Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

Adulis is an archeological site in Eritrea, about 30 miles south of Massawa. It was the port of the Kingdom of Aksum, located on the coast of the Red Sea. Adulis - History. Pliny the Elder is the earliest writer to mention Adulis (N.H. 6.34), who misunderstood the name of the place, and thought its name meant that it had been founded by escaped Egyptian slaves. It is mentioned by the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a guide of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, which describes it as an emporium ...

Including:

• Adulis - History
• Adulis - Archeological excavations
• Adulis - Bibliography

Read more here: » Adulis: Encyclopedia - Adulis

Aden (Arabic: عدن [ʿAdan]) is a city in Yemen, 105 miles (170 kilometers) East of Bab-el-Mandeb. It is a natural port, built on an old volcanic peninsula and first used by the ancient Kingdom of Awsan between the 5th and 7th centuries BC. Aden has a population of about 590,000[1] and is located at 12.779444° N 45.03667° E. Aden consists of a number of small towns: the port city, the industrial city known as Little Aden with its large oil refinery, and Madinat ash-Sha'b, ...

Including:

• Aden - History
• Aden - British Rule
• Aden - Little Aden 1955 to 1967
• Aden - Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency
• Aden - Independence

Read more here: » Aden: Encyclopedia - Aden

Butter is a dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented cream or milk. It is an everyday food in many parts of the world. Butter consists of butterfat surrounding miniscule droplets consisting mostly of water and milk proteins. Butter from cow's milk is most common, but butter is made from the milk of other mammals as well, including sheep, goats, buffalo, and yaks. Salt, flavorings, or preservatives are sometimes added. Butter is used as a condiment and in cooking applications including baking, sauce making, and frying. Butter can be rendered to produce clarified butter or ...

Including:

• Butter - Butter making
• Butter - Types of butter
• Butter - History
• Butter - Worldwide
• Butter - Storage and cooking
• Butter - Health and nutrition
• Butter - Notes

Read more here: » Butter: Encyclopedia - Butter

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. The same fruit is also used to produce white pepper and green pepper.[1] Black pepper is native to South India and is extensively cultivated there and elsewhere in tropical regions. The fruit, known as a peppercorn when dried, is a small drupe five millimetres in diameter, da ...

Including:

• Black pepper - Varieties of pepper
• Black pepper - The pepper plant
• Black pepper - History
• Black pepper - Ancient times
• Black pepper - Postclassical Europe
• Black pepper - China
• Black pepper - Pepper as a medicine
• Black pepper - Flavour
• Black pepper - World trade
• Black pepper - Notes

Read more here: » Black pepper: Encyclopedia - Black pepper

Kerala (Malayalam: കേരളം — Keralam) is a state on the southwestern coast of India. The state is located on the tropical Malabar Coast and borders Tamil Nadu to the east and Karnataka to the northeast. Kerala has a population of some 3.18 crore people;[1] with 819 persons per km2, it is among India's most densely populated regions.[2] Kerala is also known for being the most literate state in India, with a literacy rate of 89.8%.^Including:

• Kerala - History
• Kerala - Ancient
• Kerala - Overseas contact
• Kerala - Colonial
• Kerala - Modern post-colonial
• Kerala - Geography
• Kerala - Administration
• Kerala - Politics
• Kerala - Arts
• Kerala - Society and social development
• Kerala - Demographics
• Kerala - Social development
• Kerala - Malayalam calendar
• Kerala - Festivals
• Kerala - Onam
• Kerala - Eid-ul-Fitr
• Kerala - Christmas
• Kerala - Deepavali
• Kerala - Bakr-id
• Kerala - Vishu
• Kerala - Economy
• Kerala - Tourism
• Kerala - Road network
• Kerala - Trivia
• Kerala - Related topics
• Kerala - Notes

Read more here: » Kerala: Encyclopedia - Kerala

Cranganore (modern day Kodungallur) and known in ancient times as Shinkli, Muchiri (anglicised to Muziris), Muyirikkodu, Muchiripattinam was a famous and prosperous sea-port at the mouth of the Periyar (also known as Choorni Nadi) river in the southern Indian state of Kerala. It is located about 38 km from the present day city of Kochi at 10°13′N 76°13′E. The name Muchiri (Malayalam for broken lips) denotes the three branches of the Periyar river that open into the Arabian Sea at the town. Kodu ...

Including:

• Kodungallur - Ancient fame
• Kodungallur - Flood of 1341AD
• Kodungallur - Sights
• Kodungallur - Various names

Read more here: » Kodungallur: Encyclopedia - Kodungallur

History of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth The Apostles Ecumenical councils Great Schism The Crusades Reformation The Trinity God the Father Christ the Son The Holy Spirit The Bible Old Testament New Testament Apocrypha The Gospels Ten Commandments Sermon on the Mount Christian theology Salvation · Grace Christian worship Christian Church Catholicism Orthodox Christianity Protestantism Christian denominations
Including:

• Thomas Apostle - Thomas in the Gospel of John
• Thomas Apostle - Name and identity
• Thomas Apostle - Twin and its renditions
• Thomas Apostle - Other names
• Thomas Apostle - Split identity
• Thomas Apostle - Later history
• Thomas Apostle - Thomas and Syria
• Thomas Apostle - Thomas and India
• Thomas Apostle - Writings attributed to Thomas
• Thomas Apostle - Thomas and John

Read more here: » Thomas Apostle: Encyclopedia - Thomas Apostle

The Indo-Greeks (or sometimes Greco-Indians) designate a series of Greek kings, who invaded and controlled parts of northwest and northern India from 180 BCE to around 10 CE. They were the successors in India of the Greco-Bactrian dynasty of Greek kings (the Euthydemids) founded by the military governor Diodotus around 250 BCE when he established the independence of his Bactrian territory from the Seleucid Empire. During the two centuries of their rule, the Indo-Greek kings combined the Greek and Indian languages and sym ...

Including:

• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Historical outline
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Occupation of Northern India
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Indian culture
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Buddhism
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - The conversion of Menander
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhist proselytism
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhist symbolism
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Representation of the Buddha
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and other faiths
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Scythian and Kushan invasions
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Aftermaths
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Main Indo-Greek kings timeline and territories
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greek princelets Gandhara
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes

Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia - Indo-Greek Kingdom

The words daemon and daimon, sometimes dæmon, are distinctively Hellenizing or Latinate spellings of δαιμων, used purposefully today to distinguish the daemons of Greek mythology, good or malevolent "supernatural beings between mortals and gods, such as inferior divinities and ghosts of dead heroes", from the Judeo-Christian usage demon, "a malignant spirit that can possess humans". The Greek translation of the Septuagint, made for the Greek-speaking Jews of Alexandria, and the usage of daimon in the ...

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The Red Sea (Arabic البحر الأحمر Baḥr al-Aḥmar, al-Baḥru l-’Aḥmar; Hebrew ים סוף Yam Suf; Tigrigna ቀይሕ ባሕሪ QeyH baHri) is a gulf or basin of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb sound and the Gulf of Aden. In the north is the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The sea is roughly 1900 km long and at its widest is over 300 km. The sea ...

Including:

• Red Sea - Name
• Red Sea - Physical properties
• Red Sea - Tourism
• Red Sea - Bordering countries
• Red Sea - Towns and cities

Read more here: » Red Sea: Encyclopedia - Red Sea

The Chola Empire rose to power in the 9th century in the Tamil speaking districts of Southern India. Although the Chola Dynasty existed since at least 100 BCE., it was during the 9th Century CE that it began its rise into a major world power. Under Rajaraja Chola (Rajaraja The Great) and his son Rajendra Chola, the Cholas rose as a notable military, economic and cultural power in Asia. The Chola Empire stretched from southern Maldives as far north as the Himalaya Mountains and West Bengal in North India. Rajaraja Chola conquered penin ...

Including:

• Cholas - The Capital cities of the Cholas
• Cholas - Legacy of the Medieval Cholas
• Cholas - Early Cholas or Sangam Cholas
• Cholas - Medieval Cholas
• Cholas - Chola Navy
• Cholas - List of Chola Kings
• Cholas - Early Sangam Cholas
• Cholas - Medeival Cholas
• Cholas - Reference

Read more here: » Cholas: Encyclopedia - Cholas

G.W.B. Huntingford has identified a group of islands near Adulis called "Alalaiou" in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, which were a source of tortoise shell, with the Dahlak archipelago. According to Edward Ullendorff, the Dahlak islanders were amongst the first in East Africa to convert to Islam, and a number of tombstones in Kufic writing attest to this early connection. In the 7th century an independent Muslim state emerged in the archipleago, but it was subsequently conquered by Yemen, then later by the Emperor of Ethiopia, and about 1559 by the Ottoman Turks, who placed the is ...

See also:

Dahlak Archipelago, Dahlak Archipelago - History, Dahlak Archipelago - External link

Read more here: » Dahlak Archipelago: Encyclopedia II - Dahlak Archipelago - History

Main article: Greco-Buddhism The Edicts of Ashoka, inscribed during the reign of the Indian emperor Ashoka (273-232 BCE), claim that the Greek populations of the northwestern Indian subcontinent (in today's Afghanistan and ancient Gandhara) had already welcomed Buddhism by around 250 BCE: "Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions ...

See also:

Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Historical outline, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Occupation of Northern India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Indian culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The conversion of Menander, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhist proselytism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhist symbolism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Representation of the Buddha, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and other faiths, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Scythian and Kushan invasions, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Aftermaths, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Main Indo-Greek kings timeline and territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greek princelets Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes

Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Buddhism

In modern China, the term Zhongguo is used to refer to all of China, including China proper, Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet. By contrast, Han refers to the Han Chinese ethnic group, who are mostly concentrated in China proper, Manchuria, and only parts of the other three regions. There is no general Chinese term for just China proper, or just the territories inhabited by Han Chinese. Zhonghua is a more literary term used synonymously with Zhongguo; it appears in the official names of both th ...

See also:

Names of China, Names of China - Sinitic names, Names of China - Zhongguo, Names of China - Zhonghua, Names of China - Han, Names of China - Tang, Names of China - Huaxia, Names of China - Tianxia, Names of China - Jiuzhou, Names of China - Chixian Shenzhou, Names of China - Sihai, Names of China - Other names, Names of China - Chin, Names of China - Sin, Names of China - Ser, Names of China - Cathay, Names of China - Tabgach, Names of China - Nikan, Names of China - Rgya nag, Names of China - Mangi, Names of China - Official Names, Names of China - People's Republic of China, Names of China - Republic of China

Read more here: » Names of China: Encyclopedia II - Names of China - Sinitic names

The African, Indian, and Antarctic crustal plates converge in the Indian Ocean. Their junctures are marked by branches of the Mid-Oceanic Ridge forming an inverted Y, with the stem running south from the edge of the continental shelf near Mumbai, India. The eastern, western, and southern basins thus formed are subdivided into smaller basins by ridges. The ocean's continental shelves are narrow, averaging 200 km (125 mi) in width. An exception is found off Australia's western coast, where the shelf width exceeds 1,000 km (600 mi). The average ...

See also:

Indian Ocean, Indian Ocean - Environment, Indian Ocean - Climate, Indian Ocean - Hydrology, Indian Ocean - Economy, Indian Ocean - History, Indian Ocean - Data

Read more here: » Indian Ocean: Encyclopedia II - Indian Ocean - Environment

Before modern factory butter making, cream was usually collected from several milkings and was therefore several days old and somewhat fermented by the time it was made into butter. Butter made from a fermented cream is known as cultured butter. During fermentation, the cream naturally sours as bacteria convert milk sugars into lactic acid. The fermentation produces additional aroma compounds, including diacetyl, which makes for a fuller-flavored and more "buttery" tasting product.^{See also:}

Butter, Butter - Butter making, Butter - Types of butter, Butter - History, Butter - Worldwide, Butter - Storage and cooking, Butter - Health and nutrition, Butter - Notes

Read more here: » Butter: Encyclopedia II - Butter - Types of butter

Hecataeus' work, especially the Genealogiai, shows a marked scepticism, opening with "Hecataeus of Miletus thus speaks: I write what I deem true; for the stories of the Greeks are manifold and seem to me ridiculous."1 Unlike his contemporary Xenophanes, he did not criticize the myths on their own terms; his disbelief rather stems from his broad exposure to the many contradictory my ...

See also:

Hecataeus, Hecataeus - Works, Hecataeus - Scepticism, Hecataeus - Notes

Read more here: » Hecataeus: Encyclopedia II - Hecataeus - Scepticism

In addition to the worship of the Classical pantheon of the Greek deities found on their coins (Zeus, Herakles, Athena, Apollo...), the Indo-Greeks were involved with local faiths, particularly with Buddhism, but also with Hinduism and Zoroastrianism. Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism. Main article: Greco-Buddhism The Edicts of Ashoka, inscribed during the reign of the Indian emperor Ashoka (273-232 BCE), claim that the Greek populations of the northwestern Indian subcontinent (in today's Afghani ...

See also:

Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Early History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Evidence of the initial invasion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation and rise of Menander I, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Bactrian invasions against Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Economy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Armed forces, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Later History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Enduring legacy of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - List of the Indo-Greek kings and their territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes

Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion

This era was, on one hand, a religious conlict between settling Muslims and traditional Christians, between nationalities they represented, and on the other hand between feudal lords on power over the central government. Two phases can be distinguished: 1706-69 and 1769-1855. Some historians date the murder of Iyasu I, and the resultant decline in the prestige of the dynasty, as the beginning of the Ethiopian Zemene Mesafint or "Era of the Princes" (a time of disorder when the po ...

See also:

History of Ethiopia, History of Ethiopia - Earliest History, History of Ethiopia - The Axumite Kingdom, History of Ethiopia - The Ethiopian Dark Ages, History of Ethiopia - Portuguese Influence, History of Ethiopia - The Period of the Princes, History of Ethiopia - Leaving the Medieval World, History of Ethiopia - Interactions with European Colonial Powers, History of Ethiopia - Modern History, History of Ethiopia - Additional Reading, History of Ethiopia - Notes

Read more here: » History of Ethiopia: Encyclopedia II - History of Ethiopia - The Period of the Princes

Names used in the rest of Asia, especially East and Southeast Asia, are usually derived directly from words in a language of China learned through the land-route. Those languages belonging to a former dependency (tributary) or Chinese-influenced country have a pronunciation especially similar pronunciation to that of Chinese. Those used in European languages, however, have indirect names that came via the sea-route and bear little resemblance to what is used in China. < ...

See also:

Names of China, Names of China - Sinitic names, Names of China - Zhongguo, Names of China - Zhonghua, Names of China - Han, Names of China - Tang, Names of China - Huaxia, Names of China - Tianxia, Names of China - Jiuzhou, Names of China - Chixian Shenzhou, Names of China - Sihai, Names of China - Other names, Names of China - Chin, Names of China - Sin, Names of China - Ser, Names of China - Cathay, Names of China - Tabgach, Names of China - Nikan, Names of China - Rgya nag, Names of China - Mangi

Read more here: » Names of China: Encyclopedia II - Names of China - Other names