peasantry

Transylvanian Saxons - Legal organization. Although the knights had left Transylvania, the Saxon colonists remained, however, and the king allowed them to retain the rights and obligations included in the Andreanum Act (in German: Goldener Freibrief der Siebenbürger Sachsen) of 1224. This document conferred upon the German population of the territory between Draas (Drăuşeni) and Broos (Orăştie) both administrative and religious autonomy and obligations towards the kings of Hungary. The t ...

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Transylvanian Saxons, Transylvanian Saxons - Medieval settlements, Transylvanian Saxons - Medieval organization, Transylvanian Saxons - Legal organization, Transylvanian Saxons - Religious organizations, Transylvanian Saxons - Fortification of the towns, Transylvanian Saxons - Privileged class, Transylvanian Saxons - Loss of elite standing, Transylvanian Saxons - World War II and afterwards, Transylvanian Saxons - 20th century population figures

Read more here: » Transylvanian Saxons: Encyclopedia II - Transylvanian Saxons - Medieval organization

1. Marshal of the Russian Federation - in the present time is not an active a senior-most military rank of the modern Military Forces of the Russian Federation that is considered the highest Russian Army (Ground Forces) position. The only officer who presently holds the rank is the former Minister of Defense Igor Sergeyev, who was elevated from the General of the Army of the Military Space Troops. Since Russian military ranks system a Marshal of the Russian Federation should be considered as a honorary title equivalent t ...

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Russian military ranks, Russian military ranks - Muscovy, Russian military ranks - Russian Empire, Russian military ranks - 1731-1798, Russian military ranks - 1798-1884, Russian military ranks - 1884-1917, Russian military ranks - RSFSR and Soviet Union, Russian military ranks - 1917-1925, Russian military ranks - 1925-1935, Russian military ranks - 1935-1943, Russian military ranks - 1943-1991, Russian military ranks - Russian Federation, Russian military ranks - Notes, Russian military ranks - Links

Read more here: » Russian military ranks: Encyclopedia II - Russian military ranks - Notes

The independent Russia inherited the ranks of the Soviet Union, although the insignia and uniform was altered a little. The following is a table ranks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Russian armed forces have three styles of ranks - all-forces ranks (army style ranks), deck ranks (navy style ranks) and flying ranks (air style ranks) - like as such follows rank structure Russian Ground Force ...

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Russian military ranks, Russian military ranks - Muscovy, Russian military ranks - Russian Empire, Russian military ranks - 1731-1798, Russian military ranks - 1798-1884, Russian military ranks - 1884-1917, Russian military ranks - RSFSR and Soviet Union, Russian military ranks - 1917-1925, Russian military ranks - 1925-1935, Russian military ranks - 1935-1943, Russian military ranks - 1943-1991, Russian military ranks - Russian Federation, Russian military ranks - Notes, Russian military ranks - Links

Read more here: » Russian military ranks: Encyclopedia II - Russian military ranks - Russian Federation

Russian military ranks - 1917-1925. The October Revolution of 1917 cancelled the privileges of Russian nobility (Dvoryanstvo). The Table of Ranks was abolished and so were the personal military ranks. The army and the navy has returned to a system of positional ranks that were acronyms of the full position names. For example, komdiv was an acronym of Division Commander; likewise kombat was Battalion Commander, etc. These acronyms have survived as informal position names to the present day. ...

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Russian military ranks, Russian military ranks - Muscovy, Russian military ranks - Russian Empire, Russian military ranks - 1731-1798, Russian military ranks - 1798-1884, Russian military ranks - 1884-1917, Russian military ranks - RSFSR and Soviet Union, Russian military ranks - 1917-1925, Russian military ranks - 1925-1935, Russian military ranks - 1935-1943, Russian military ranks - 1943-1991, Russian military ranks - Russian Federation, Russian military ranks - Notes, Russian military ranks - Links

Read more here: » Russian military ranks: Encyclopedia II - Russian military ranks - RSFSR and Soviet Union

Peter Kropotkin - Books. Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution The Conquest of Bread Fields, Factories and Workshops The Great French Revolution P.Kropotkin, In Russian and French Prisons, London: Ward and Downey; 1887. Memoirs of a Revolutionist, Kropotkin's own memoirs Ethics (unfinished). In Russian and French Prisons". Online book. A crit ...

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Peter Kropotkin, Peter Kropotkin - Biography, Peter Kropotkin - Timeline of Kropotkin's Life, Peter Kropotkin - Works, Peter Kropotkin - Books, Peter Kropotkin - Articles, Peter Kropotkin - Pamphlets

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Immediately, however, supporters of the Tsarist regime broke out in revolt, resulting in years of all-out civil war, which lasted until 1922. Known as the "whites," these forces were aided by Western intervention. Allied armies led by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, seeking to prevent the spread of Communism or Russia's exit from the war effort, attempted to invade the Soviet Union and support forces hostile to the Bolsheviks with the intention of overthrowing the Soviet regime. The Bolsheviks, later the Communist P ...

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History of the Soviet Union, History of the Soviet Union - The Russian Revolution, History of the Soviet Union - The Russian Civil War, History of the Soviet Union - The Polish-Soviet War, History of the Soviet Union - Creation of the USSR, History of the Soviet Union - The New Economic Policy, History of the Soviet Union - The death of Lenin and the fate of the NEP

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Finland retained a democratic constitution and free economic structure during the Cold War era. Treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included obligations and restraints on Finland, as well as territorial concessions. Both treaties have been abrogated by Finland since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, however leaving the borders untouched. Even though being a neighbour to the mighty Soviet Union sometimes resulted in overmuch caution concerning foreign politics ("Finlandization"), Finland developed closer cooperation with the other Nordic countries and declar ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Post-War Era

After organizing the February 26, 1990 elections, the Sandinistas lost them and peacefully passed power to the United Nicaraguan Opposition, an alliance of 14 opposition parties ranging from the conservative business organisation COSEP to Nicaraguan communists (see Nicaraguan Socialist Party. UNO's candidate, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, replaced Daniel Ortega as president of Nicaragua. Reasons for the Sandinista loss in 1990 are disputed. Defenders of the defeated government assert that Nicaraguans voted for the opposition due to the ...

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Sandinista National Liberation Front, Sandinista National Liberation Front - Opposition to Somoza 1961–1979, Sandinista National Liberation Front - Cuban assistance, Sandinista National Liberation Front - Sandinista rule 1979–1990, Sandinista National Liberation Front - Sandinistas vs. Contras, Sandinista National Liberation Front - Sandinista human rights abuses, Sandinista National Liberation Front - Relationship with the Catholic Church, Sandinista National Liberation Front - Opposition since 1990, Sandinista National Liberation Front - Symbols, Sandinista National Liberation Front - Prominent Sandinistas, Sandinista National Liberation Front - Reference

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In the beginning of the 1990's the Finnish economy fell in to the severe depression. The depression was caused by overheated economy after liberalization in the 1980's, disappearance of a major trade partner almost overnight when the Soviet Union dissolved and bad economy policy combined with economic downturn in the Western trade partners. The most severe consequence of depression was mass unemployment (17%). In the latter half of the 1990's the economy saw strong recovered led by the success of Nokia in telecommunication market. However, the unempl ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

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Like many activities, morris dancing has a range of words and phrases that it uses in special ways. Many participants will refer to the world of morris dancing as a whole as the morris. A morris troupe is usually referred to as a side or a team. As can be seen in preceding paragraphs, the two terms are interchangeable. (Despite the competitive connotation of both words, ...

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Morris dance, Morris dance - History in England, Morris dance - Styles, Morris dance - Music, Morris dance - Terminology

Read more here: » Morris dance: Encyclopedia II - Morris dance - Terminology

Main article: Politics of Finland Finland has a semi-presidential system with Parliamentarism. The President of Finland is formally responsible for foreign policy. Most executive power lies in the cabinet (the Finnish Council of State) headed by the prime minister chosen by the parliament. The Council of State is made up of the prime minister and the ministers for the various departments of the central government as well as an ex-offici ...

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Finland, Finland - History, Finland - Etymology, Finland - Politics, Finland - Subdivisions, Finland - Geography, Finland - Economy, Finland - Globalization, Finland - Demographics, Finland - Culture, Finland - Public holidays, Finland - Miscellaneous topics, Finland - Other related articles, Finland - International rankings

Read more here: » Finland: Encyclopedia II - Finland - Politics

Main article: Demographics of Finland There are two official languages in Finland: Finnish, spoken by 92% of the population, and Swedish, mother tongue for 5.5% of the population. Ethnic Finns and Finland Swedes are generally considered to comprise a common nation. The Finland-Swedes are concentrated in the coastal areas, and there is a slight cultural difference between the culture of the Ethnic Finns, focused on lakes and woods, and the more outward-oriented coastal culture of the Finland-Swedes. This difference may be consid ...

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Finland, Finland - History, Finland - Etymology, Finland - Politics, Finland - Subdivisions, Finland - Geography, Finland - Economy, Finland - Globalization, Finland - Demographics, Finland - Culture, Finland - Public holidays, Finland - Miscellaneous topics, Finland - Other related articles, Finland - International rankings

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During the beginning of 1700s, military ranks were frequently changed by the tsar during efforts to reform the army and create a strong Navy. These many changes were routinely documented into Army's Rules of Engagement since 1716, until they were finally incorporated into the first variant of Table of Ranks in 1722. Comparing to Strelets Troops, a few more non-commissioned ranks were added, the soldier rank was replaced with many speciality ranks and a few more General ranks were added. The naval ranks were created from the scratch. The officers were styled according to their rank as defined by the Table. ...

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Russian military ranks, Russian military ranks - Muscovy, Russian military ranks - Russian Empire, Russian military ranks - 1731-1798, Russian military ranks - 1798-1884, Russian military ranks - 1884-1917, Russian military ranks - RSFSR and Soviet Union, Russian military ranks - 1917-1925, Russian military ranks - 1925-1935, Russian military ranks - 1935-1943, Russian military ranks - 1943-1991, Russian military ranks - Russian Federation, Russian military ranks - Notes, Russian military ranks - Links

Read more here: » Russian military ranks: Encyclopedia II - Russian military ranks - Russian Empire

Main article: Public holidays in Finland All official holidays in Finland are established by acts of Parliament. The official holidays can be divided into Christian and secular holidays, although some of the Christian holidays have replaced holidays of pagan origin. The main Christian holidays are Christmas, Epiphany, Easter, Ascension Day, Pentecost and All Saints Day. The secular holidays are New Year's Day, ...

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Finland, Finland - History, Finland - Etymology, Finland - Politics, Finland - Subdivisions, Finland - Geography, Finland - Economy, Finland - Globalization, Finland - Demographics, Finland - Culture, Finland - Public holidays, Finland - Miscellaneous topics, Finland - Other related articles, Finland - International rankings

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Finland's unique relationship with Czarist Russia, the Soviet Union, and now the Russian Federation, has profoundly impacted Finland's foreign policies and ability to globalise. Finnish globalisation was tempered by their necessity to remain unprovoking to their neighbour. Even with these barriers, Finland eventually became one of the most globalised nations in the world. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990's, Finland took that opportunity to free itself from the restrictions imposed on it by the Paris Peace Treat ...

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Finland, Finland - History, Finland - Etymology, Finland - Politics, Finland - Subdivisions, Finland - Geography, Finland - Economy, Finland - Globalization, Finland - Demographics, Finland - Culture, Finland - Public holidays, Finland - Miscellaneous topics, Finland - Other related articles, Finland - International rankings

Read more here: » Finland: Encyclopedia II - Finland - Globalization

Main article: Economy of Finland Finland is, in terms of economy, a part of Western Europe and has a highly industrialised, largely free-market economy, with per capita output roughly equal to that of the UK, France or Italy. The Finnish standard of living is high. Its key economic sector is manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications (especially Nokia), and electronics industries. Trade is important, with exports equalling almost one-third of GDP. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some ...

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Finland, Finland - History, Finland - Etymology, Finland - Politics, Finland - Subdivisions, Finland - Geography, Finland - Economy, Finland - Globalization, Finland - Demographics, Finland - Culture, Finland - Public holidays, Finland - Miscellaneous topics, Finland - Other related articles, Finland - International rankings

Read more here: » Finland: Encyclopedia II - Finland - Economy

Main articles:Subdivisions of Finland, Provinces of Finland, Historical provinces of Finland Today, Finland has 6 administrative provinces (lääni, pl. läänit) The provinces are further divided in 90 state local districts. The province authority is part of the executive branch of the national government; a system that had not changed drastically since its creation in 1634 to the new division to "greater provinces" in 1997. Since then, the six provinces are: Southern Finland Western Finland Eastern Finland Oulu Lapland See also:

Finland, Finland - History, Finland - Etymology, Finland - Politics, Finland - Subdivisions, Finland - Geography, Finland - Economy, Finland - Globalization, Finland - Demographics, Finland - Culture, Finland - Public holidays, Finland - Miscellaneous topics, Finland - Other related articles, Finland - International rankings

Read more here: » Finland: Encyclopedia II - Finland - Subdivisions

Main article: Geography of Finland Finland is a country of thousands of lakes and islands; 187,888 lakes and 179,584 islands to be precise. One of these lakes, Saimaa, is the 5th largest in Europe. The Finnish landscape is mostly flat with few hills and its highest point, the Haltitunturi at 1,328 metres (4,357 ft), is found in the extreme north of Lapland. Beside the many lakes the landscape is dominated by extensive boreal forests (about 68 percent of land area) and little arable land. The greater part of the islands are foun ...

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Finland, Finland - History, Finland - Etymology, Finland - Politics, Finland - Subdivisions, Finland - Geography, Finland - Economy, Finland - Globalization, Finland - Demographics, Finland - Culture, Finland - Public holidays, Finland - Miscellaneous topics, Finland - Other related articles, Finland - International rankings

Read more here: » Finland: Encyclopedia II - Finland - Geography

During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union twice: she defended herself against the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939-1940 (with limited but crucial support from Sweden), resulting in the loss of Finnish Karelia, and invaded the Soviet Union herself in the Continuation War of 1941-1944 (with considerable support from Nazi Germany), leading also to the loss of Finland's only ice-free winter harbour Petsamo. This was followed by the Lapland War of 1944-1945, when Finland fought against the Germans ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Finland in World War II

Despite of the Declaration of Independence calling Finland a Republic, initially, Finland was to be a constitutional monarchy. A German prince, Frederick Charles was elected King, putatively with the name Väinö I of Finland, with Pehr Evind Svinhufvud and General Mannerheim serving as Regents. However, Germany's defeat in World War I, meant that the idea was abandoned. Finland instead became a republic, w ...

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History of Finland, History of Finland - Earliest origins of the Finns, History of Finland - Prehistory, History of Finland - The Middle Ages, History of Finland - The 16th century, History of Finland - The 17th century - the Swedish Empire, History of Finland - The 18th Century - Age of Reason, History of Finland - Russian Grand Duchy, History of Finland - Independence and Civil War, History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era, History of Finland - Finland in World War II, History of Finland - Post-War Era, History of Finland - Recent history

Read more here: » History of Finland: Encyclopedia II - History of Finland - Finland in the inter-war era

During World War II, many disaffected Transylvanian Saxons sided with Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union. When Romania signed a peace treaty with the Soviets in 1944, the German military began withdrawing the Saxons from Transylvania; this operation was most thorough with the Saxons of the Nösnerland. Around 100,000 Germans fled before the Red Army, but Romania did not conduct the expulsion of Germans as in neighboring countries at war's end. However, more than 80,000 Saxons were arrested by the Soviet Army and sent to labour camps in Si ...

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Transylvanian Saxons, Transylvanian Saxons - Medieval settlements, Transylvanian Saxons - Medieval organization, Transylvanian Saxons - Legal organization, Transylvanian Saxons - Religious organizations, Transylvanian Saxons - Fortification of the towns, Transylvanian Saxons - Privileged class, Transylvanian Saxons - Loss of elite standing, Transylvanian Saxons - World War II and afterwards, Transylvanian Saxons - 20th century population figures

Read more here: » Transylvanian Saxons: Encyclopedia II - Transylvanian Saxons - World War II and afterwards

more to be added Georg Lukács - History and Class Consciousness. Written between 1919 and 1922 and first published in 1923, History and Class Consciousness initiated the current of thought that came to be known as Western Marxism. The book is notable for contributing to debates concerning Marxism and its relation to sociology, politics and philosophy, and for reconstructing Marx's theory of alienation before many of the works of the Young Marx had been published. Lukács's work elaborates and expands upon Marxist theories such as ideology, false consciousness ...

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Georg Lukács, Georg Lukács - Life and politics, Georg Lukács - Pre-Marxist period, Georg Lukács - Communist leader, Georg Lukács - Questions of moral culpability under Rákosism / Stalinism, Georg Lukács - De-Stalinisation, Georg Lukács - Work, Georg Lukács - History and Class Consciousness, Georg Lukács - Literary and aesthetic work

Read more here: » Georg Lukács: Encyclopedia II - Georg Lukács - Work