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Pehr Evind Svinhufvud | A Wisdom Archive on Pehr Evind Svinhufvud | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud A selection of articles related to Pehr Evind Svinhufvud | |
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Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Pehr Evind Svinhufvud | | | | |  Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - Finnish Civil War - BackgroundThe background of the Civil War can be traced to political polarization caused by the major conflict between Imperial Russia and the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which commenced in 1889 as an outcome of Russian Pan-Slavism, and was intensified in 1899 with the attempted Russification of Finland. As one consequence Finland's army was abolished.
Until then, Finland's Senate had successfully pursued a Conservative-Loyalist policy towards Russia, aiming at securing Finland's vital national interests through domestic autonomy. It was ...
See also:Finnish Civil War, Finnish Civil War - Background, Finnish Civil War - The General Strike 1905, Finnish Civil War - The February Revolution 1917, Finnish Civil War - The October Revolution 1917, Finnish Civil War - The Social Democrats and the revolution, Finnish Civil War - Conflict, Finnish Civil War - Outcome Read more here: » Finnish Civil War: Encyclopedia II - Finnish Civil War - Background |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - 1861 - Events
1861 - January.
January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City
January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by Wilhelm I
January 3 - American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States
January 9 - Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union, preceding the American Civil War.
January 10 - American Civil War: Florida secedes from the United States
January 11 - American Civil War: Alabama secedes from the U ...
See also:1861, 1861 - Events, 1861 - January, 1861 - February, 1861 - March-April, 1861 - May-June, 1861 - July-August, 1861 - September-October, 1861 - November, 1861 - Unknown dates, 1861 - Births, 1861 - Deaths Read more here: » 1861: Encyclopedia II - 1861 - Events |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers of Finland Swedish influence in Finland was considerable in pre-Christian times. The Vikings were known to Finns both due to their participation in commerce and plundering. Finland's nearly 700-year association with the Kingdom of Sweden did or did not began in approximately 1154 with the introduction of Christianity by a Crusade and an expedition by a svea (Uplandic) nobleman Eric Jedvardson, later known as Saint Eric who became King Eric IX of Sweden.
In 1362 Finnish representatives received for the first time entitlement to participate in the election of the Swedish king, whereby ...
See also:List of Finnish monarchs, List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Eric, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Folkung, List of Finnish monarchs - Rulers of the Kalmar Union and Regents/Viceroys, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Romanov, List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - Acting as Heads of State, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse Read more here: » List of Finnish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers of Finland |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns Finnish and Sami — the language of Lapland's small indigenous minority — are both Finno-Ugric languages and are in the Uralic rather than the Indo-European family. The closest related language to the Finnish with an official status is Estonian. Both Finnish and Estonian are Baltic Finnish or Finnic languages, while other Finno-Ugric languages are more distant.
The origins of the Finnish people and their language are a matter of reinvigorated controversy. In the 19th century the Finnish researcher Castrén prevailed with the theory ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Pre-history, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-war era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason During the Great Northern War (1700–1721), Finland was occupied by the Russians, and the south-eastern part, including the important town of Viipuri, was annexed to Russia after the peace of Uusikaupunki. The border with Russia came to lie roughly where it returned to after World War II. Sweden's status as a European great power was gone, and Russia was now the leading might of the North. The absolute monarchy was finished in Sweden. During this Age of Liberty, the Parliament ruled the country, and the two parties of Hats and Caps struggle ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Pre-history, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-war era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era Despite the Declaration of Independence calling Finland a Republic, initially Finland was to be a constitutional monarchy. Frederick Charles of Hesse, a German prince, was elected King, putatively with the name Väinö I of Finland, with Pehr Evind Svinhufvud and General Mannerheim serving as Regents. However, Germany's defeat in World War I meant that the idea was abandoned. Finland instead became a republic, ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Pre-history, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-war era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Post-war era Finland retained a democratic constitution and free economic structure during the Cold War era. Treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included obligations and restraints on Finland, as well as territorial concessions. Both treaties have been abrogated by Finland since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, while leaving the borders untouched. Even though being a neighbour to the mighty Soviet Union sometimes resulted in overmuch caution concerning foreign politics ("Finlandization"), Finland developed closer cooperation with the other Nordic countries and declar ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Pre-history, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-war era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Post-war era |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Independence and Civil War In the aftermath of the February Revolution in Russia, Finland received a new Senate, a coalition-Cabinet with the same power structure as the Finnish Parliament. Based on the general election in 1916, the Social Democrats had a small majority, and the Social Democrat Oskari Tokoi became Prime Minister. The new Senate was willing to cooperate with the revolutionary government of Russia, but no agreement was reached. The Finns' view was basically that the personal union with Russia was finished after the Tsar was dethroned. They expected the ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Pre-history, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-war era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Independence and Civil War |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Finland in World War II During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union twice: she defended herself against the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939-1940 (with limited but crucial support from Sweden), resulting in the loss of Finnish Karelia, and invaded the Soviet Union herself in the Continuation War of 1941-1944 (with considerable support from Nazi Germany), leading also to the loss of Finland's only ice-free winter harbour Petsamo. This was followed by the Lapland War of 1944-1945, when Finland fought against the Germans ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Pre-history, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-war era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Finland in World War II |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy (Main article: Grand Duchy of Finland)
During the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia, Finland was again conquered by the armies of Tsar Alexander I. The four Estates of occupied Finland were assembled at the Diet of Porvoo on March 29, 1809 to pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia. Following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on September 17, 1809, Finland remained an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917, with Karelia handed back to Finland in 1812. During ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Pre-history, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-war era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Independence and Civil War In the aftermath of the February Revolution in Russia, Finland received a new Senate, a coalition-Cabinet with the same power structure as the Finnish Parliament. Based on the general election in 1916, the Social Democrats had a small majority, and the Social Democrat Oskari Tokoi became Prime Minister. The new Senate was willing to cooperate with revolutionary government of Russia, but no agreement was reached. The Finns' view was, basically, that the personal union with Russia was finished after the Tsar was dethroned. They expected the Cz ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Independence and Civil War |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Recent history In the beginning of the 1990's the Finnish economy fell in to the severe depression. The depression was caused by overheated economy after liberalization in the 1980's, disappearance of a major trade partner almost overnight when the Soviet Union dissolved and bad economy policy combined with economic downturn in the Western trade partners. The most severe consequence of depression was mass unemployment (17%). In the latter half of the 1990's the economy saw strong recovered led by the success of Nokia in telecommunication market. However, the unempl ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Recent history |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Post-War Era Finland retained a democratic constitution and free economic structure during the Cold War era. Treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included obligations and restraints on Finland, as well as territorial concessions. Both treaties have been abrogated by Finland since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, however leaving the borders untouched. Even though being a neighbour to the mighty Soviet Union sometimes resulted in overmuch caution concerning foreign politics ("Finlandization"), Finland developed closer cooperation with the other Nordic countries and declar ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Post-War Era |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Finland in World War II During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union twice: she defended herself against the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939-1940 (with limited but crucial support from Sweden), resulting in the loss of Finnish Karelia, and invaded the Soviet Union herself in the Continuation War of 1941-1944 (with considerable support from Nazi Germany), leading also to the loss of Finland's only ice-free winter harbour Petsamo. This was followed by the Lapland War of 1944-1945, when Finland fought against the Germans ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Finland in World War II |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers of Finland Grand Dukes of Finland (Suomen suuriruhtinas)
List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Romanov.
1809-1825 : Alexander I (Aleksanteri I)
1825-1855 : Nicholas I (Nikolai I)
1855-1881 : Alexander II (Aleksanteri II)
1881-1894 : Alexander III (Aleksanteri III)
1894-1917 : Nicholas II (Nikolai II)
...
See also:List of Finnish monarchs, List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Eric, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Folkung, List of Finnish monarchs - Rulers of the Kalmar Union and Regents/Viceroys, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Romanov, List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - Acting as Heads of State, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse Read more here: » List of Finnish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers of Finland |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland
List of Finnish monarchs - Acting as Heads of State.
November 7, 1917 - November 15, 1917 : Eemil Nestor Setälä
November 15, 1917 - November 28, 1917 : Otto Johannes Lundson
November 28, 1917 - May 18, 1918 : Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
(Regents or Protectors of State (Suomen valtionhoitaja) are listed under Presidents of Finland)
List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse.
King of Finland (Suomen kuningas)
October 9, 1918 - December 14, 1918 : Friedr ...
See also:List of Finnish monarchs, List of Finnish monarchs - Swedish rulers of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The Houses of Sverker and Eric, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Folkung, List of Finnish monarchs - Rulers of the Kalmar Union and Regents/Viceroys, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Vasa, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Pfalz-Zweibrücken, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Holstein-Gottorp, List of Finnish monarchs - Russian rulers of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Romanov, List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland, List of Finnish monarchs - Acting as Heads of State, List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Hesse Read more here: » List of Finnish monarchs: Encyclopedia II - List of Finnish monarchs - Independence and the Kingdom of Finland |
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| | | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - End of the war and a brief presidency At the moment when Germany was deemed sufficiently weakened, and USSR's summer offensive was fought to standstill (thanks to President Risto Ryti's agreement with the Germans in June 1944), Finland's leaders saw a chance to reach a peace with the Soviet Union. Risto Ryti resigned, and Mannerheim was elected as President on August 4, 1944, mainly because he was the only one with sufficient prestige both internationally and domestically. The dangerous state that Finland found itself in at that moment was reflected in Mannerheim's inauguration ...
See also:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Ancestry, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - An Officer in the Imperial Russian Army, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - From Civil-War Victor to Head of State, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Between the Wars, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Commander-in-Chief, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - End of the war and a brief presidency, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Trivia, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Gallery Read more here: » Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia II - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - End of the war and a brief presidency |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era Despite of the Declaration of Independence calling Finland a Republic, initially, Finland was to be a constitutional monarchy. A German prince, Frederick Charles was elected King, putatively with the name Väinö I of Finland, with Pehr Evind Svinhufvud and General Mannerheim serving as Regents. However, Germany's defeat in World War I, meant that the idea was abandoned. Finland instead became a republic, w ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era |
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| | | | | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire In 1617 - 1632 Sweden was ruled by King Gustavus Adolphus, whose military reforms transformed the Swedish army from a peasant militia into an efficient fighting machine, possibly the best one in Europe. The conquest of Livonia was now completed, and some territories were taken from internally divided Russia in the Treaty of Stolbova. In 1630, the Swedish (and Finnish) armies marched into Central Europe, as Sweden had decided to take part in the great struggle between Protestant and Catholic forces in Germany, known as the Thirty Years War. T ...
See also:History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Pre-history, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th century - the Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-war era, History of Finland - Recent history Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire |
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