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Peloponnesian War | A Wisdom Archive on Peloponnesian War | | Peloponnesian War A selection of articles related to Peloponnesian War | |
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Peloponnesian War
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Peloponnesian War | | | |  Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - Social and political conflictThe Greek cities were originally monarchies, although many of them were very small and the term "King" (basileus) for their rulers is misleadingly grand. In a country always short of farmland, power rested with a small class of landowners, who formed a warrior aristocracy fighting frequent petty inter-city wars over land and rapidly ousting the monarchy. About this time the rise of a mercantile class (shown by the introduction of coinage in about 680 BC) introduced class conflict into the larger cities. From 650 BC onwards, the aristo ...
See also:Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens The Persian Wars ushered in a century of Athenian dominance of Greek affairs. Athens was the unchallenged master of the sea, and also the leading commercial power, although Corinth remained a serious rival. The leading statesman of this time was Pericles, who used the tribute paid by the members of the Delian League to build the Parthenon and other great monuments of classical Athens. By the mid 5th century the League had become an Athenian Empire, symbolised by the transfer of th ...
See also:Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander Philip was succeeded by his 20-year-old son Alexander, who immediately set out to carry out his father's plans. He travelled to Corinth where the assembled Greek cities recognised him as leader of the Greeks, then set off north to assemble his forces. The army with which he invaded the Persian Empire was basically Macedonian, but many idealists from the Greek cities also enlisted. But while Alexander was campaigning in Thrace, he heard that the Greek cities had rebelled. He swept south again, captured Thebes, and razed the city to the ground as a warning to ...
See also:Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas In the 8th century BC Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization. Literacy had been lost and the Mycenaean script forgotten, but the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet to Greek and from about 800 BC written records begin to appear. Greece was divided into many small self-governing communities, a pattern dictated by Greek geography, where every island, valley and plain is cut ...
See also:Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon The Kingdom of Macedon was formed in the 7th century BC out of northern Greek tribes. They played little part in Greek politics before the beginning of the 4th century, but Philip was an ambitious man who had been educated in Thebes and wanted to play a larger role. In particular, he wanted to be accepted as the new leader of Greece in recovering the freedom of the Greek cities of Asia from Persian rule. By seizing the Greek cities of Amphipolis, Methone and Potidaea, he gained control of the gold and silver mines of Macedonia. ...
See also:Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars In Ionia (the modern Aegean coast of Turkey) the Greek cities, which included great centres such as Miletus and Halicarnassus, were unable to maintain their independence and came under the rule of the Persian Empire in the mid 6th century BC. In 499 BC the Greeks rose in the Ionian Revolt, and Athens and some other Greek cities went to their aid.
In 490 BC the Persian Great King, Darius I, having suppressed the Ionian cities, sent a fleet to punish the Greeks. The Persians landed in Attica, but were defeated at the Battle of Marathon by a Greek a ...
See also:Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Greco-Persian Wars - The Greek counterattack Encouraged by Xerxes' failures, the Greeks of Asias and the islands revolted again. In 478, a fleet under Pausanias captured Byzantium and started a rebellion in Cyprus. At this point the Peloponnesians withdrew from involvement (apparently due to various disputes), but Athens carried on, forming the Delian League in 478 BC. The records become scanty, but Cimon destroyed a Persian army and fleet around 467 near river Eurymedon in Asia Minor. About 459 Athens sent 200 ships in support of a revolt in Egypt, although after driving the Persians ...
See also:Greco-Persian Wars, Greco-Persian Wars - Origins, Greco-Persian Wars - Darius' invasion, Greco-Persian Wars - Xerxes' invasion, Greco-Persian Wars - The Greek counterattack Read more here: » Greco-Persian Wars: Encyclopedia II - Greco-Persian Wars - The Greek counterattack |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Thrasybulus - The Thirty Tyrants In 404 BC, following a defeat at the Battle of Aegospotamai, Athens was forced to surrender, ending the Peloponnesian War. In the wake of this surrender, the Spartan navarch Lysander imposed a strict oligarchich government on Athens, which came to be known as the Thirty Tyrants. This government executed a number of citizens and deprived all but a few of their rights, particulary after the execution of the moderate oligarch Theramenes. Fearing for their lives, numerous Athenians fled to T ...
See also:Thrasybulus, Thrasybulus - The Coup of 411 BC, Thrasybulus - In Command, Thrasybulus - The Thirty Tyrants, Thrasybulus - Later Actions, Thrasybulus - Historical Opinions, Thrasybulus - Footonotes Read more here: » Thrasybulus: Encyclopedia II - Thrasybulus - The Thirty Tyrants |
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| | | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Pacifism - History Advocacy of pacifism can be found far back in history and literature, for example in the Classical world. Two instances from the Peloponnesian War 431–404 BC that have come down to us are the non-violent protest of Hegetorides of Thasos, and the Athenian women's anti-war sex strike in Aristophanes' comedy Lysistrata.
Some religious organizations, such as the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), the Amish, the Mennonites, have been pacifistic for centuries. In the 19th century anti-war sentiment grew. Many socialist groups and mov ...
See also:Pacifism, Pacifism - History, Pacifism - Pragmatic pacifism, Pacifism - Principled or radical pacifism, Pacifism - Pacifism and international aggressions, Pacifism - Pacifism and religion, Pacifism - Pacifist social movements based on religion, Pacifism - Pacifism in mainstream Christian denominations, Pacifism - Criticisms/paradoxes of Pacifism, Pacifism - Quotes Read more here: » Pacifism: Encyclopedia II - Pacifism - History |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Sparta - History Main article: History of Sparta
Sparta had the best army in ancient Greece; and was the most powerful state before the rise of Athens, a naval power, after the Persian Wars. Sparta and Athens were reluctant allies against the Persians, but became rivals thereafter. The greatest series of conflicts between the two states, which resulted in the dismantling of the Athens Empire, is called the Peloponnesian War. Athenian attempts to control Greece and take over the Spartan role of 'guardian of Hellenism' ended in failure. Th ...
See also:Sparta, Sparta - Nearest places, Sparta - History, Sparta - Constitution, Sparta - Military service and training, Sparta - Archaeology, Sparta - The Spartan world, Sparta - Modern Sparta Read more here: » Sparta: Encyclopedia II - Sparta - History |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Socrates - Trial and Death Socrates lived during the time of the transition from the height of the Athenian Empire to its decline after its defeat by Sparta and its allies in the Peloponnesian War. At a time when Athens was seeking to stabilize and recover from its humiliating defeat, the Athenian public court was induced by three leading public figures to try Socrates for impiety and for corrupting the youth of Athens. This was a time in culture when the Greeks thought of gods and goddesses as being associated with protecting particular cities. Athens, for instance, ...
See also:Socrates, Socrates - His character, Socrates - Trial and Death, Socrates - Philosophy, Socrates - Socratic method, Socrates - Philosophical beliefs, Socrates - Satirical playwrights, Socrates - Prose sources, Socrates - The Socratic Dialogues Read more here: » Socrates: Encyclopedia II - Socrates - Trial and Death |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Ship - Propulsion Until the application of the steam engine to ships in the early 19th century, oars propelled galleys or the wind propelled sailing ships.
Before mechanisation, merchant ships always used sail, but as long as naval warfare depended on ships closing to ram or to fight hand-to-hand, galleys dominated in marine conflicts because of their maneuverability and speed. The Greek navies that fought in the Peloponnesian War used triremes, as did the Romans contesting the Battle of Actium. The use of large numbers of cannon from the 16th century meant that maneuverability took second place to broadside weight; this led to the dom ...
See also:Ship, Ship - Measuring ships, Ship - Propulsion, Ship - General terminology, Ship - Shipboard terminology, Ship - Some types of ships and boats, Ship - Some historical types of ships and boats, Ship - Quotations Read more here: » Ship: Encyclopedia II - Ship - Propulsion |
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| | | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Epaminondas - Early career Epaminondas lived at a particularly turbulent point in Greek and Theban history. Following the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC, Sparta had embarked upon an aggressively unilateralist policy towards the rest of Greece and quickly alienated many of its former allies. Thebes, meanwhile, had greatly increased its own power during the war and sought to gain control of the other cities of Boeotia (the central territory of ancient Greece). This policy, along with other disputes, brought Thebes into conflict with Sparta. By 395 BC Thebes, alo ...
See also:Epaminondas, Epaminondas - Historical record, Epaminondas - Youth education and personal life, Epaminondas - Early career, Epaminondas - Theban coup, Epaminondas - After the coup, Epaminondas - 371 BC, Epaminondas - Peace Conference of 371, Epaminondas - Leuctra, Epaminondas - The 360s BC, Epaminondas - First Invasion of the Peloponnese, Epaminondas - Trial, Epaminondas - Later campaigns, Epaminondas - Battle of Mantinea, Epaminondas - Legacy, Epaminondas - Footnotes Read more here: » Epaminondas: Encyclopedia II - Epaminondas - Early career |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War In 431 BC war broke out again between Athens and Sparta and its allies. The proximate cause was a dispute between Corinth and one of its colonies, Corcyra (modern-day Corfu), in which Athens intervened. The obviate cause was the growing resentment of Sparta and its allies at the dominance of Athens over Greek affairs. The war lasted 27 years, partly because Athens (a naval power) and Sparta (a land-based military pow ...
See also:Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Arab Middle East
Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC.
Egypt declined as a major power
The Tanakh was written
Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and created the Persian Empire (6th century BC)
Sparta and Athens fought the Peloponnesian War
Alexander the Great conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia and Afghanistan
Hellenic Greek culture spread ...
See also:Timeline of Middle Eastern History, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Prehistoric and Ancient Period, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 9th millennium BC Beginning of the Neolithic time period of the Holocene epoch, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 8th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 7th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 6th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 5th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 4th millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 3rd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Arab Middle East, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 2nd millennium AD, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Turks Crusaders and Mongols, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Ottoman era, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - European domination of the Arabic and Turkish regions especially since WWI, Timeline of Middle Eastern History - Contemporary Middle East Read more here: » Timeline of Middle Eastern History: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Middle Eastern History - The Arab Middle East |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars In Ionia (the modern Aegean coast of Turkey) the Greek cities, which included great centres such as Miletus and Halicarnassus, were unable to maintain their independence and came under the rule of the Persian Empire in the mid 6th century BC. In 499 BC the Greeks rose in the Ionian Revolt, and Athens and some other Greek cities went to their aid.
In 490 BC the Persian Great King, Darius I, having suppressed the Ionian cities, sent a fleet to punish the Greeks. The Persians landed in Attica, but were defeated at the Battle of Marathon by a Greek army led by the Athenian general Miltiades. The burial mound ...
See also:Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars |
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| | | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Theodoros Kolokotronis - Early life Kolokotronis was born at Ramavouni in Messenia, and grew up in Limpovisi in Arcadia. His father, Constantine Kolokotronis, took part in an armed rebellion which was supported by Catherine the Great of Russia, then was killed in an engagement along with two of his brothers. Theodoros joined the ranks of a Peloponnesian guerrilla band, and by age fifteen was the leader ("kapitanios") of his own group. He had a brief stint at sea as a corsair, then in 1805 he took service on a series of ships in the Russian fleet in the Russo-Turkish War. After ...
See also:Theodoros Kolokotronis, Theodoros Kolokotronis - Early life, Theodoros Kolokotronis - War of Independence, Theodoros Kolokotronis - Outbreak, Theodoros Kolokotronis - Nafplion, Theodoros Kolokotronis - Kolokotronis the Liberater, Theodoros Kolokotronis - Parliamentary crisis, Theodoros Kolokotronis - Ibrahim's campaign, Theodoros Kolokotronis - Postbellum activities, Theodoros Kolokotronis - Epilogue Read more here: » Theodoros Kolokotronis: Encyclopedia II - Theodoros Kolokotronis - Early life |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Naupactus - History In historical times it belonged to the Ozolian Locrians; but about 455 BC, in spite of a partial resettlement with Locrians of Opus, it fell to the Athenians, who peopled it with Messenian refugees and made it their chief naval station in western Greece during the Peloponnesian war. In 404 it was restored to the Locrians, who subsequently lost it to the Achaeans, but recovered it through Epaminondas.
Philip II of Macedon gave Naupactus to the Aetolians, who held it till 191 BC, when after an obstinate siege it was surrendered to the R ...
See also:Naupactus, Naupactus - History, Naupactus - Residents, Naupactus - Nearest places, Naupactus - Historical population, Naupactus - Communities, Naupactus - Communications, Naupactus - Television Read more here: » Naupactus: Encyclopedia II - Naupactus - History |
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| | | | | Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia II - Realism in international relations - History of realism Sun Tzu
Thucydides
The ancient Greek historian Thucydides, who wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War, is also cited as an intellectual forebearer of realpolitik.
Machiavelli
One of the most famous proponents was Niccolò Machiavelli, best known for his Il Principe (The Prince) (pb.1532). Machiavelli held that the sole aim of a prince was to seek power, regardless of religious or ethical considerations.
Richelieu
Machiavelli's ideas were further expanded and implemented by Cardinal Richelieu and his ...
See also:Realism in international relations, Realism in international relations - Basic theory, Realism in international relations - History of realism, Realism in international relations - Modern realism, Realism in international relations - Classical realism, Realism in international relations - Structural or Neo-realism, Realism in international relations - Modern realist statesmen, Realism in international relations - Criticisms of realism Read more here: » Realism in international relations: Encyclopedia II - Realism in international relations - History of realism |
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