Peer-to-peer

Under US law, "the Betamax decision" case holds that copying "technologies" are not inherently illegal, if substantial non-infringing use can be made of them. This decision, predating the widespread use of the Internet applies to most data networks, including peer-to-peer networks, since distribution of correctly licensed files can be performed. These non-infringing uses include sending open source software, public domain files and out of copyright works. Other jurisdictions te ...

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Peer-to-peer, Peer-to-peer - Operation of peer-to-peer networks, Peer-to-peer - Advantages of peer-to-peer networks, Peer-to-peer - Academic peer-to-peer network, Peer-to-peer - Legal controversy, Peer-to-peer - Computer science perspective, Peer-to-peer - Attacks on peer-to-peer networks, Peer-to-peer - Networks protocols and applications, Peer-to-peer - Multi-network applications

Read more here: » Peer-to-peer: Encyclopedia II - Peer-to-peer - Legal controversy

This is about scribe, the profession. For the New Zealand rapper, please see Scribe (rapper). For scribing in graffiti, see scribing (graffiti). Scribe (or Scrivener) is an ancient profession, a person who could read and write. This usually indicated secretarial and administrative duties such as dictation and keeping business, judicial, and history records for rulers such as kings, nobility, temples, and cities. Later the profession developed for example in ...

Including:

• Scribe - Scribes in the Bible

Read more here: » Scribe: Encyclopedia - Scribe

Computer cluster - High-availability HA clusters. High-availability clusters are implemented primarily for the purpose of improving the availability of services which the cluster provides. They operate by having redundant nodes, which are then used to provide service when system components fail. The most common size for an HA cluster is two nodes, which is the minimum required to provide redundancy. HA cluster implementations attempt to manage the redundancy inherent in a cluster to eliminate single points of fai ...

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Computer cluster, Computer cluster - Cluster categorizations, Computer cluster - High-availability HA clusters, Computer cluster - Load balancing clusters, Computer cluster - High-performance HPC clusters, Computer cluster - Grid Computing, Computer cluster - High-performance cluster implementations, Computer cluster - Cluster history, Computer cluster - Cluster technologies, Computer cluster - Clustering software open source, Computer cluster - Clustering products, Computer cluster - Cluster sites

Read more here: » Computer cluster: Encyclopedia II - Computer cluster - Cluster categorizations

IRC is an open protocol that uses TCP and optionally SSL. An IRC server can connect to other IRC servers to expand the IRC network. Users access IRC networks by connecting a client to a server. There are many client and server implementations. Most IRC servers do not require users to log in, but a user will have to set a nickname before being connected . IRC is a plaintext protocol, which means that it is fully possible (though quite inconvenient) to use IRC via a basic byte-stream client such as netcat or telnet. However, the protoco ...

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Internet Relay Chat, Internet Relay Chat - Technical information, Internet Relay Chat - Evolution, Internet Relay Chat - Channels and Modes, Internet Relay Chat - Abuse prevention: timestamping vs. nick/channel delay protocol, Internet Relay Chat - Networks and URLs, Internet Relay Chat - Clients, Internet Relay Chat - Bots, Internet Relay Chat - Bouncer, Internet Relay Chat - Modern IRC, Internet Relay Chat - Forms of abuse, Internet Relay Chat - File sharing

Read more here: » Internet Relay Chat: Encyclopedia II - Internet Relay Chat - Technical information

A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network that uses radio waves as its carrier: the last link with the users is wireless, to give a network connection to all users in the surrounding area. Areas may range from a single room to an entire campus. The backbone network usually uses cables, with one or more wireless access points connecting the wireless users to the wired network. WLAN is expected to continue to be an important form of connection in many business areas. The market is expected to grow as the bene ...

Including:

• Wireless LAN - Types of operation
• Wireless LAN - Peer-to-peer or ad-hoc mode
• Wireless LAN - Infrastructure mode
• Wireless LAN - Health Concerns

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Cameron Michelle Díaz (born August 30, 1972) is an American film actress. Diaz was born and raised in San Diego, California, the daughter of Emilio Díaz, a Cuban-American father who worked as a foreman for an oil company, and mother Billie Early, an exporting agent whose ancestry includes English, German, and Native American. She attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School. At age 16 she landed a contract with the prestigious Elle modelling agency. After graduating from High School she went to work in Japan, there meet ...

Including:

• Cameron Diaz - Covers and Featured in Magazines
• Cameron Diaz - Filmography

Read more here: » Cameron Diaz: Encyclopedia - Cameron Diaz

This article is about the decade starting at the beginning of 2000 and ending at the end of 2009. For the century or millennium starting in 2001, see the links below. 2000s - The decade as a whole. The 2000s decade refers to the years from 2000 to 2009, inclusive. Informally, it can also include a few years at the end of the preceding decade or the beginning of the following decade. So far, the 2000s has been marked generally with an escalation of the social issues a ...

Including:

• 2000s - The decade as a whole
• 2000s - Names of the decade
• 2000s - Criticisms of the Decade
• 2000s - Events and trends
• 2000s - Technology
• 2000s - Science
• 2000s - War peace and politics
• 2000s - Economics
• 2000s - Culture and religion
• 2000s - Other
• 2000s - Trends and Fashion
• 2000s - United States
• 2000s - Music
• 2000s - United States and Canada
• 2000s - Europe
• 2000s - Latin America/Caribbean
• 2000s - Film
• 2000s - Video Games
• 2000s - Television and Radio
• 2000s - Sports
• 2000s - People
• 2000s - World leaders
• 2000s - Entertainers
• 2000s - Sports figures

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Today there are several thousand running IRC networks in the world. They run various implementations of IRC servers, and are administered by various groups of IRC Operators, but the protocol exposed to IRC users is very similar, and all IRC networks can be accessed by the same client software. You can join to servers clicking in a irc://irc.server.net:port/channel web link. The largest IRC networks have traditionally been grouped in The Big Four — a designation for networks that top the statistics. Currently this inclu ...

See also:

Internet Relay Chat, Internet Relay Chat - Technical information, Internet Relay Chat - Evolution, Internet Relay Chat - Channels and Modes, Internet Relay Chat - Abuse prevention: timestamping vs. nick/channel delay protocol, Internet Relay Chat - Networks and URLs, Internet Relay Chat - Clients, Internet Relay Chat - Bots, Internet Relay Chat - Bouncer, Internet Relay Chat - Modern IRC, Internet Relay Chat - Forms of abuse, Internet Relay Chat - File sharing

Read more here: » Internet Relay Chat: Encyclopedia II - Internet Relay Chat - Networks and URLs

A computer network is a system for communication between computers. These networks may be fixed (cabled, permanent) or temporary (as via modems or null modems). Carrying instructions between calculation machines and early computers was done by human users. In September, 1940 George Stibitz used a teletype machine to send instructions for a problem set from his Model K at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and received results back by the same means. Linking output systems like telety ...

Including:

• Computer network - Categorizing
• Computer network - By functional relationship
• Computer network - By network topology
• Computer network - By specialized function
• Computer network - Protocol stacks
• Computer network - Suggested topics
• Computer network - Layers
• Computer network - Data transmission
• Computer network - Other

Read more here: » Computer network: Encyclopedia - Computer network

The first commodity clustering product was ARCnet, developed by Datapoint in 1977. ARCnet wasn't a commercial success and clustering didn't really take off until DEC released their VAXcluster product in the 1980s for the VAX/VMS operating system. The ARCnet and VAXcluster products not only supported parallel computing, but also shared file systems and peripheral devices. They were supposed to give you the advantage of parallel processing, while maintaining data reliability and uniqueness. VAXcluster, now VMScluster, is still available on OpenVMS s ...

See also:

Computer cluster, Computer cluster - Cluster categorizations, Computer cluster - High-availability HA clusters, Computer cluster - Load balancing clusters, Computer cluster - High-performance HPC clusters, Computer cluster - Grid Computing, Computer cluster - High-performance cluster implementations, Computer cluster - Cluster history, Computer cluster - Cluster technologies, Computer cluster - Clustering software open source, Computer cluster - Clustering products, Computer cluster - Cluster sites

Read more here: » Computer cluster: Encyclopedia II - Computer cluster - Cluster history

Using scripts like Sysreset, UPP and Polaris users can create file servers that allow them to share files with others. In addition to the normal pros and cons of file-sharing (see Copyright infringement of software), there are also groups that set up anime fansubbing networks, allowing American audiences to see anime that would normally be unavailable in English and outside of Japan. Due to the large amount of people who use IRC solely for file sharing, some think of IRC as a form of P2P file sharing (along with the client mIRC). Conv ...

See also:

Internet Relay Chat, Internet Relay Chat - Technical information, Internet Relay Chat - Evolution, Internet Relay Chat - Channels and Modes, Internet Relay Chat - Abuse prevention: timestamping vs. nick/channel delay protocol, Internet Relay Chat - Networks and URLs, Internet Relay Chat - Clients, Internet Relay Chat - Bots, Internet Relay Chat - Bouncer, Internet Relay Chat - Modern IRC, Internet Relay Chat - Forms of abuse, Internet Relay Chat - File sharing

Read more here: » Internet Relay Chat: Encyclopedia II - Internet Relay Chat - File sharing

mIRC is widely believed to be the most popular IRC client on Windows based systems. However, with the recent introduction of clients such as Bersirc, KVIrc, Trillian, and X-Chat, mIRC is beginning to see much more competition. Many people still use mIRC most likely due to the fact that it has been around for quite some time and has a wide variety of scripts available. ircII is the canonical Unix IRC client, but its userbase has declined with the appearance of competing clients such as ircII-EPIC, BitchX, irssi, X-Chat, etc. For Mac OS X, the ...

See also:

Internet Relay Chat, Internet Relay Chat - Technical information, Internet Relay Chat - Evolution, Internet Relay Chat - Channels and Modes, Internet Relay Chat - Abuse prevention: timestamping vs. nick/channel delay protocol, Internet Relay Chat - Networks and URLs, Internet Relay Chat - Clients, Internet Relay Chat - Bots, Internet Relay Chat - Bouncer, Internet Relay Chat - Modern IRC, Internet Relay Chat - Forms of abuse, Internet Relay Chat - File sharing

Read more here: » Internet Relay Chat: Encyclopedia II - Internet Relay Chat - Clients

MPI is a widely-available communications library that enables parallel programs to be written in C and Fortran, for example, in the climate modeling program MM5. The GNU/Linux world sports various cluster software, such as: Beowulf, distcc, MPICH and other - mostly specialized application clustering. distcc provides parallel compilation when using GCC. Linux Virtual Server, Linux-HA - director-based clusters that allow incoming requests for services to be distributed across multiple cluster nodes. Mosix, ...

See also:

Computer cluster, Computer cluster - Cluster categorizations, Computer cluster - High-availability HA clusters, Computer cluster - Load balancing clusters, Computer cluster - High-performance HPC clusters, Computer cluster - Grid Computing, Computer cluster - High-performance cluster implementations, Computer cluster - Cluster history, Computer cluster - Cluster technologies, Computer cluster - Clustering software open source, Computer cluster - Clustering products, Computer cluster - Cluster sites

Read more here: » Computer cluster: Encyclopedia II - Computer cluster - Cluster technologies

The TOP500 organization publishes the 500 fastest computers twice a year, usually including many clusters on their list. TOP500 [1] is a collaboration between the University of Mannheim, the University of Tennessee, and the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The current top supercomputer is the Department of Energy's BlueGene/L system with performance of 280.6 TFlops. The second ...

See also:

Computer cluster, Computer cluster - Cluster categorizations, Computer cluster - High-availability HA clusters, Computer cluster - Load balancing clusters, Computer cluster - High-performance HPC clusters, Computer cluster - Grid Computing, Computer cluster - High-performance cluster implementations, Computer cluster - Cluster history, Computer cluster - Cluster technologies, Computer cluster - Clustering software open source, Computer cluster - Clustering products, Computer cluster - Cluster sites

Read more here: » Computer cluster: Encyclopedia II - Computer cluster - High-performance cluster implementations

Network effect - Financial Exchanges. Stock exchanges and derivatives exchanges feature a network effect. Market liquidity is a major determinant of transaction cost in the sale or purchase of a security, as a bid-ask spread exists between the price at which a purchase can be done versus the price at which the sale of the same security can be done. As the number of buyers and sellers on an exchange increases, liquidity increases, and transaction costs decrease. This then attracts a larger nu ...

See also:

Network effect, Network effect - Network effect business models, Network effect - Examples, Network effect - Financial Exchanges, Network effect - Software, Network effect - Websites, Network effect - Network effects and technology lifecycle

Read more here: » Network effect: Encyclopedia II - Network effect - Examples

A Client/Server architecture is intended to provide a scalable architecture, whereby each computer or process on the network is either a client or a server. Server software generally, but not always, runs on powerful computers dedicated for exclusive use to running the business application. Client software on the other hand generally runs on common PCs or workstations. Clients get all or most of their information and rely on the application server for things such as configuration files, stock quotes, business application programs, or to offl ...

See also:

Client-server, Client-server - Introduction, Client-server - Multi-tier architectures, Client-server - Addressing, Client-server - Examples, Client-server - Other Network Architectures

Read more here: » Client-server: Encyclopedia II - Client-server - Introduction

MMORPGs are computer games that can be traced back to non-graphical online Multi-User Dungeon (MUD) games such as those developed in the late-1970s for the PLATO System. Earlier games such as pedit5, dnd, orthanc, baradur, bnd and sorcery were multi-user games, but the players could not interact with one another. Subsequent games on PLATO including oubliette, avathar (later renamed avatar), emprise and moria allowed players to interact, including helping each ...

See also:

MMORPG, MMORPG - History, MMORPG - 1980s, MMORPG - Early 1990s, MMORPG - Late 1990s, MMORPG - 2000 to present, MMORPG - Academic attention, MMORPG - Amateur development, MMORPG - Browser-based MMORPGs, MMORPG - Genre challenges, MMORPG - Private servers

Read more here: » MMORPG: Encyclopedia II - MMORPG - History

Pirates generally exploit the international nature of the copyright issue to avoid law enforcement in specific countries. In Russia, the copying of software was once explicitly permitted by law when such software was not in the Russian language. This is no longer the case, but prosecutions for copyright infringement are still very rare. The production and/or distribution of warez is illegal in most countries. However, it is typically overlooked in poorer third world countries with weak or non-existent IP protection. Some first world c ...

See also:

Warez, Warez - History of warez, Warez - Product piracy, Warez - Rise of software piracy, Warez - Types of warez, Warez - Software piracy, Warez - Movie piracy, Warez - Distribution of warez, Warez - Distribution methods, Warez - File formats of warez, Warez - Motivations and arguments, Warez - Pro-warez argument, Warez - Anti-warez arguments, Warez - Legality, Warez - English law, Warez - Notes

Read more here: » Warez: Encyclopedia II - Warez - Motivations and arguments

The beginning of the MMORPG genre can be traced back to non-graphical online Multi-User Dungeon (MUD) games such as those developed in the late-1970s for the PLATO System. Earlier games such as pedit5, dnd, Dungeon, orthanc, baradur, bnd and sorcery were multi-user games, but the players could not interact with one another. Subsequent games on PLATO including oubliette, avathar (later renamed avatar), emprise and moria allowed players to interact, including h ...

See also:

MMORPG, MMORPG - History, MMORPG - 1980s, MMORPG - Early 1990s, MMORPG - Late 1990s, MMORPG - 2000 to present, MMORPG - Academic attention, MMORPG - Open source development, MMORPG - Browser-based MMORPGs, MMORPG - MUD, MMORPG - Genre challenges, MMORPG - Cheating, MMORPG - Private servers

Read more here: » MMORPG: Encyclopedia II - MMORPG - History

Network effect - Software. There are very strong network effects operating in the market for widely-used computer software. Take for example Microsoft Office. For many people choosing an office suite, prime considerations include how valuable having learned that office suite will prove to potential employers, and how well the software interoperates with other users. That is, since learning to use an office suite takes many hours, they want to invest that time learning the office suite that will make them most attractive to potential employers (or consulting clients, etc), and th ...

See also:

Network effect, Network effect - Network effect business models, Network effect - Examples, Network effect - Software, Network effect - Websites, Network effect - Network effects and technology lifecycle

Read more here: » Network effect: Encyclopedia II - Network effect - Examples