Scepticism
Hecataeus' work, especially the Genealogiai, shows a marked scepticism, opening with "Hecataeus of Miletus thus speaks: I write what I de...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Religion
In addition to the worship of the Classical pantheon of the Greek deities found on their coins (Zeus, Herakles, Athena, Apollo...), the I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ethiopia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ethiopia - The Period Of The Princes
This era was, on one hand, a religious conlict between settling Muslims and traditional Christians, between nationalities they represente...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Names Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - Names Of China - Other Names
Names used in the rest of Asia, especially East and Southeast Asia, are usually derived directly from words in a language of China learne...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hafun: Encyclopedia Ii - Hafun - Hafun In The Ancient World Opone
Ras Hafun is believed to be the location of the ancient trade center of "Opone". Opone was mentioned by an anonymous merchant in the 1st ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Land Of Punt: Encyclopedia Ii - Land Of Punt - Punt's Location
The precise location of the land of Punt has been a subject of debate. Ancient Egyptian texts are consistent about connecting the locatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kerala: Encyclopedia Ii - Kerala - History
Kerala - Ancient. Traditional Keralite legend proclaims that Parasurama, an avatar of Mahavishnu, threw his battle axes into the sea as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pondicherry: Encyclopedia Ii - Pondicherry - Independence From France
Right from the time India gained its independence from British rule in 1947, the issue of the French settlements was raised with the Gove...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Somalia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Somalia - Siad Barre's Regime
History of Somalia - 1969 coup d'etat. The stage was set for a coup d'état, but the event that precipitated the coup was unplanned. On...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Strait Of Hormuz: Encyclopedia Ii - Strait Of Hormuz - Etymology
The opening to the Persian Gulf was described, but not given a name, in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a 1st-century mariner's guide...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kannur District: Encyclopedia Ii - Kannur District - History
The earliest evidence of human habitation in the district are rock-cut caves and megalithic burial sites of the Neolithic age. The Thalip...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Socotra: Encyclopedia Ii - Socotra - Geography And Climate
The archipelago consists of the mountainous main island of Socotra (3625 km² ) and three smaller islands known collectively as "the Brot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Roman Commerce: Encyclopedia Ii - Roman Commerce - Commercial Infrastructure
The Forum Cuppedinis in ancient Rome was a market which offered general goods while at least four other large markets specialized in part...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Mozambique: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Mozambique - Independence
After World War II, while many European nations were granting independence to their colonies, Portugal's dictator António de Oliveira Sa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Land Of Punt: Encyclopedia Ii - Land Of Punt - Punt's Location
The precise location of the land of Punt has been a subject of debate. Ancient Egyptian texts are consistent about connecting the locatio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rakhine State: Encyclopedia Ii - Rakhine State - Name
The term Rakhine (pronounced Ra Khaing) derives from the Pali word Rakkhapura (Sanskrit Raksapura), meaning “Land of Ogres”, possibly...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Red Sea: Encyclopedia Ii - Red Sea - Name
The sea was called the "Arabian Gulf" in most European sources up to the 20th century. This was derived from older Greek sources. Herodot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kannur District: Encyclopedia Ii - Kannur District - History
The earliest evidence of human habitation in the district are rock-cut caves and megalithic burial sites of the Neolithic age. The Talipa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aden: Encyclopedia Ii - Aden - History
Main article: History of Yemen The port's convenient position on the sea route between India and Europe has made Aden desirable to rulers...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adulis: Encyclopedia Ii - Adulis - History
Pliny the Elder is the earliest writer to mention Adulis (N.H. 6.34), who misunderstood the name of the place, and thought its name meant...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Pepper: Encyclopedia Ii - Black Pepper - History
Pepper has been used as a spice in India since prehistoric times. It was probably first cultivated on the Malabar coast of India, in what...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cholas: Encyclopedia Ii - Cholas - Medieval Cholas
The Medieval Cholas rose to prominence when King Vijayalaya defeated the Pallavas and captured Thanjavur. In the early 10th century King ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thomas Apostle: Encyclopedia Ii - Thomas Apostle - Later History
Just as Saints Peter and Paul are said to have brought the fledgling Christianity to Greece and Rome, Thomas is often said to have taken ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rhapta: Encyclopedia Ii - Rhapta - Location
G.W.B. Huntingford lists five proposed locations for Rhapta: Tanga, at the mouth of the Mkulumuzi and Sigi rivers Pangani, at the mouth ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kodungallur: Encyclopedia Ii - Kodungallur - Ancient Fame
Kodungallur was a critical trade link in Indian Ancient Maritime History. It was known as Muziris to Pliny the Elder (N.H. 6.26) who desc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ethiopia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ethiopia - The Ethiopian Dark Ages
About 1000 (presumably c 960), a non-Christian princess, Judith, conceived the design of murdering all the members of the royal family, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kannur District: Encyclopedia Ii - Kannur District - Flora And Fauna
Kannur district is very rich in vegetation. Natural vegetation, except in some coastal regions, consists of different types of forests. B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kannur District: Encyclopedia Ii - Kannur District - Transport
The West Coast road from Mahe to Talapady is the backbone of the road system in Kannur district. This is part of the National Highway(NH)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kannur District: Encyclopedia Ii - Kannur District - Divisions
Kannur district came into existence as an administrative unit on January 1 1957, when the erstwhile Malabar District and Kasaragod taluk ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Strait Of Hormuz: Encyclopedia Ii - Strait Of Hormuz - Strategic Position Of The Islands
Near the north coast are a few Iranian (Persian) islands, which include, Kish, Qeshm, Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs. These is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kannur District: Encyclopedia Ii - Kannur District - Landmarks
Kannur district - Snake Park. Snake Park is a famous landmark in the district of Snake Park at Parassinikkadavu, en route from Kannur t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pondicherry: Encyclopedia Ii - Pondicherry - Government & Administration
Pondicherry is a Union Territory, not a separate State. A Union Territory (UT) has its own government but falls directly under the Centra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rhapta: Encyclopedia Ii - Rhapta - Goods
Which goods were traded at Rhapta is disputed. The Periplus only states that it was a source of ivory and tortoise shell. J. Innes Miller...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pondicherry: Encyclopedia Ii - Pondicherry - History
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, of the early 2nd century AD, mentions a marketplace named Poduke (ch. 60), which G.W.B. Huntingford i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rakhine State: Encyclopedia Ii - Rakhine State - Economy
Rakhine State receives much rain, so rice is the main crop, occupying around 85% of the total agricultural land. Coconut and nipa palm pl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rakhine State: Encyclopedia Ii - Rakhine State - Demographics
Ethnographers classify up to 11 ethnic groups (not including ethnic sub-groups) as “native” to Rakhine State. Rakhine and Bamar live ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kannur District: Encyclopedia Ii - Kannur District - Sports And Games
Many well-known personalities in the field of sports and games have adorned Kannur in their respective fields. The Englishmen of the Mili...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ethiopia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ethiopia - Portuguese Influence
Under the Solomonid dynasty, the chief provinces became Tigray (northern), Amhara (central) and Shewa (southern). The seat of government,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kannur District: Encyclopedia Ii - Kannur District - Education
In the 14th and 15th centuries, during the regime of the Kolathiri Rajas, Taliparamba was renowned all over Kerala as a seat of learning,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kannur District: Encyclopedia Ii - Kannur District - Geography
The district lies between latitudes 11° 40' to 12° 48' North and longitudes 74° 52' to 76° 07' East and covers an area of 2,996 km² ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Somalia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Somalia - Recent History
The various Somali militias have developed into security agencies for hire. Due to that development security has much improved and an eco...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Enduring Legacy Of The Indo-greek Kingdom
From the 1st century CE, the Greek communities of central Asia and northwestern India lived under the control of the Kushan branch of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Later History
Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories. After around 100 BCE, Indian kings recovered the area of Mathura and Eastern Punjab east of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Armed Forces
The coins of the Indo-Greeks provide rich clues on their uniforms and weapons. Typical Hellenistic uniforms are depicted, with helmets be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Somalia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Somalia - Early History
The original settlers of the Somali region were ethnic Cushites from the fertile lakes of southern Ethiopia. This group is sub-divided in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Somalia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Somalia - Colonial Era
Starting in 1875 the age of Imperialism in Europe transformed Somalia. Britain, France, and Italy all made territorial claims on the peni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Somalia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Somalia - Somali Civil War
In 1991, the northern portion of the country declared its independence as Somaliland; although de facto independent and relatively stable...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Somalia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Somalia - Independence
The freshly independent Somalis loved politics, every nomad had a radio to listen to political speeches, and remarkable for a Muslim coun...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Somalia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Somalia - World War Ii
Italian hegemony of Somalia was short-lived, because on the outset of WWII, Mussolini realized he would have to concentrate his resources...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Economy
Very little is known about the economy of the Indo-Greeks. The abundance of their coins would tend to suggest large mining operations, pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Art
Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art. Main article: Greco-Buddhist art In general, the art of the Indo-Greeks is poorly do...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Names Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - Names Of China - Official Names
Names of China - People's Republic of China. The official name of the People's Republic of China in various languages and scripts. Sim...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Names Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - Names Of China - Other Names
Names used in the rest of Asia, especially East and Southeast Asia, are usually derived directly from words in a language of China learne...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Somalia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Somalia - Somalia 1980-90
History of Somalia - Entrenching Siad Barre's personal rule. The Ogaden War of 1977-78 between Somalia and Ethiopia and the consequent ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ethiopia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ethiopia - Leaving The Medieval World
Under the Emperors Tewodros II (1855 - 1868), Yohannes IV (1872 - 1889), and Menelek II (1889 - 1913), the kingdom began to emerge from i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thomas Apostle: Encyclopedia Ii - Thomas Apostle - Thomas In The Gospel Of John
Saint Thomas appears in a few passages in the Gospel of John. John 11:16: Lazarus has just died, and the disciples are resisting Jesus' ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kannur District: Encyclopedia Ii - Kannur District - Origin Of Name
There are several myths and legends associated with Kannur. The name Kannur is said to have been derived from two Malayalam words 'Kannan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Somalia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Somalia - History In Years
east),(unoccupied until May 1893). 16 Mar 1905 :Italian Somalia (Italian Somaliland) colony (in the northeast and in the south). ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Culture
Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and it has been suggested that their invasion of India was intended to show their support...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-greek Kingdom - Early History
Local turmoil preceded the invasion of northern India undertaken by Demetrius, son of the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus, circa 180 BCE. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kannur District: Encyclopedia Ii - Kannur District - Economy
Majority of the population of the district are dependent directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihood. The main crops grown...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kannur District: Encyclopedia Ii - Kannur District - Landmarks
Kannur district - Snake Park. Snake Park is a famous landmark in the district of Snake Park at Parassinikkadavu, en route from Kannur t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kodungallur: Encyclopedia Ii - Kodungallur - Flood Of 1341ad
The flood of the river in 1341 AD resulted in the splitting of the river into two tributaries at Thottummukham. That silted up the natura...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Butter: Encyclopedia Ii - Butter - Butter Making
Unhomogenized milk and cream contain butterfat in the form of microscopic globules, each of which is surrounded by a membrane made of pho...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cholas: Encyclopedia Ii - Cholas - List Of Chola Kings
Cholas - Early Sangam Cholas. Veliyan Tittan (50 B.C.E- 25 B.C.E) Porvaikko-Perunarkilli (25 B.C.E-1 B.C.E) Mudittalaiko-Perunarkilli ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cholas: Encyclopedia Ii - Cholas - Chola Navy
The Cholas are attributed to be amongst the earliest kingdoms to posses a powerful navy that could threaten neighbouring countries. The f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Pepper: Encyclopedia Ii - Black Pepper - World Trade
Peppercorns are, by monetary value, the most widely traded spice in the world, accounting for 20 per cent of all spice imports in 2002. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cholas: Encyclopedia Ii - Cholas - Early Cholas Or Sangam Cholas
The early Cholas ruled between the 1st and the 4th centuries CE. The most famous king of the early Cholas was Karikalan (2nd century CE)....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Butter: Encyclopedia Ii - Butter - History
Since even accidental agitation can turn cream into butter, it is likely that the invention of butter goes back to the earliest days of d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Butter: Encyclopedia Ii - Butter - Worldwide
India produces and consumes more butter than any other nation, dedicating almost half of its annual milk production to making butter or g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ethiopia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ethiopia - Earliest History
Ethiopia has seen human habitation for longer than almost anywhere else in the world, with modern homo sapiens perhaps evolving there. Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ethiopia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ethiopia - The Axumite Kingdom
Main article: Kingdom of Aksum The first verifiable kingdom of great power to rise in Ethiopia was that of Axum in the first century CE. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hecataeus: Encyclopedia Ii - Hecataeus - Works
Some have credited Hecataeus with a work entitled Ges Periodos ("Travels round the Earth" or "World Survey'), in two books each organized...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Butter: Encyclopedia Ii - Butter - Health And Nutrition
According to USDA figures, one tablespoon of butter (14 grams) contains 100 calories, all from fat, 11 grams of fat, of wh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Butter: Encyclopedia Ii - Butter - Storage And Cooking
Normal butter softens to a spreadable consistency around 15 °C (60 °F), well above refrigerator temperatures. The "butter com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Pepper: Encyclopedia Ii - Black Pepper - Flavour
Pepper gets its spicy heat mostly from the piperine compound, which is found both in the outer fruit and in the seed. Refined piperine, m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Pepper: Encyclopedia Ii - Black Pepper - The Pepper Plant
The pepper plant is a perennial woody vine growing to four metres in height on supporting trees, poles, or trellises. It is a spreading v...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kerala: Encyclopedia Ii - Kerala - Festivals
Keralites celebrate Onam, Eid-ul-Fitr, Christmas, Easter, Deepavali,Bakrid and Vishu. Kerala - Onam. Onam, associated with the legend o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Red Sea: Encyclopedia Ii - Red Sea - Physical Properties
Surface water temperatures remain relatively constant at 21-25°C and temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m, but the sea...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thomas Apostle: Encyclopedia Ii - Thomas Apostle - Name And Identity
There has been, and continues to be, disagreement and uncertainty as to the identity of Saint Thomas. Thomas Apostle - Twin and its rend...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Black Pepper: Encyclopedia Ii - Black Pepper - Varieties Of Pepper
Black pepper is produced from the still-green unripe berries of the pepper plant. The berries are cooked briefly in hot water, both to cl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thomas Apostle: Encyclopedia Ii - Thomas Apostle - Thomas In The Gospel Of John
Saint Thomas appears in a few passages in the Gospel of John. John 11:18: Lazarus has just died, and the disciples are resisting Jesus' ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Adulis: Encyclopedia Ii - Adulis - Archeological Excavations
Adulis was one of the first Axumite sites to undergo excavation, when a French mission to Ethiopia under Vignaud and Petit performed an i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Red Sea: Encyclopedia Ii - Red Sea - Tourism
The sea is known for its spectacular dive sites such as Ras Mohammed, SS Thistlegorm (ship wreck), Elphinstone, The Brothers and Rocky Is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ethiopia: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ethiopia - The Ethiopian Dark Ages
About 1000, a non-Christian princess, Judith, conceived the design of murdering all the members of the royal family, and of establishing ...   » Read the article