The five individual nuclei that make up the primate basal ganglia are the striatum, external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), subthalamic nucleus (STN), and substantia nigra. Some of these nuclei may be further subdivided: for example, the striatum is separated into the putamen, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens; the substantia nigra is generally divided into the pars compact ...

See also:

Basal ganglia, Basal ganglia - History, Basal ganglia - Anatomical subdivisions, Basal ganglia - Evolution and naming, Basal ganglia - Neurotransmitters, Basal ganglia - Connections, Basal ganglia - Disorders linked with the basal ganglia

Read more here: » Basal ganglia: Encyclopedia II - Basal ganglia - Anatomical subdivisions

The American Bull Frog (Rana catesbeiana) is an amphibian, a member of the family Ranidae, or "true frogs". This frog is found in ponds, lakes, or marshland mainly where the water is quiet and covered with plants. The Bullfrog's diet consists of insects, and larger prey such as small mammals, birds, turtles, snakes, and other anurans. The Bullfrog is native to North America, but has been introduced to a f ...

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Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body attacks its own cells. Today there are more than 40 human diseases classified as either definite or probable autoimmune diseases, and they affect 5% to 7% of the population. Almost all autoimmune diseases appear without warning or apparent cause, and most patients suffer from fatigue. The causes of autoimmune diseases are still obscure: Some are thought to be either examp ...

Including:

• Autoimmune diseases - Autoimmune diseases
• Autoimmune diseases - Accepted
• Autoimmune diseases - Suspected
• Autoimmune diseases - Reference

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An anticholinergic agent is a member of a class of pharmaceutical compounds which serve to reduce the effects mediated by acetylcholine in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Anticholinergics are typically reversible competitive inhibitors of one of the two types of acetylcholine receptors, and are classified according to the receptors that are affected: antimuscarinic agents operate on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, and antinicotinic agents operate on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. ...

Including:

• Anticholinergic - Effects
• Anticholinergic - Plant sources
• Anticholinergic - Pharmaceuticals

Read more here: » Anticholinergic: Encyclopedia - Anticholinergic

The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system of the higher life forms that is not consciously controlled. It is commonly divided into two usually antagonistic subsystems: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls such vital functions as heart rate, dilation of the bronchioles and dilation and constriction of the pupil; the digestive tract is controlled almost completely by autonomic mechanisms. Autonomic nervous system - Nomenclature. ...

Including:

• Autonomic nervous system - Nomenclature
• Autonomic nervous system - Function
• Autonomic nervous system - Individual components
• Autonomic nervous system - The Cranial Sympathetics
• Autonomic nervous system - Connections with the Spinal Nerves
• Autonomic nervous system - Development

Read more here: » Autonomic nervous system: Encyclopedia - Autonomic nervous system

The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei in the brain associated with motor and learning functions. However, there is no single definitive function that can be assigned to the mammalian basal ganglia. Basal ganglia - History. The first anatomical identification of distinct subcortical structures was published by the English anatomist Thomas Willis in 1664. At that time it was referred to as the corpus striatum (comprising only the globus pallidus segments and striatum). At the beginning of the 20th century i ...

Including:

• Basal ganglia - History
• Basal ganglia - Anatomical subdivisions
• Basal ganglia - Evolution and naming
• Basal ganglia - Neurotransmitters
• Basal ganglia - Connections
• Basal ganglia - Disorders linked with the basal ganglia

Read more here: » Basal ganglia: Encyclopedia - Basal ganglia

Brain healing is the process that goes inside the skull that after the brain has been damaged. When parts of the brain are damaged, for instance by a stroke, there will be no repair or scar formation. The brain tissue will undergo liquefactive necrosis, and a rim of gliosis will form around the damaged area. Brain healing - No scar formation. Apart from a small amount in the blood vessels, there is no collagen or fibroblasts in the brain. A scar is formed by fibroblasts producing collagen to repair ...

Including:

• Brain healing - No scar formation
• Brain healing - No neuronal growth
• Brain healing - Formation of a glial membrane

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Biological tissue is a substance made up of cells that perform a similar function. The study of tissues is known as histology, or, in connection with disease, histopathology. The classical tools for studying the tissues are the wax block, the tissue stain, and the optical microscope, though developments in electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and frozen sections have all adde ...

Including:

• Biological tissue - Animal Tissues
• Biological tissue - Plant Tissues

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Neurosurgery is the surgical discipline focused on treating those central and peripheral nervous system diseases amenable to mechanical intervention. Neurosurgery is widely viewed as one of the most prestigious fields in medicine. This is due to the extremely complex knowledge base required to master the field as well as the highly selective admission criteria for entry into neurosurgery residency programs. Finally, the minimal 6-7 year postgraduate training period required for neurosurgery is also among the longest and most ch ...

Including:

• Neurosurgery - Definition and scope
• Neurosurgery - Training
• Neurosurgery - Conditions
• Neurosurgery - Reference

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In the nervous system, afferent nerves carry nerve impulses towards the brain. This term is also used to describe relative connections between nervous structures. A touch or painful stimulus, for example, creates a sensation in the brain only after information about the stimulus travels there via afferent nerve pathways. Efferent nerves carry information away from the brain. In the peripheral nervous system, nerves are dedicated e ...

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In biological psychology, awareness describes an animal's perception and cognitive reaction to a condition or event. Awareness does not necessarily imply understanding. Awareness is a relative concept. An animal may be partially aware, may be subconsciously aware or may be acutely aware of an event. Awareness may be focused on an internal state, such as a visceral feeling, or on external events by way of sensory perception. Awareness provides the raw material from which animals develop qua ...

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The nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and processes input from the senses, and initiates actions. Prominent participants in a nervous system include neurons and nerves which play roles in such coordination. In animals without brains, the nervous system does not generate or conduct thoughts and emotions. Thus it is the system that animates "animals" (sponges are an exception). Chemicals that target the activity of nerves generally are the most rapidly act ...

Including:

• Nervous system - Vertebrate nervous systems
• Nervous system - Metabolism of the nervous system

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The central nervous system (CNS) represents the largest part of the nervous system. Together with the peripheral nervous system, it has a fundamental role in the control of behavior. Since the strong theoretical influence of cybernetics in the fifties, the CNS is conceived as a system devoted to information processing, where an appropriate motor output is computed as a response to a sensory input. Yet, many threads of research suggest that motor activity exists well before the maturation of the sensory systems and then, that the senses only influence behaviour without dictating it. This h ...

Including:

• Central nervous system - Parts of the CNS

Read more here: » Central nervous system: Encyclopedia - Central nervous system

A synapse is cholinergic if it uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter. The parasympathetic nervous system is entirely cholinergic. A cholinergic agent, also known as a parasympathomimetic is a chemical which functions to enhance the effects mediated by acetylcholine in the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, or both. These include the acetylcholine receptor agonists musca ...

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The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. It is a chemical transmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) in many organisms including humans. Acetylcholine - Chemistry. Acetylcholine is an ester of acetic acid and choline with chemical formula CH3COOCH2CH2N+(CH3) ...

Including:

• Acetylcholine - Chemistry
• Acetylcholine - Release sites
• Acetylcholine - Pharmacology
• Acetylcholine - Sources

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Glial cell - Microglia. Microglia are specialized macrophages capable of phagocytosis that protect neurons of the CNS. Though not technically glia because they are derived from monocytes rather than ectodermal tissue, they are commonly categorized as such because of their supportive role to neurons. Microglial cells are small relative to macroglial cells, with changing shapes and oblong nuclei. They are mobile within the brain. These cells, while normally only existing in small numbers, multiply when the brain is damaged. Gl ...

See also:

Glial cell, Glial cell - Function, Glial cell - Types of glia, Glial cell - Microglia, Glial cell - Macroglia, Glial cell - Capacity to divide, Glial cell - Embryological development, Glial cell - History

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There are many areas of study within neuroscience including: Molecular and cellular neuroscience: These two fields integrate neurobiology with neurochemistry. The goals of these fields are to understand the cellular and chemical mechanisms responsible for normal and abnormal brain function. Developmental neuroscience: This field studies the ways in which the ectodermally-derived central nervous system and mesodermally-derived peripheral nervous system develops into adulthood. Developmental neuroscience uses a variety of ...

See also:

Neuroscience, Neuroscience - Fields within neuroscience

Read more here: » Neuroscience: Encyclopedia II - Neuroscience - Fields within neuroscience

The spinal cord originates inside the brain at the inferior end of the medulla oblongata, exiting the skull via the foramen magnum. It is wrapped in three layers of membranes, called meninges. The spinal cord carries sensory signals and motor innervation to most of the skeletal muscles in the body. Just about every voluntary muscle in the body below the head depends on the spinal cord for control. Similarly, most cutaneous sensation below the neck is transmitted via the spinal cord. Most of the sympathetic pathways and the lower (i.e. non-vagal) parasympathetic pa ...

See also:

Spinal cord, Spinal cord - Embryology, Spinal cord - Anatomy, Spinal cord - Pathology

Read more here: » Spinal cord: Encyclopedia II - Spinal cord - Anatomy

List of regions in the human brain - Rhombencephalon hindbrain. medulla oblongata medullary pyramids pons fourth ventricle cerebellum cerebellar vermis cerebellar hemispheres anterior lobe posterior lobe flocculonodular lobe cerebellar nuclei

Between 40,000 and 70,000 human beings die annually from rabies, with about 90% of those cases occurring in Asia. About 6 million people receive treatment annually after suspected exposure to rabies. Every ten to fifteen minutes someone dies of rabies in the world. [citation needed] Dog licensing, killing of stray dogs, muzzling and other measures contributed to the eradication of rabies from Great Britain in the early 20th century. More recently, large-scale vaccination of cats, dogs and ferrets has been successful in combattin ...

See also:

Rabies, Rabies - Transmission and symptoms, Rabies - The virus, Rabies - Prevention, Rabies - Prevalence, Rabies - Recently publicised cases, Rabies - Transmission by animal bites, Rabies - Transmission through organ transplants, Rabies - Transport of pet animals between countries, Rabies - Rabies and domestic skunks in the United States

Read more here: » Rabies: Encyclopedia II - Rabies - Prevalence