Pehr Evind Svinhufvud

Contact between Sweden and what is now Finland was remarkable even during pre-Christian times — the Vikings were known to Finns both due to their participation in commerce and plundering. However, there is no evidence of Scandinavian settlement in Finland during the Viking Age, with the exception of the Åland Islands. According to the archaeological finds, Christianity gained foothold in Finland during the 11th century AD. According to later sources, Saint Henry, possibly an Englishman, arrived in Finland around 1155, apparently to ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The Middle Ages

The archaeological evidence of the Paleolithic, pre-Ice Age settlement in Finland is a debated issue. After the Ice Age, the archaeological evidence for the first settlers of Finland, coming from the south and east, can be traced back around 8500 BC. The Mesolithic hunter-gatherer settlement is known as the "Suomusjärvi culture". Around 5300 BC the "Comb ceramic cultures", known for their pottery, took over. This marks the beginning of the neolithic for Finland, although the subsistence was still based on hunting and fishing. Extensive netw ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Prehistory

In 1521, The Kalmar Union finally collapsed and Gustav Vasa became the King of Sweden. During his rule, the Swedish church was reformed. The state administration underwent extensive reforms and development too, giving it much stronger grip on the life of local communities - and ability to collect higher taxes. 1527 The Protestant Reformation in Sweden. 1550 Helsinki is founded by Gustav Vasa, but remains little more than a fishing village for more than two centuries. 1551 Mikael Agricola, bishop of Turku, publishes his trans ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 16th century

In 1617 - 1632 Sweden was ruled by the king Gustavus Adolphus, whose military reforms transformed the Swedish army from a peasant militia into a efficient fighting machine, possibly the best one in Europe. The conquest of Livonia was now completed, and some territories were taken from internally divided Russia in the Treaty of Stolbova. In 1630, the Swedish (and Finnish) armies marched into Central Europe, as Sweden had decided to take part in the great struggle between Protestant and Catholic forces in Germany: 1630-48 Finns fi ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire

(Main article: Grand Duchy of Finland) During the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia, Finland was again conquered by the armies of Tsar Alexander I. The four Estates of occupied Finland were assembled at the Diet of Porvoo on March 29, 1809 to pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia. Following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on September 17, 1809, Finland remained an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917, with Karelia handed back to Finland in 1812. During ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy

During the Great War (1713–1721), Finland was occupied by the Russians, and the south-eastern part, including the important town of Viipuri, was annexed to Russia after the peace of Uusikaupunki. The border to Russia came to lie roughly where it returned to after WWII. Sweden's status as European great power was gone, and Russia was now the leading might of the North. The absolute monarchy was finished in Sweden. During this Age of Liberty, the Parliament ruled the country, and the two parties of Hats and Caps struggled for control leaving ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason

At the beginning of the 1990s the Finnish economy fell into severe depression. The depression was caused by an overheated economy after liberalization in the 1980s, the disappearance of a major trade partner almost overnight when the Soviet Union dissolved and bad economic policy combined with an economic downturn in Western trade partners. The most severe consequence of depression was mass unemployment (17%). In the latter half of the 1990s the economy recovered strongly, led by the success of Nokia in the telecommunications market. However, unemployme ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Pre-history, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-war era, History of Finland - Recent history

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Recent history

The Senate, led by the national hero Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, proposed a Declaration of Independence, which the Parliament adopted on December 6th, 1917. Declaring independence is one thing, exercizing control over the territory is another. Svinhufvud's "White Senate" had yet nothing but the "White Guards" to rely on. The 42,500 Russian soldiers had to be disarmed and sent back to Russia, and the "Red Guards" had to ...

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White Guard Finland, White Guard Finland - Historical context, White Guard Finland - The White Guards in the Civil War, White Guard Finland - The White Guards after the Civil War

Read more here: » White Guard Finland: Encyclopedia II - White Guard Finland - The White Guards in the Civil War

1931 - January. January 5 - Alvin Ailey, American choreographer (d. 1989) January 5 - Alfred Brendel, Austrian pianist January 5 - Robert Duvall, American actor and director January 6 - E. L. Doctorow, American author January 8 - Bill Graham, German concert promoter (d. 1991) January 10 - Peter Barnes, English playwright and screenwriter (d. 2004) January 13 - Charles Nelson Reilly, American actor January 14 - Caterina Valente, French singer and ...

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1931, 1931 - Events, 1931 - January-March, 1931 - April-August, 1931 - September-December, 1931 - Undated, 1931 - Births, 1931 - January, 1931 - February-April, 1931 - May-August, 1931 - September-December, 1931 - Month/day unknown, 1931 - Deaths, 1931 - Undated, 1931 - Nobel Prizes

Read more here: » 1931: Encyclopedia II - 1931 - Births

The civil war had ended, but it left Finnish society divided into two groups. A "Red terror" campaign against the right wing was followed by a "White terror" against supporters of the revolutionary movement. Disease, hunger, and maltreatment killed thousands detained in the concentration camps. The conflict and its immediate aftermath are considered to have killed more than 30,000 out of a population of three million. In addition, an unknown number of Red children were orphaned or sent into foster care, as their parents were either interned (there were as many as 75,000 Red internees) or deemed unfit to raise p ...

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Finnish Civil War, Finnish Civil War - Background, Finnish Civil War - The General Strike 1905, Finnish Civil War - The February Revolution 1917, Finnish Civil War - The October Revolution 1917, Finnish Civil War - The Social Democrats and the revolution, Finnish Civil War - Conflict, Finnish Civil War - Outcome

Read more here: » Finnish Civil War: Encyclopedia II - Finnish Civil War - Outcome

Grand Dukes of Finland (Suomen suuriruhtinas) The House of Romanov 1809-1825 : Alexander I of Russia (Aleksanteri I) 1825-1855 : Nicholas I of Russia (Nikolai I) 1855-1881 : Alexander II of Russia (Aleksanteri II) 1881-1894 : Alexander III of Russia (Aleksanteri III) 1894-1917 : Nicholas II of Russia (Nikolai II) ...

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List of Finnish monarchs, List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers in Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Eric, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Folkung, List of Finnish monarchs - Rulers of the Kalmar Union and Regents/Viceroys, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of the Palatinate, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers, List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland

Read more here: » List of Finnish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers

Acting Heads of State November 7, 1917 - November 15, 1917 : Eemil Nestor Setälä November 15, 1917 - November 28, 1917 : Otto Johannes Lundson November 28, 1917 - May 18, 1918 : Pehr Evind Svinhufvud (Regents or Protectors of State (Suomen valtionhoitaja) are listed under Presidents of Finland) King of Finland (Suomen kuningas) The House of Hesse October 9, 1918 - December 14, 1918 : ...

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List of Finnish monarchs, List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers in Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Eric, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Folkung, List of Finnish monarchs - Rulers of the Kalmar Union and Regents/Viceroys, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of the Palatinate, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers, List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland

Read more here: » List of Finnish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland

(Entered the War on: July 28, 1914) List of people associated with World War I - Royalty. Archduke Franz Ferdinand, (1863-1914), heir to the throne whose murder brought on the war. Emperor Franz Josef, (1830-1916) Emperor Karl, (1887-1922) Empress Zita (1892-1989) List of people associated with World War I - Military Leaders. Svetozar Boroevic von Bojna, field marshal Viktor von Dankl, Colonel General

The Reds were alarmed by the government's decision to employ the White Guards as the nucleus of a national army and to use "the Butchers" -- as the Left described them -- to disarm the 40,000 Russian troops that remained in Finland, since the Left believed that Red Finns would also be targeted. The first serious battles were on the night of January 19, followed by the Senate's declaration on January 25 transforming the White Guards into the Army of Finland, and on January 26 the order of rebellion was issued. Bolshevist Russia had alr ...

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Finnish Civil War, Finnish Civil War - Background, Finnish Civil War - The General Strike 1905, Finnish Civil War - The February Revolution 1917, Finnish Civil War - The October Revolution 1917, Finnish Civil War - The Social Democrats and the revolution, Finnish Civil War - Conflict, Finnish Civil War - Outcome

Read more here: » Finnish Civil War: Encyclopedia II - Finnish Civil War - Conflict

Mannerheim during the Winter War Mannerheim studying a map The ceremonial honorary guard of the coffin of Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim Grave of Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim ...

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Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Ancestry, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - An Officer in the Imperial Russian Army, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - From Civil-War Victor to Head of State, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Between the Wars, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Commander-in-Chief, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - End of the war and a brief presidency, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Trivia, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Gallery

Read more here: » Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia II - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Gallery

The Mannerheim family descended from a Dutch businessman and mill owner, Henrik Marhein, who emigrated to Gävle in Sweden. His son, Augustin Marhein, was raised to the nobility in 1693, with his surname later becoming Mannerheim. His son, an artillery colonel and a mill supervisor, Johan Augustin Mannerheim, was raised to the status of Baron at the same time as his brother in 1768. The Mannerheim fa ...

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Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Ancestry, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - An Officer in the Imperial Russian Army, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - From Civil-War Victor to Head of State, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Between the Wars, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Commander-in-Chief, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - End of the war and a brief presidency, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Trivia, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Gallery

Read more here: » Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia II - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Ancestry

A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is anyone who acts as head of state, especially if not the monarch (who has higher titles). Thus, the common use is for an acting deputy governor. In a monarchy, a regent usually rules due to the actual monarch's absence, incapacity or minority, and may also be elected to rule during the sede vacante when the royal line has died out. This was the case in Finland and Hungary, where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of World War I. In Iceland, the regent represented the King of Denmark as sovereign of Iceland ...

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Regent, Regent - High public office, Regent - Examples of regents in various Monarchies, Regent - Belgium, Regent - Bulgaria, Regent - China, Regent - Egypt, Regent - Finland, Regent - France, Regent - Greece, Regent - Hungary, Regent - Iceland, Regent - Japan, Regent - Korea, Regent - Liechtenstein, Regent - Monaco, Regent - Netherlands, Regent - Norway, Regent - Scotland, Regent - Spain, Regent - Sweden, Regent - United Kingdom, Regent - Other uses

Read more here: » Regent: Encyclopedia II - Regent - High public office

Eventually, in January 1891, Mannerheim was transferred to serve in Her Majesty Maria Feodorovna's Chevalier Guards in St Petersburg. His family arranged for him to be married to Anastasie Arapova, daughter of a Russian general, for economic reasons. They had two daughters, Sophie and Anastasie. The marriage ended in an unofficial separation in 1902 and in a formal divorce in 1919. Mannerheim served in the Chevalier Guards until 1904, though he was posted to the Imperial Court Stables Administration from 1897 to 1903. Mannerheim speci ...

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Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Ancestry, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - An Officer in the Imperial Russian Army, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - From Civil-War Victor to Head of State, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Between the Wars, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Commander-in-Chief, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - End of the war and a brief presidency, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Trivia, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Gallery

Read more here: » Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia II - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - An Officer in the Imperial Russian Army

In January 1918 the Senate of the newly independent Finland, under its chairman Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, appointed Mannerheim as Commander-in-Chief of Finland's almost nonexistent army, which was then not much more than a number of locally set up White Guards. His mission was the defence of the Government during the Civil War in Finland. He accepted the position despite of his misgivings about the German influences in the government. He founded his headquarters in Seinäjoki and began to disarm the remaining Russian garrisons and their 42,500 ...

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Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Ancestry, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - An Officer in the Imperial Russian Army, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - From Civil-War Victor to Head of State, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Between the Wars, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Commander-in-Chief, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - End of the war and a brief presidency, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Trivia, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Gallery

Read more here: » Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia II - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - From Civil-War Victor to Head of State

In the moment when Germany was deemed sufficiently weakened, and USSR's summer offensive was fought to standstill (thanks to President Risto Ryti's agreement with the Germans in June 1944), Finland's leaders saw a chance to reach a peace with the Soviet Union. Risto Ryti resigned, and Mannerheim was elected as President on August 4, 1944, mainly because he was the only one with sufficient prestige both internationally and domestically. The dangerous state that Finland found itself in at that moment was reflected in Mannerheim's inauguration ...

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Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Ancestry, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - An Officer in the Imperial Russian Army, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - From Civil-War Victor to Head of State, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Between the Wars, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Commander-in-Chief, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - End of the war and a brief presidency, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Trivia, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Gallery

Read more here: » Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia II - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - End of the war and a brief presidency

In 1521, the Kalmar Union finally collapsed and Gustav Vasa became the King of Sweden. During his rule, the Swedish church was reformed (1527). The state administration underwent extensive reforms and development too, giving it a much stronger grip on the life of local communities - and ability to collect higher taxes. Following the policies of the Reformation, in 1551 Mikael Agricola, bishop of Turku, published his translation of the New Testament into the Finnish language. In 1550, Helsinki was founded by Gustav Vasa, but remained little m ...

See also:

History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Pre-history, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-war era, History of Finland - Recent history

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 16th century

(Entered the War on: October 12, 1915) List of people associated with World War I - Royalty. Ferdinand I List of people associated with World War I - Politicians. Alexander Malinov, (1867-1938), Prime Minister (1908-1911, 1918) Vasil Radoslavov, (1854-1929), Prime Minister Alexander Stamboliski, (1879-1923), anti-monarchist Nikola Zhekov, (1864-1949), Com ...

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List of people associated with World War I, List of people associated with World War I - Australia, List of people associated with World War I - Austria-Hungary, List of people associated with World War I - Royalty, List of people associated with World War I - Military Leaders, List of people associated with World War I - Politicians, List of people associated with World War I - Belgium, List of people associated with World War I - Bulgaria, List of people associated with World War I - Royalty, List of people associated with World War I - Politicians, List of people associated with World War I - Military leaders, List of people associated with World War I - Canada includes Newfoundland, List of people associated with World War I - France, List of people associated with World War I - Military Leaders, List of people associated with World War I - Politicians, List of people associated with World War I - Finland, List of people associated with World War I - Germany, List of people associated with World War I - Monarch, List of people associated with World War I - Military Leaders, List of people associated with World War I - Political Leaders, List of people associated with World War I - Others, List of people associated with World War I - Greece, List of people associated with World War I - Italy, List of people associated with World War I - Royalty, List of people associated with World War I - Military Leaders, List of people associated with World War I - Political Leaders, List of people associated with World War I - Others, List of people associated with World War I - Japan, List of people associated with World War I - Mexico, List of people associated with World War I - Netherlands, List of people associated with World War I - New Zealand, List of people associated with World War I - Ottoman Empire, List of people associated with World War I - Romania, List of people associated with World War I - Russia, List of people associated with World War I - Monarchs, List of people associated with World War I - Military Leaders, List of people associated with World War I - Political Leaders and others, List of people associated with World War I - Serbia, List of people associated with World War I - South Africa, List of people associated with World War I - United Kingdom, List of people associated with World War I - Royalty, List of people associated with World War I - Military Leaders, List of people associated with World War I - Political Leaders, List of people associated with World War I - Others, List of people associated with World War I - United States of America

Read more here: » List of people associated with World War I: Encyclopedia II - List of people associated with World War I - Bulgaria