Encyclopedia - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia Ii - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - A Lawyer And A Politician
Svinhufvud's career in law followed a regular course: he worked as a lawyer, served at district courts, and served as a deputy judge at w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1861: Encyclopedia Ii - Events
1861 - January. January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by W...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1931: Encyclopedia - 1931
1931 (MCMXXXI) is a common year starting on Thursday. 1931 - Events. January 4 - Elly Beinhorn begins her flight to Africa January 6 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1861: Encyclopedia - 1861
1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. Canada - Mexico - South Africa - U.S. Rail Transport - Science - Sports Births - Deaths 1861 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finnish Civil War: Encyclopedia - Finnish Civil War
The Civil War in Finland was fought from January to May 1918, between the "Reds" (punaiset), i.e. Social Democrats together with Communis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - White Guard Finland: Encyclopedia - White Guard Finland
The White Guards is one translation of the Finnish term Suojeluskunta (plural: Suojeluskunnat, Finland-Swedish: Skyddskår) that has rece...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (June 4, 1867 – January 28, 1951) was the reputed Commander-in-Chief of Finland's Defence Forces, Mar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Regent: Encyclopedia - Regent
A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is anyone who acts as head of state, especially if not the monarch (who has higher titles). ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Finns: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Finns - Musicians
List of Finns - Opera. Aino Ackté – soprano Monica Groop – mezzosoprano Jorma Hynninen – baritone Soile Isokoski – soprano Ka...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chancellor Of Justice: Encyclopedia Ii - Chancellor Of Justice - Sweden
In Sweden, the Chancellor of Justice (Justitiekanslern) is a government official charged with representing the Swedish government in vari...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - President Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - President Of Finland - Duties And Powers
The President’s functions and powers are directly defined in the Constitution. In addition to those specified there, the President also...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Earliest Origins Of The Finns
Finnish and Sami — the language of Lapland's small indigenous minority — are both Finno-Ugric languages and are in the Uralic rather ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - White Guard Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - White Guard Finland - Historical Context
(See also: Civil War in Finland) Tensions during Russia's failed war against Japan in 1905 led to empire-wide civil unrest, known to Sovi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Finnish Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Finnish Monarchs - Swedish Rulers In Finland
Swedish influence in Finland was considerable in pre-Christian times. The Vikings were known to Finns both due to their participation in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of People Associated With World War I: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of People Associated With World War I - Australia
(Entered the War on: August 4, 1914) C.E.W. Bean (1879-1968) Official Australian war correspondent Henry Gordon Bennett (1887-1962) Comm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1931: Encyclopedia Ii - 1931 - Events
1931 - January-March. January 4 - Elly Beinhorn begins her flight to Africa January 6 - Thomas Edison submits his last patent applica...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia Ii - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Commander-in-chief
When negotiations with the Soviet Union failed in 1939, Mannerheim on October 17 again withdrew his resignation, thereby again accepting ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Regent: Encyclopedia Ii - Regent - Regents In Various Monarchies
It should be noted that those who held a regency briefly, for example during surgery, are not necessarily listed, particularly if they pe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Swedish People's Party Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - Swedish People's Party Finland - History Leaders And Electorate
The Swedish People's Party was founded by Axel Lille in 1906, making it one of the oldest parties in Finland. The current leader of the p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Regent: Encyclopedia Ii - Regent - Examples Of Regents In Various Monarchies
It should be noted that those who held a regency briefly, for example during surgery, are not necessarily listed, particularly if they pe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fennoman: Encyclopedia Ii - Fennoman - Motto
The fennoman motto was coined by Adolf Ivar Arwidsson: "Swedes we are no longer, Russians we can never become, so let us be Finns!" It ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finnish Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Finnish Civil War - Background
The background of the Civil War can be traced to political polarization caused by the major conflict between Imperial Russia and the auto...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1861: Encyclopedia Ii - 1861 - Events
1861 - January. January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by W...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Finnish Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Finnish Monarchs - Swedish Rulers Of Finland
Swedish influence in Finland was considerable in pre-Christian times. The Vikings were known to Finns both due to their participation in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Earliest Origins Of The Finns
Finnish and Sami — the language of Lapland's small indigenous minority — are both Finno-Ugric languages and are in the Uralic rather ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - The 18th Century - The Age Of Reason
During the Great Northern War (1700–1721), Finland was occupied by the Russians, and the south-eastern part, including the important to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Finland In The Inter-war Era
Despite the Declaration of Independence calling Finland a Republic, initially Finland was to be a constitutional monarchy. Frederick Char...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Post-war Era
Finland retained a democratic constitution and free economic structure during the Cold War era. Treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Independence And Civil War
In the aftermath of the February Revolution in Russia, Finland received a new Senate, a coalition-Cabinet with the same power structure a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Finland In World War Ii
During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union twice: she defended herself against the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939-1940 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy
(Main article: Grand Duchy of Finland) During the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia, Finland was again conquered by the armies of Tsa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Independence And Civil War
In the aftermath of the February Revolution in Russia, Finland received a new Senate, a coalition-Cabinet with the same power structure a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Recent History
In the beginning of the 1990's the Finnish economy fell in to the severe depression. The depression was caused by overheated economy afte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Post-war Era
Finland retained a democratic constitution and free economic structure during the Cold War era. Treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Finland In World War Ii
During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union twice: she defended herself against the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939-1940 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Finnish Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Finnish Monarchs - Russian Rulers Of Finland
Grand Dukes of Finland (Suomen suuriruhtinas) List of Finnish monarchs - The House of Romanov. 1809-1825 : Alexander I (Aleksante...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Finnish Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Finnish Monarchs - Independence And The Kingdom Of Finland
List of Finnish monarchs - Acting as Heads of State. November 7, 1917 - November 15, 1917 : Eemil Nestor Setälä November 15, 19...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Swedish People's Party Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - Swedish People's Party Finland - Political Positions
The Swedish language enjoys a privileged position as one of the two official languages of Finland. The SFP has as its main raison d'être...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia Ii - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - End Of The War And A Brief Presidency
At the moment when Germany was deemed sufficiently weakened, and USSR's summer offensive was fought to standstill (thanks to President Ri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Finland In The Inter-war Era
Despite of the Declaration of Independence calling Finland a Republic, initially, Finland was to be a constitutional monarchy. A German p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - The 17th Century - The Swedish Empire
In 1617 - 1632 Sweden was ruled by King Gustavus Adolphus, whose military reforms transformed the Swedish army from a peasant militia int...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - The Middle Ages
Contact between Sweden and what is now Finland was remarkable even during pre-Christian times — the Vikings were known to Finns both du...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Prehistory
The archaeological evidence of the Paleolithic, pre-Ice Age settlement in Finland is a debated issue. After the Ice Age, the archaeologic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - The 16th Century
In 1521, The Kalmar Union finally collapsed and Gustav Vasa became the King of Sweden. During his rule, the Swedish church was reformed. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - The 17th Century - The Swedish Empire
In 1617 - 1632 Sweden was ruled by the king Gustavus Adolphus, whose military reforms transformed the Swedish army from a peasant militia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy
(Main article: Grand Duchy of Finland) During the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia, Finland was again conquered by the armies of Tsa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - The 18th Century - Age Of Reason
During the Great War (1713–1721), Finland was occupied by the Russians, and the south-eastern part, including the important town of Vii...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Recent History
At the beginning of the 1990s the Finnish economy fell into severe depression. The depression was caused by an overheated economy after l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - White Guard Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - White Guard Finland - The White Guards In The Civil War
The Senate, led by the national hero Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, proposed a Declaration of Independence, which the Parliament adopted on Decem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1931: Encyclopedia Ii - 1931 - Births
1931 - January. January 5 - Alvin Ailey, American choreographer (d. 1989) January 5 - Alfred Brendel, Austrian pianist January 5 - Rob...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finnish Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Finnish Civil War - Outcome
The civil war had ended, but it left Finnish society divided into two groups. A "Red terror" campaign against the right wing was followed...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Finnish Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Finnish Monarchs - Russian Rulers
Grand Dukes of Finland (Suomen suuriruhtinas) The House of Romanov 1809-1825 : Alexander I of Russia (Aleksanteri I) 1825-1855 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Finnish Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Finnish Monarchs - Independence And The Kingdom Of Finland
Acting Heads of State November 7, 1917 - November 15, 1917 : Eemil Nestor Setälä November 15, 1917 - November 28, 1917 : Ott...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of People Associated With World War I: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of People Associated With World War I - Austria-hungary
(Entered the War on: July 28, 1914) List of people associated with World War I - Royalty. Archduke Franz Ferdinand, (1863-1914), heir ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Finnish Civil War: Encyclopedia Ii - Finnish Civil War - Conflict
The Reds were alarmed by the government's decision to employ the White Guards as the nucleus of a national army and to use "the Butchers"...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia Ii - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Gallery
Mannerheim during the Winter War Mannerheim studying a map The ceremonial honorary guard of the coffin of Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim Gra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia Ii - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Ancestry
The Mannerheim family descended from a Dutch businessman and mill owner, Henrik Marhein, who emigrated to Gävle in Sweden. His son, Augu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Regent: Encyclopedia Ii - Regent - High Public Office
A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is anyone who acts as head of state, especially if not the monarch (who has higher titles). ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia Ii - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - An Officer In The Imperial Russian Army
Eventually, in January 1891, Mannerheim was transferred to serve in Her Majesty Maria Feodorovna's Chevalier Guards in St Petersburg. His...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia Ii - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - From Civil-war Victor To Head Of State
In January 1918 the Senate of the newly independent Finland, under its chairman Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, appointed Mannerheim as Commander-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim: Encyclopedia Ii - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - End Of The War And A Brief Presidency
In the moment when Germany was deemed sufficiently weakened, and USSR's summer offensive was fought to standstill (thanks to President Ri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - The 16th Century
In 1521, the Kalmar Union finally collapsed and Gustav Vasa became the King of Sweden. During his rule, the Swedish church was reformed (...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of People Associated With World War I: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of People Associated With World War I - Bulgaria
(Entered the War on: October 12, 1915) List of people associated with World War I - Royalty. Ferdinand I List of people associated w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - White Guard Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - White Guard Finland - The White Guards After The Civil War
The defeat of the Red Army, after four months of bitter Civil War, made the White Guards recognized as one of the key agents in the victo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - President Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - President Of Finland - The Independence Day Reception
The traditional Independence Day Reception at the Presidential Palace on December 6 is one of the key annual events in the Presidential c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chancellor Of Justice: Encyclopedia Ii - Chancellor Of Justice - Finland
The Chancellor of Justice (Finnish: Oikeuskansleri, Swedish: Justitiekanslern) is a Finnish government official who supervises authoritie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - Pre-history
The archaeological evidence of the Paleolithic, pre-Ice Age settlement in Finland is a debated issue. After the Ice Age, the archaeologic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Finland - The Middle Ages
Contact between Sweden and what is now Finland was remarkable even during pre-Christian times — the Vikings were known to Finns both du...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of People Associated With World War I: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of People Associated With World War I - France
(Entered the War on: August 3, 1914) List of people associated with World War I - Military Leaders. Edouard de Castelnau, (1851-1944),...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - President Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - President Of Finland - List Of Presidents Of Finland
President of Finland - Living former Presidents. Currently, there are two living former Presidents of the Republic: Mauno Koivisto, ni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - President Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - President Of Finland - Inauguration
The President-elect, accompanied by the Speaker of the Parliament and the outgoing President, assumes office on the first day of the mont...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of People Associated With World War I: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of People Associated With World War I - Germany
(Entered the War on: August 1, 1914) List of people associated with World War I - Monarch. Emperor Wilhelm II List of people associa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of People Associated With World War I: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of People Associated With World War I - Russia
(Entered the War on: August 1, 1914) List of people associated with World War I - Monarchs. Emperor Nicholas II (1868-1918), abdicated...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of People Associated With World War I: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of People Associated With World War I - Italy
(Entered the War on: May 23, 1915) List of people associated with World War I - Royalty. Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, (1869-1947) Ame...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of People Associated With World War I: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of People Associated With World War I - United Kingdom
(Entered the War on: August 4, 1914) List of people associated with World War I - Royalty. King George V Queen Mary List of people a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - President Of Finland: Encyclopedia Ii - President Of Finland - Election
Candidates for President can be nominated by registered parties which have received at least one seat in the preceding parliamentary elec...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia Ii - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Prime Minister And President
In 1925 he was the Presidential candidate for the conservative Kokoomus party, but was not elected. After the emergence of the anti-commu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia Ii - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Independence And The Civil War
Svinhufvud lead the Senate that declared Finland's independence on December 6, 1917. He also personally went to Saint Petersburg to meet ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud: Encyclopedia Ii - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud - Family Background And Early Life
Svinhufvud was born in Sääksmäki, the son of Pehr Gustaf Svinhufvud, a sea captain, and Olga von Becker. His father drowned at sea off...   » Read the article