Encyclopedia - Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia Ii - Peloponnesian War - The Archidamian War
Sparta and its allies, with the exception of Corinth, were almost exclusively land based powers, able to summon large land armies which w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia Ii - Peloponnesian War - Causes Of The War
According to Thucydides, the cause of the war was the "fear of the growth of the power of Athens" throughout the middle of the 5th centur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia Ii - Peloponnesian War - The Sicilian Expedition
In the 17th year of the war, word came to Athens that one of their distant allies in Sicily was under attack from Syracuse. The people of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia Ii - Peloponnesian War - The Archidamian War
Sparta and its allies, with the exception of Corinth, were almost exclusively land based powers, able to summon large land armies which w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Delian League: Encyclopedia - Delian League
The Delian League was an association of Greek city-states in the 5th century BC. It was led by Athens. Because many of the league's Polis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Eurymedon: Encyclopedia - Eurymedon
For the article on the Eurymedon river in Asia Minor, see Eurymedon river Eurymedon (d. 414 BC), was one of the Athenian generals during ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Conon: Encyclopedia - Conon
Conon was an Athenian general at the end of the Peloponnesian War, in charge during the decisive loss of the navy at the battle of Aegosp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Assemblywomen: Encyclopedia - Assemblywomen
Aristophanes' Assemblywomen (or in Greek Ecclesiazousae ) is a play similar in theme to Lysistrata in that a large portion of the comedy ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 431 Bc: Encyclopedia - 431 Bc
Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 480s BC 470s BC 460s BC 450s BC 440s BC - 430s BC - 420s BC 410s BC ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Xenophon: Encyclopedia - Xenophon
Xenophon (In Greek Ξενοφών, c. 427-355 BC) was a soldier, mercenary and Athenian student of Socrates and is known for his writings...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Potidaea: Encyclopedia - Battle Of Potidaea
The Battle of Potidaea was, with the Battle of Sybota, one of the catalysts for the Peloponnesian War. It was fought near Potidaea in 432...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 421 Bc: Encyclopedia - 421 Bc
Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 470s BC 460s BC 450s BC 440s BC 430s BC - 420s BC - 410s BC 400s BC ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 400s Bc: Encyclopedia - 400s Bc
Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 450s BC 440s BC 430s BC 420s BC 410s BC - 400s BC - 390s BC 380s BC ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of Amphipolis: Encyclopedia - Battle Of Amphipolis
The Battle of Amphipolis was fought in 422 BC during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. It was the culmination of events th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 406 Bc: Encyclopedia - 406 Bc
Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 450s BC 440s BC 430s BC 420s BC 410s BC - 400s BC - 390s BC 380s BC ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 404 Bc: Encyclopedia - 404 Bc
Centuries: 6th century BC - 5th century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 450s BC 440s BC 430s BC 420s BC 410s BC - 400s BC - 390s BC 380s BC ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece is the term used to describe the Greek-speaking world in ancient times. It refers not only to the geographical peninsula o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bakis: Encyclopedia - Bakis
Bakis was a semi-legendary ancient Greek seer of the 6th or 7th century BC, a native of Boeotia. Bakis was said to have been possessed by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Peloponnesian War - Some Difficulties Of Interpretation
Thucydides' History is extraordinarily dense and complex. This has resulted in much scholarly disagreement on a cluster of issues of inte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Peloponnesian War - Historical Method
Thucydides' History made a number of contributions to early historiography. Many of his principles have become standard methods of histor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Peloponnesian War - Character Of The History
Thucydides' History made a number of contributions to early Historiography. Many of his principles have become standard methods of histor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thucydides: Encyclopedia Ii - Thucydides - The History Of The Peloponnesian War
Thucydides wrote only one book; its modern title is the History of the Peloponnesian War. All his legacy to history and historiography is...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Long Walls: Encyclopedia Ii - Long Walls - The Walls In The Peloponnesian War
In Athens' great conflict with Sparta, the Peloponnesian War of 432 BC to 404 BC, the walls came to be of paramount importance. Pericles,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greece - Society
The distinguishing features of ancient Greek society were the division between free and slave, the differing roles of men and women, the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Simi: Encyclopedia Ii - Simi - History
In Homer's Iliad the island is mentioned as the domain of King Nireus, who fought in the Trojan War on the side of the Greeks. Thucydides...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Counterattack: Encyclopedia Ii - Counterattack - Historical Examples
In the history of warfare, the counterattack has been both used effectively and ineffectively. During the Greek invasion of Syracuse duri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pandemic: Encyclopedia Ii - Pandemic - Pandemics Through History
There have been a number of significant pandemics in human history, generally zoonoses that came about with domestication of animals - su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mithymna: Encyclopedia Ii - Mithymna - History
As Methymna the city was once the prosperous second city of Lemnos, with a founding myth that identified an eponymous Methymna (Greek: Μ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Quinquereme: Encyclopedia Ii - Quinquereme - Construction
In the 4th century BC, after the Peloponnesian War, there was a shortage of oarsmen of sufficient skill to man large navies of triremes. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mithymna: Encyclopedia Ii - Mithymna - History
As Methymna the city was once the prosperous second city of Lemnos, with a founding myth that identified an eponymous Methymna (Greek: Μ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chariton: Encyclopedia Ii - Chariton - The Loves Of Chaereas And Callirhoe
The action of the story, which is to a certain extent historical, takes place during the time of the Peloponnesian War. In Syracuse, Chae...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Military History Of Greece: Encyclopedia Ii - Military History Of Greece - List Of Greek Military Encounters
Military history of Greece - Prehistoric and ancient period. Trojan War Battle of Ephesus Persian Wars Battle of Marathon Battle of T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Peloponnesian War - Some Difficulties Of Interpretation
Thucydides' History is extraordinarily dense and complex. This has resulted in much scholarly disagreement on a cluster of issues of inte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War
In 431 BC war broke out again between Athens and Sparta and its allies. The immediate cause was a dispute between Corinth and one of its ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War
In 431 BC war broke out again between Athens and Sparta and its allies. The immediate cause was a dispute between Corinth and one of its ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thucydides: Encyclopedia Ii - Thucydides - Life
Almost everything we know about the life of Thucydides comes from his own History of the Peloponnesian War. Thucydides' father was Olorus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thucydides: Encyclopedia Ii - Thucydides - Education
Although there is no certain evidence to prove it, the rhetorical character of his narrative suggests that Thucydides was at least famili...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Long Walls: Encyclopedia Ii - Long Walls - The Long Walls In Athenian Strategy
The building of the Long Walls reflected a larger strategy that Athens had come to follow in the early 5th century. Unlike most Greek cit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Long Walls: Encyclopedia Ii - Long Walls - Building Of The Long Walls
The first walls at Athens were built shortly following the end of the Persian Wars, during which the city had been burned by the Persians...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greece - Spartan And Theban Dominance
The end of the Peloponnesian War left Sparta the master of Greece, but the narrow outlook of the Spartan warrior elite did not suit them ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greece - Origins
The Greeks are believed to have migrated southward into the Balkan peninsula in several waves beginning in the late 3rd millennium BC, th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greece - Social And Political Conflict
The Greek cities were originally monarchies, although many of them were very small and the term "King" (basileus) for their rulers is mis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greece - The Dominance Of Athens
The Persian Wars ushered in a century of Athenian dominance of Greek affairs. Athens was the unchallenged master of the sea, and also the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greece - The Conquests Of Alexander
Philip was succeeded by his 20-year-old son Alexander, who immediately set out to carry out his father's plans. He travelled to Corinth w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greece - The Rise Of Hellas
In the 8th century BC Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization. Literacy had been ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greece - The Rise Of Macedon
The Kingdom of Macedon was formed in the 7th century BC out of northern Greek tribes. They played little part in Greek politics before th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars
In Ionia (the modern Aegean coast of Turkey) the Greek cities, which included great centres such as Miletus and Halicarnassus, were unabl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Greco-persian Wars: Encyclopedia Ii - Greco-persian Wars - The Greek Counterattack
Encouraged by Xerxes' failures, the Greeks of Asias and the islands revolted again. In 478, a fleet under Pausanias captured Byzantium an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Thrasybulus: Encyclopedia Ii - Thrasybulus - The Thirty Tyrants
In 404 BC, following a defeat at the Battle of Aegospotamai, Athens was forced to surrender, ending the Peloponnesian War. In the wake of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pagondas: Encyclopedia Ii - Pagondas - Aftereffects
Pagondas's theretofore unseen employment of tactics in combat set the stage for his fellow Theban Epaminondas's brilliant command at Leuc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pacifism: Encyclopedia Ii - Pacifism - History
Advocacy of pacifism can be found far back in history and literature, for example in the Classical world. Two instances from the Peloponn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sparta: Encyclopedia Ii - Sparta - History
Main article: History of Sparta Sparta had the best army in ancient Greece; and was the most powerful state before the rise of Athens, a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Socrates: Encyclopedia Ii - Socrates - Trial And Death
Socrates lived during the time of the transition from the height of the Athenian Empire to its decline after its defeat by Sparta and its...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ship: Encyclopedia Ii - Ship - Propulsion
Until the application of the steam engine to ships in the early 19th century, oars propelled galleys or the wind propelled sailing ships....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lysander: Encyclopedia Ii - Lysander - Lysander Establishes Himself
Lysander was one of the Heraclidae, but not a member of the Spartan royal families. Details of his early life and career are not known. L...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Epaminondas: Encyclopedia Ii - Epaminondas - Early Career
Epaminondas lived at a particularly turbulent point in Greek and Theban history. Following the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC, Sp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War
In 431 BC war broke out again between Athens and Sparta and its allies. The proximate cause was a dispute between Corinth and one of its ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of Middle Eastern History: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of Middle Eastern History - The Arab Middle East
Timeline of Middle Eastern History - 1st millennium BC. Egypt declined as a major power The Tanakh was written Cyrus the Great conquer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars
In Ionia (the modern Aegean coast of Turkey) the Greek cities, which included great centres such as Miletus and Halicarnassus, were unabl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peace Of Antalcidas: Encyclopedia Ii - Peace Of Antalcidas - Effects
The single greatest effect of the Peace of Antalcidas was the return of firm Persian control to Ionia and parts of the Aegean. Driven bac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Theodoros Kolokotronis: Encyclopedia Ii - Theodoros Kolokotronis - Early Life
Kolokotronis was born at Ramavouni in Messenia, and grew up in Limpovisi in Arcadia. His father, Constantine Kolokotronis, took part in a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Naupactus: Encyclopedia Ii - Naupactus - History
In historical times it belonged to the Ozolian Locrians; but about 455 BC, in spite of a partial resettlement with Locrians of Opus, it f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Realism In International Relations: Encyclopedia Ii - Realism In International Relations - History Of Realism
Sun Tzu Thucydides The ancient Greek historian Thucydides, who wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War, is also cited as an intellectu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - St. John's College U. S.: Encyclopedia Ii - St. John's College U. S. - Curriculum Details
St. John's College U. S. - The Great Books. The same set of Great Books is the basis of the curriculum at both campuses of St. John's C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Herodotus: Encyclopedia - Herodotus
Herodotus of Halicarnassus (Greek: Ἡροδοτος, Herodotos) was a historian who lived in the 5th century BC (484 BC-ca. 425 BC). He ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Killed In Action: Encyclopedia - Killed In Action
Militaries use the term killed in action (KIA) as a casualty classification. They generally use it to describe the homicides of their own...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aristophanes: Encyclopedia - Aristophanes
Aristophanes (c. 448 BC-380 BC; Greek ΄Αριστοφανης) was a Greek comic dramatist. The place and even the exact date of his bir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ship: Encyclopedia - Ship
A ship is a large, sea-going watercraft, sometimes with multiple decks. A ship usually has sufficient size to carry its own boats, such a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mortimer Adler: Encyclopedia - Mortimer Adler
Mortimer Jerome Adler (December 28, 1902 – June 28, 2001) was an American philosopher and author. Adler was born in New York City. Afte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alcibiades: Encyclopedia Ii - Alcibiades - Life
Alcibiades was born in Athens, the son of Cleinias and Deinomache, who belonged to the family of the Alcmaeonidae. He was a near relative...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zeus: Encyclopedia Ii - Zeus - Prehistory
Zeus is the continuation of Dyeus, the supreme god in Indo-European religion, also continued as Vedic Dyaus Pitar (cf. Jupiter), and as T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trench Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Trench Warfare - Implementation
Although firearms technology and the conscript army dramatically changed the nature of warfare, most armies were completely unaware of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aegina: Encyclopedia Ii - Aegina - Ancient History
Aegina, according to Herodotus (v. 83), was a colony of Epidaurus, to which state it was originally subject. The discovery in the island ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ship: Encyclopedia Ii - Ship - Measuring Ships
One can measure ships in terms of overall length, length of the waterline, beam (breadth), depth (distance between the crown of the weath...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Origins And Setting
The name of Athens in Ancient Greek was Athḗnai (Ἀθῆναι, IPA /ʔa.ˈtʰɛː.nai/, pronounced roughly At-heh-nigh). This is a pl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Xenophon: Encyclopedia Ii - Xenophon - List Of Works
Xenophon's writings, especially the Anabasis, are often read by beginning students of the Greek language. His Hellenica is one chief sour...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Acropolis, Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - Acropolis, Athens - The Periclean Building Program
Most of the major temples were rebuilt under the leadership of Pericles during the Golden Age of Athens (460–430 BC). Phidias, a great ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aegina: Encyclopedia Ii - Aegina - Antiquities
The archaeological interest of Aegina is centred in the well-known temple on the ridge near the northern corner of the island. Excavation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zeus: Encyclopedia Ii - Zeus - Zeus In Myth
Cronus sired several children by Rhea: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, but swallowed them all as soon as they were born, since h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Early History
The Acropolis of Athens was inhabited from Neolithic times. By 1400 BC Athens had become a powerful centre of the Mycenaean civilization....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient History: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient History - The Study Of Ancient History
The fundamental difficulty of studying ancient history is the fact that only a fraction of it has been documented, and only a fraction of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Byzantine Athens
Although the Byzantines retained control of the Aegean and its islands during this period, direct control did not extend far beyond the c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Ottoman Athens
Finally, in 1458, Athens fell to the Ottoman Empire. The city's population declined and by the 17th century it was a mere village. Great ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Modern Athens
Athens was chosen as the Greek capital for historical and sentimental reasons, not because it was a functioning city: there are few build...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Classical Athens
Prior to the rise of Athens, the city of Sparta considered itself the leader of the Greeks, or hegemon. In 500 BC Athens sent troops to a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Athens: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Athens - Reform And Democracy
The reforms of Solon dealt with both economic and political issues. The economic power of the Eupatridae was reduced by abolishing slaver...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ship: Encyclopedia Ii - Ship - General Terminology
Ships may occur collectively as fleets, flotillas or squadrons. Convoys of ships commonly occur. A collection of ships for military purpo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trench Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Trench Warfare - Recent Trench Warfare
Trench warfare has been very infrequent since the end of World War I. When two large armoured armies meet, the result has generally been ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trench Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Trench Warfare - Background
Fortification is almost as old as warfare itself; however, because of the relatively small size of the armies and the lack of range of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Socrates: Encyclopedia Ii - Socrates - Prose Sources
Plato, Xenophon, and Aristotle are the main sources for the historical Socrates; however, Xenophon and Plato, were direct disciples of So...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trench Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Trench Warfare - Life In The Trenches
An individual soldier's time in the front-line trench was usually brief; from as little as one day to as much as two weeks at a time befo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trench Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Trench Warfare - Development
The first development which was critical for trench warfare was the introduction of mass-conscripted armies during the French Revolution ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trench Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Trench Warfare - Death In The Trenches
The intensity of World War I trench warfare meant that about 10% of the fighting soldiers were killed. This compared to 5% killed during ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trench Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Trench Warfare - Mining
All sides would engage in vigorous mining and counter-mining duels. The dry chalk of the Somme was especially suited to mining, but with ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trench Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Trench Warfare - Obsolescence
With the withdrawal of Russia from World War I, the Germans were able to reinforce their western front with troops from the eastern front...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trench Warfare: Encyclopedia Ii - Trench Warfare - Weapons Of Trench Warfare
Trench warfare - Infantry weapons. The common infantry soldier had four weapons at his disposal in the trenches: the rifle, bayonet, sh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia Ii - Peloponnesian War - The Second War
The Lacedaemonians were not content with simply sending aid to Sicily; they also resolved to take the war to the Athenians. On the advice...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia Ii - Peloponnesian War - Causes Of The War
According to Thucydides, the cause of the war was the "fear of the growth of the power of Athens" throughout the middle of the 5th centur...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia Ii - Peloponnesian War - The Sicilian Expedition
In the 17th year of the war, word came to Athens that one of their distant allies in Sicily was under attack from Syracuse. The people of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peloponnesian War: Encyclopedia Ii - Peloponnesian War - The Peace Of Nicias
The Peace of Nicias lasted for some six years, but was a time of constant skirmishing in and around the Peloponnese. While the Spartans r...   » Read the article