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Basal Ganglia: Encyclopedia Ii - Basal Ganglia - Anatomical Subdivisions
The five individual nuclei that make up the primate basal ganglia are the striatum, external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), intern...
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Bullfrog: Encyclopedia - Bullfrog
The American Bull Frog (Rana catesbeiana) is an amphibian, a member of the family Ranidae, or "true frogs". This frog is found in ponds, ...
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Autoimmune Diseases: Encyclopedia - Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In ...
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Anticholinergic: Encyclopedia - Anticholinergic
An anticholinergic agent is a member of a class of pharmaceutical compounds which serve to reduce the effects mediated by acetylcholine i...
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Autonomic Nervous System: Encyclopedia - Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system of the higher life forms that is not consciously controlled. It is commonl...
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Basal Ganglia: Encyclopedia - Basal Ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei in the brain associated with motor and learning functions. However, there is no single definitive...
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Brain Healing: Encyclopedia - Brain Healing
Brain healing is the process that goes inside the skull that after the brain has been damaged. When parts of the brain are damaged, for i...
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Biological Tissue: Encyclopedia - Biological Tissue
Biological tissue is a substance made up of cells that perform a similar function.
The study of tissues is known as histology, or, in con...
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Neurosurgery: Encyclopedia - Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery is the surgical discipline focused on treating those central and peripheral nervous system diseases amenable to mechanical i...
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Afferent Nerve: Encyclopedia - Afferent Nerve
In the nervous system, afferent nerves carry nerve impulses towards the brain. This term is also used to describe relative connections be...
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Awareness: Encyclopedia - Awareness
In biological psychology, awareness describes an animal's perception and cognitive reaction to a condition or event. Awareness does not n...
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Nervous System: Encyclopedia - Nervous System
The nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and processes input from the sen...
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Central Nervous System: Encyclopedia - Central Nervous System
The central nervous system (CNS) represents the largest part of the nervous system. Together with the peripheral nervous system, it has a...
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Cholinergic: Encyclopedia - Cholinergic
A synapse is cholinergic if it uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter. The parasympathetic nervous system is entirely cholinergic.
A ...
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Acetylcholine: Encyclopedia - Acetylcholine
The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. It is a chemical transmit...
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Glial Cell: Encyclopedia Ii - Glial Cell - Types Of Glia
Glial cell - Microglia.
Microglia are specialized macrophages capable of phagocytosis that protect neurons of the CNS. Though not techn...
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Neuroscience: Encyclopedia Ii - Neuroscience - Fields Within Neuroscience
There are many areas of study within neuroscience including:
Molecular and cellular neuroscience: These two fields integrate neurobiolog...
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Spinal Cord: Encyclopedia Ii - Spinal Cord - Anatomy
The spinal cord originates inside the brain at the inferior end of the medulla oblongata, exiting the skull via the foramen magnum. It is...
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List Of Regions In The Human Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Regions In The Human Brain - Brain Neural Tube
List of regions in the human brain - Rhombencephalon hindbrain.
medulla oblongata
medullary pyramids
pons
fourth ventricle
cere...
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Rabies: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabies - Prevalence
Between 40,000 and 70,000 human beings die annually from rabies, with about 90% of those cases occurring in Asia. About 6 million people ...
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Neuron: Encyclopedia Ii - Neuron - Anatomy And Histology
Many highly specialized types of neurons exist, and these differ widely in appearance. Neurons have cellular extensions known as processe...
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Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Neural Network - Neural Networks And Artificial Intelligence
Main article: Artificial Neural Network
Neural network - Background.
Neural network models in artificial intelligence are usually refer...
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Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor - Structure
Nicotinic receptors, with a molecular weight of about 280 kDa, are made up of five receptor subunits, arranged symmetrically around the c...
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Neurology: Encyclopedia Ii - Neurology - Field Of Work
Neurological disorders are disorders that affect the central nervous system (brain, brainstem and cerebellum), the peripheral nervous sys...
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Optic Nerve: Encyclopedia Ii - Optic Nerve - Anatomy
The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves but is considered to be part of the central nervous system as it is derived...
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Peripheral Neuropathy: Encyclopedia Ii - Peripheral Neuropathy - Types
Peripheral neuropathies may either be symmetrical and generalized or focal and multifocal, which is usually a good indicator of the cause...
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H₃ Receptor: Encyclopedia Ii - H₃ Receptor - Pharmacology
Like all histamine receptors the H3 receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor. The H3 receptor is coupled to the Gi G-protein, so it leads...
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Local Anesthesia: Encyclopedia Ii - Local Anesthesia - Techniques
To achieve conduction anesthesia a local anesthetic is injected or applied to a body surface. The local anesthetic then diffuses into ner...
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Autoimmune Diseases: Encyclopedia Ii - Autoimmune Diseases - Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune diseases - Accepted.
Diseases with a complete or partial autoimmune etiology:
Crohn's disease is a form of inflammatory bow...
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Lipid Storage Disorder: Encyclopedia Ii - Lipid Storage Disorder - Types
Lipid storage disorder - Gaucher disease E75.22.
Gaucher disease is the most common of the lipid storage diseases. It is caused by a de...
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Neurokinin 1: Encyclopedia Ii - Neurokinin 1 - General Information
Neurokinin 1 is a G protein coupled receptor found in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The endogenous ligand for...
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Hebbian Learning: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebbian Learning - Hebbian Learning In Artificial Intelligence Research
From the point of view of artificial neurons and artificial neural networks, Hebb's principle can be described as a method of determining...
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Autoimmune Diseases: Encyclopedia Ii - Autoimmune Diseases - Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune diseases - Accepted.
Diseases with a complete or partial autoimmune etiology:
Crohn's disease is a form of inflammatory bow...
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Guillain-barré Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Guillain-barré Syndrome - Overview
The pathologic hallmark of the disease is loss of myelin in peripheral nerves due to an acute and progressive inflammation of unknown cau...
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Neurosurgery: Encyclopedia Ii - Neurosurgery - Training
In the U.S., neurosurgeons undergo a rigorous training program, known as a residency, consisting of 5-6 years of postgraduate study in ne...
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Central Nervous System: Encyclopedia Ii - Central Nervous System - Parts Of The Cns
Pons, Cerebellum, Medulla oblongata
Tectum, Cerebral peduncle, Pretectum, Mesencephalic duct
Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthal...
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Mucopolysaccharidosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Mucopolysaccharidosis - Types
Sevendistinct clinical types and numerous subtypes of the mucopolysaccharidoses have been identified. Although each mucopolysaccharidosis...
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Glial Cell: Encyclopedia Ii - Glial Cell - Types Of Glia
Glial cell - Microglia.
Microglia are specialized macrophages capable of phagocytosis that protect neurons of the CNS. Though not techn...
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Neurulation: Encyclopedia Ii - Neurulation - Development
Different portions of the neural tube form by two different processes, called primary and secondary neurulation, in different species. In...
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Human Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Brain - Study Of The Brain
Although folklore about putatively 90% dormant human brain has proven scientifically unfounded, researchers until the mid 1990s focused o...
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Acetylcholine: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetylcholine - Chemistry
Acetylcholine is an ester of acetic acid and choline with chemical formula CH3COOCH2CH2N+(CH3)3 and structure:
This structure is reflect...
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Nervous System: Encyclopedia Ii - Nervous System - Vertebrate Nervous Systems
The nervous systems of vertebrate animals are often divided into a central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). ...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 1. Infectious And Parasitic Diseases 001-139
List of ICD-9 codes - Intestinal infectious diseases 001-009.
(001) Cholera
(002) Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers
(003) Other Salmonell...
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Icd-10 Chapter P: Certain Conditions Originating In The Perinatal Period: Encyclopedia Ii - Icd-10 Chapter P: Certain Conditions Originating In The Perinatal Period - P00-p96 - Certain Conditions Originating In The Perinatal Period
ICD-10 Chapter P: Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period - P00-P04 Fetus and newborn affected by maternal factors and by...
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Icd-10 Chapter G: Diseases Of The Nervous System: Encyclopedia Ii - Icd-10 Chapter G: Diseases Of The Nervous System - G00-g99 - Diseases Of The Nervous System
ICD-10 Chapter G: Diseases of the nervous system - G00-G09 Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system.
(G00) Bacterial mening...
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Optic Nerve: Encyclopedia Ii - Optic Nerve - Anatomy
The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves but is considered to be part of the central nervous system as it is derived...
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Icd-10 Chapter R: Symptoms Signs And Abnormal Clinical And Laboratory Findings: Encyclopedia Ii - Icd-10 Chapter R: Symptoms Signs And Abnormal Clinical And Laboratory Findings - R00-r69 - Symptoms And Signs
ICD-10 Chapter R: Symptoms signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings - R00-R09 Circulatory and respiratory systems.
(R00) Ab...
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Anticholinergic: Encyclopedia Ii - Anticholinergic - Effects
When a significant amount of anticholinergic is taken into the body, a toxidrome known as acute anticholinergic syndrome may result. This...
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Neuron: Encyclopedia Ii - Neuron - Anatomy And Histology
Many highly-specialized types of neurons exist, and these differ widely in appearance. Neurons have cellular extensions known as processe...
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Autonomic Nervous System: Encyclopedia Ii - Autonomic Nervous System - The Cranial Sympathetics
The cranial sympathetics include sympathetic efferent fibers in the oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves, as well as sym...
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Optic Nerve: Encyclopedia Ii - Optic Nerve - Physiology
The optic nerve contains 1.2 million nerve fibers. This number is low compared to the roughly 130 million receptors in the retina, and im...
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Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: Encyclopedia Ii - Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor - Opening The Channel
Nicotinic AChRs may exist in different interconvertible conformational states. Binding of nicotine stabilizes the open and desensitied st...
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Peripheral Neuropathy: Encyclopedia Ii - Peripheral Neuropathy - Signs And Symptoms
Those with diseases or dysfunctions of their peripheral nerves can present with problems in any of the normal peripheral nerve functions....
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Mucopolysaccharidosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Mucopolysaccharidosis - Features
The mucopolysaccharidoses share many clinical features but have varying degrees of severity. These features may not be apparent at birth ...
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Rabies: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabies - The Virus
The Rabies virus is a Lyssavirus. This genus of RNA viruses also includes the Aravan virus, Australian bat lyssavirus, Duvenhage virus, E...
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Rabies: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabies - Prevention
There is no known cure for symptomatic rabies, but it can be prevented by vaccination, both in humans and other animals. Virtually every ...
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Rabies: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabies - Recently Publicised Cases
Rabies - Transmission by animal bites.
Several recently publicised cases have stemmed from bats, which are known to be a vector for rab...
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Rabies: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabies - Transport Of Pet Animals Between Countries
Rabies is endemic to many parts of the world, and one of the reasons given for quarantine periods in international animal transport has b...
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Rabies: Encyclopedia Ii - Rabies - Transmission And Symptoms
The stereotypical image of an infected ("rabid") animal is a "mad dog" foaming at the mouth, but cats, ferrets, raccoons, skunks, foxes a...
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Icd-10 Chapter R: Symptoms Signs And Abnormal Clinical And Laboratory Findings: Encyclopedia Ii - Icd-10 Chapter R: Symptoms Signs And Abnormal Clinical And Laboratory Findings - R70-r99 - Abnormal Clinical And Laboratory Findings Not Elsewhere Classified
ICD-10 Chapter R: Symptoms signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings - R70-R79 On examination of blood without diagnosis.
(R...
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H₃ Receptor: Encyclopedia Ii - H₃ Receptor - H3 Receptors Agonists And Antagonists
H₃ receptor - H3-receptor Agonists.
Currently no therapeutic products selective for H3 receptors. Some, though not totally selective,...
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Lipid Storage Disorder: Encyclopedia Ii - Lipid Storage Disorder - Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made through clinical examination, biopsy, genetic testing, molecular analysis of cells or tissue to identify inherited meta...
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Lipid Storage Disorder: Encyclopedia Ii - Lipid Storage Disorder - Lipids
Lipids are fat-like substances that are important parts of the membranes found within and between each cell and in the myelin sheath that...
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Mucopolysaccharidosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Mucopolysaccharidosis - Treatment
Currently there is no cure for these disorders. Medical care is directed at treating systemic conditions and improving the person's quali...
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Neuron: Encyclopedia Ii - Neuron - Histology And Internal Structure
Nerve cell bodies stained with basophilic dyes will show numerous microscopic clumps of Nissl substance (named after German psychiatrist ...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 4. Diseases Of The Blood And Blood-forming Organs 280-289
List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs 280-289.
(280) Iron deficiency anemias
(280.0) Iron deficiency a...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 3. Endocrine Nutritional And Metabolic Diseases And Immunity Disorders 240-279
List of ICD-9 codes - disorders of thyroid gland 240-246.
(240) Simple and unspecified goiter
(240.9) Goiter, unspec.
(241) Nontoxi...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 2. Neoplasms 140-239
Excellent overview here of primary/secondary/in situ/benign
List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of lip oral cavity and pharynx 140-...
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Human Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Brain - Comparison Of The Brain And A Computer
In the public consciousness, much interest has been focused on comparing the brain with computers. A variety of obvious analogies exist -...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 5. Mental Disorders 290-319
List of ICD-9 codes - psychoses 290-299.
List of ICD-9 codes - organic psychotic conditions 290-294.
(290) Senile and presenile orga...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 6. Diseases Of The Nervous System And Sense Organs 320-389
List of ICD-9 codes - inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system 320-326.
(320) Bacterial meningitis
(320.0) Meningitis, hem...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 9. Diseases Of The Digestive System 520-579
List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of oral cavity salivary glands and jaws 520-529.
(520) Disorders of tooth development and eruption
(521...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 8. Diseases Of The Respiratory System 460-519
List of ICD-9 codes - acute respiratory infections 460-466.
(460) Acute nasopharyngitis (common cold)
(461) Acute sinusitis
(461.0) S...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 7. Diseases Of The Circulatory System 390-459
List of ICD-9 codes - acute rheumatic fever 390-392.
(390) Rheumatic fever without mention of heart involvement
(391) Rheumatic fever ...
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Human Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Brain - Function
The human brain is the seat of the human mind - the set of cognitive processes related to perception, interpretation, imagination and mem...
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Human Brain: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Brain - Anatomy
The normal adult human brain typically weighs between 1 and 1.5 kg (three pounds) and has an average volume of 1,600 cm³ (98 in³). The ...
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Basal Ganglia: Encyclopedia Ii - Basal Ganglia - Connections
Classically, these nuclei were considered to be connected as shown (left). The striatum is the primary (but not exclusive) input zone for...
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Basal Ganglia: Encyclopedia Ii - Basal Ganglia - Evolution And Naming
"Basal ganglia"-like areas are observed in the central nervous systems of many species. The striatal and pallidal components can be clear...
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Autonomic Nervous System: Encyclopedia Ii - Autonomic Nervous System - Function
The autonomic nervous system regulates bodily functions and the activity of specific organs. For example, the ANS plays a role in narrowi...
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Acetylcholine: Encyclopedia Ii - Acetylcholine - Pharmacology
Acetylcholine is sometimes used during cataract surgery to produce rapid constriction of the pupil. It must be administered intraocularly...
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Neurosurgery: Encyclopedia Ii - Neurosurgery - Conditions
Neurosurgical conditions include primarily brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerve disorders.
Conditions treated by neurosurgeons include...
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Glial Cell: Encyclopedia Ii - Glial Cell - Function
Some glia function primarily as physical support for neurons. Others regulate the internal environment of the brain, especially the fluid...
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Guillain-barré Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Guillain-barré Syndrome - Treatment
Supportive care with monitoring of all vital functions is the cornerstone of successful management. Because the immune mechanisms play a ...
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Guillain-barré Syndrome: Encyclopedia Ii - Guillain-barré Syndrome - Signs And Symptoms
Extensive damage of myelin causes disturbances in peripheral nerve functions, which can be classified as motor (affecting the muscle), se...
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Glial Cell: Encyclopedia Ii - Glial Cell - Embryological Development
Most glia are derived from ectodermal tissue of the developing embryo, particularly the neural tube and crest. The exception is microglia...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 10. Diseases Of The Genitourinary System 580-629
List of ICD-9 codes - nephritis nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis 580-589.
(580) Acute glomerulonephritis
(580.9) Glomerulonephritis, ...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 11. Complications Of Pregnancy Childbirth And The Puerperium 630-676
List of ICD-9 codes - ectopic and molar pregnancy 630-633.
(630) Hydatidiform mole
(631) Other abnormal product of conception
(632) Ab...
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Neuron: Encyclopedia Ii - Neuron - Adaptations To Carrying Action Potentials
The cell membrane in the axon and soma contain voltage-gated ion channels which allow the neuron to generate and propagate an electrical ...
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Neuron: Encyclopedia Ii - Neuron - Connectivity
Neurons communicate with one another and to other cells through synapses, where the axon terminal of one cell impinges upon a dendrite or...
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Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Neural Network - Neural Networks And Neuroscience
Theoretical and computational neuroscience is the field concerned with the theoretical analysis and computational modeling of biological ...
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Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Neural Network - The Brain Neural Networks And Computers
While historically the brain has been viewed as a type of computer, and vice-versa, this is true only in the loosest sense. Computers are...
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Neural Network: Encyclopedia Ii - Neural Network - Characterization
In general, a neural network is composed of a group or groups of physically connected or functionally associated neurons. A single neuron...
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Neuron: Encyclopedia Ii - Neuron - Classes
Functional classification There are three functional classes of neurons: afferent neurons, efferent neurons, and interneurons.
Afferent ...
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Local Anesthesia: Encyclopedia Ii - Local Anesthesia - Miscellaneous Uses
Topical anesthesia, in the form of EMLA cream is most commonly used to enable relatively painless venipuncture (blood collection) and pla...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 15. Certain Conditions Originating In The Perinatal Period 760-779
List of ICD-9 codes - maternal causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality 760-763.
(760) Fetus or newborn affected by material condit...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 14. Congenital Anomalies 740-759
List of ICD-9 codes - congenital anomalies 740-759.
(740) Anencephalus and similar anomalies
(740.0) Anencephalus
(741) Spina bifid...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 13. Diseases Of The Musculoskeletal System And Connective Tissue 710-739
List of ICD-9 codes - arthropathies and related disorders 710-719.
(710) Diffuse diseases of connective tissue
(710.0) Systemic lupus...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 12. Diseases Of The Skin And Subcutaneous Tissue 680-709
List of ICD-9 codes - infections of skin and subcutaneous tissue 680-686.
(680) Carbuncle and furuncle
(680.0) Boil, face
(680.1) Boi...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 16. Symptoms Signs And Ill-defined Conditions 780-799
List of ICD-9 codes - symptoms 780-789.
(780) General symptoms
(780.0) Alteration of consciousness
(780.01) Coma, nondiabetic, nonhe...
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List Of Icd-9 Codes: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Icd-9 Codes - 17. Injury And Poisoning 800-999
List of ICD-9 codes - fracture of skull 800-804.
(800) Fracture of vault of skull
(801) Fracture of base of skull
(802) Fracture of fa...
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Local Anesthesia: Encyclopedia Ii - Local Anesthesia - Uses In Acute Pain
Acute pain may occur due to trauma, surgery, infection, disruption of blood circulation or many other conditions in which there is tissue...
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