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Peace of Riga | A Wisdom Archive on Peace of Riga | | Peace of Riga A selection of articles related to Peace of Riga | |
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Peace of Riga
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Peace of Riga | | | |  Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - Post-war and independenceOver the next decades the Ukrainian republic not only overcame the pre-war levels of industry and productions but was the spearhead of the Soviet power. Many communist leaders such as Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev came from Ukraine. Once again elements where made to bridge the Russo-Ukrainian cultures and many Soviet sportsmen, scientists, writers and poets were Ukrainian. In 1954 to mark the 300 years of unity, the Russian-pop ...
See also:History of Ukraine, History of Ukraine - Early prehistory, History of Ukraine - Kievan Rus’, History of Ukraine - Halych-Volynia, History of Ukraine - Loss of independence, History of Ukraine - Under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Ukraine - The Cossack era, History of Ukraine - Transition to Russian and Austrian rule, History of Ukraine - The 20th century, History of Ukraine - Post-war and independence, History of Ukraine - Ukraine after independence Read more here: » History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - Post-war and independence |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - Ukraine after independence The history of Ukraine after the independence between 1992 and 2004 was marked by the presidencies of Leonid Kravchuk and Leonid Kuchma.
The "Cassette Scandal" of 2000 was likely to be the turning point in post-independence history of the country.
In 2004, Leonid Kuchma announced that he would not run for re-election. Two major candidates emerged in the 2004 presidential election. Viktor Yanukovych, the incumbent Prime Minister, supported by both Kuchma and by the Russian Federation, wanted closer ties with Russia. The main opp ...
See also:History of Ukraine, History of Ukraine - Early prehistory, History of Ukraine - Kievan Rus’, History of Ukraine - Halych-Volynia, History of Ukraine - Loss of independence, History of Ukraine - Under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Ukraine - The Cossack era, History of Ukraine - Transition to Russian and Austrian rule, History of Ukraine - The 20th century, History of Ukraine - Post-war and independence, History of Ukraine - Ukraine after independence Read more here: » History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - Ukraine after independence |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Geography
Lviv - Location.
Lviv is located at geographical co-ordinates 49°50′45″N, 24°01′38″E, on the verge of the Roztocze Upland, approximately seventy kilometres from the Polish border. Lviv's altitude averages 289 metres above sea level although there are many hills located within the confines of the city. The city's highest point is Vysokyy Zamok (the High Castle), a hill ...
See also:Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Geography |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - Loss of independence During the 14th century, Poland and Lithuania fought wars against the Mongol invaders, and eventually most of Ukraine passed to the rule of Poland and Lithuania. More particularly, the lands of Volynia in the north and north-west passed to the rule of Lithuanian princes, while the south-west passed to the control of Poland (Galicia) and Hungary (Zakarpattya).
Most of Ukraine bordered parts of Lithuania, and some say that the name, "Ukraine" comes from the local word for "border," although the name "Ukraine" was also used centuries ear ...
See also:History of Ukraine, History of Ukraine - Early prehistory, History of Ukraine - Kievan Rus’, History of Ukraine - Halych-Volynia, History of Ukraine - Loss of independence, History of Ukraine - Under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Ukraine - The Cossack era, History of Ukraine - Transition to Russian and Austrian rule, History of Ukraine - The 20th century, History of Ukraine - Post-war and independence, History of Ukraine - Ukraine after independence Read more here: » History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - Loss of independence |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - Halych-Volynia A successor state to Kievan Rus' on part of the territory of today's Ukraine was the principality of Halych-Volynia.
Previously, Volodymyr the Great had established the cities of Halych and Volodymyr-Volynski as regional capitals for the western Ukrainian heartland. In the thirteenth century, the city of L'viv eventually became the national capital. This new, more exclusively Ukrainian state was based upon the Dulibian, Tivertsian and Bilyy Khorvaty (White Croatian) tribes. The state was ruled by the descendants of Yaroslav Mudry and ...
See also:History of Ukraine, History of Ukraine - Early prehistory, History of Ukraine - Kievan Rus’, History of Ukraine - Halych-Volynia, History of Ukraine - Loss of independence, History of Ukraine - Under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Ukraine - The Cossack era, History of Ukraine - Transition to Russian and Austrian rule, History of Ukraine - The 20th century, History of Ukraine - Post-war and independence, History of Ukraine - Ukraine after independence Read more here: » History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - Halych-Volynia |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - 1921 - Births
1921 - Date unknown.
Norma Macmillan, voice actress (d. 2001)
1921 - January.
January 5 - Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Swiss writer (d. 1990)
January 5 - Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
January 10 - Rodger Ward, American race car driver (d. 2004)
January 19 - Patricia Highsmith, American author (d. 1995)
January 27 - Donna Reed, American actress (d. 1986)
January 31 - Carol Channing, American actress
January 31 - Mario Lanza, ...
See also:1921, 1921 - Events, 1921 - January, 1921 - February, 1921 - March, 1921 - April, 1921 - May, 1921 - June, 1921 - July, 1921 - August, 1921 - September, 1921 - October, 1921 - November, 1921 - December, 1921 - unknown dates, 1921 - Fictitious Events, 1921 - Births, 1921 - Date unknown, 1921 - January, 1921 - February, 1921 - March, 1921 - April, 1921 - May, 1921 - June, 1921 - July, 1921 - August, 1921 - September, 1921 - October, 1921 - November, 1921 - December, 1921 - Deaths, 1921 - February, 1921 - March, 1921 - April, 1921 - May, 1921 - June, 1921 - August, 1921 - September, 1921 - October, 1921 - November, 1921 - December, 1921 - Nobel Prizes Read more here: » 1921: Encyclopedia II - 1921 - Births |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - 1921 - Deaths
1921 - February.
February 8 - Peter Kropotkin, Russian anarchist (b. 1842)
February 26 - Carl Menger, Austrian economist (b. 1840)
February 27 - Schofield Haigh, English cricketer (b. 1871)
1921 - March.
March 2 - King Nicholas I of Montenegro (b. 1841)
1921 - April.
April 27 - Arthur Mold, English cricketer (b. 1863)
1921 - May.
May 5 - Alfred Hermann Fried, Austrian writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nob ...
See also:1921, 1921 - Events, 1921 - January, 1921 - February, 1921 - March, 1921 - April, 1921 - May, 1921 - June, 1921 - July, 1921 - August, 1921 - September, 1921 - October, 1921 - November, 1921 - December, 1921 - unknown dates, 1921 - Fictitious Events, 1921 - Births, 1921 - Date unknown, 1921 - January, 1921 - February, 1921 - March, 1921 - April, 1921 - May, 1921 - June, 1921 - July, 1921 - August, 1921 - September, 1921 - October, 1921 - November, 1921 - December, 1921 - Deaths, 1921 - February, 1921 - March, 1921 - April, 1921 - May, 1921 - June, 1921 - August, 1921 - September, 1921 - October, 1921 - November, 1921 - December, 1921 - Nobel Prizes Read more here: » 1921: Encyclopedia II - 1921 - Deaths |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - Early prehistory The first identifiable groups to populate what is now Ukraine were the Neolithic people of the Trypillian culture, followed by the Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians), and Goths, among other nomadic peoples who arrived throughout the first millennium BC. During this period, the plains of Scythia were the road for the migration of peoples from Asia into Europe.
Around 600 B.C., the ancient Greeks founded on the north-eastern shore of the Black Sea the colonies of Tyras, Olbia, Hermonassa, perpetuated by ...
See also:History of Ukraine, History of Ukraine - Early prehistory, History of Ukraine - Kievan Rus’, History of Ukraine - Halych-Volynia, History of Ukraine - Loss of independence, History of Ukraine - Under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Ukraine - The Cossack era, History of Ukraine - Transition to Russian and Austrian rule, History of Ukraine - The 20th century, History of Ukraine - Post-war and independence, History of Ukraine - Ukraine after independence Read more here: » History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - Early prehistory |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - Kievan Rus’ In the 9th century, Kiev was conquered from the Khazars by the Varangian (Swedish Viking) Oleg. The Khazars were a Turkic semi-nomadic people from Central Asia who adopted Judaism. They founded the independent Khazar kingdom in the 7th century C.E. in the south-eastern part of today's Europe, near the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus. In addition to western Kazakhstan, the Khazar kingdom also included territory in what is now easte ...
See also:History of Ukraine, History of Ukraine - Early prehistory, History of Ukraine - Kievan Rus’, History of Ukraine - Halych-Volynia, History of Ukraine - Loss of independence, History of Ukraine - Under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Ukraine - The Cossack era, History of Ukraine - Transition to Russian and Austrian rule, History of Ukraine - The 20th century, History of Ukraine - Post-war and independence, History of Ukraine - Ukraine after independence Read more here: » History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - Kievan Rus’ |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Government
Lviv - Administrative division.
Lviv is divided in 6 distinct entities called raions with their own administrative bodies:
Halyts'ky (Галицький район)
Zaliznychny (Залізничний район)
Lychakivs'ky (Личаківський район)
Sykhivsky (Сихівський район)
Frankivs'ky (Франківський район)
Shevchenkivs'ky (Шевченківський район)
Notable suburbs are:
Vynnyky (місто Винники)
Brokhovychi (селище Брюховичі)
Rud ...
See also:Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Government |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Public Transportation
Lviv - Buses.
As in most Ukrainian cities, the public bus network is not well-developed and the number of lines is limited. A cheap alternative to the public transport are the "marshrutky", which are small private-run mini-vans/mini-buses cruising around the city and the suburbs. Marshrutky do not have any fixed stops nor timetables, yet their services are relatively cheap, fast and efficient. The marshrutky also run on suburban lines to most towns of the region including the line to Shehyni (Шегині) at the Polish border. ...
See also:Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Public Transportation |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947 During World War II, the Soviet Union occupied vast areas of eastern Poland (so called Kresy), and another 5.2-6.5 million Poles (from the total population of about 13,5 million of these territories) were added. Some claim that as many as 1.7 million of Poles were later deported to far away territories of USSR, such as Siberia. Other historians give a much lower estimation, about half a million Poles murdered and deported.
On March 30, 2004, the head of the Archival Service of Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, general Vasil ...
See also:Polish minority in the Soviet Union, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - Related articles Read more here: » Polish minority in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947 |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Soviet War - Aftermath According to the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, the Polish-Bolshevik War "largely determined the course of European history for the next twenty years or more. […] Unavowedly and almost unconsciously, Soviet leaders abandoned the cause of international revolution." The Bolsheviks' defeat in the war prevented Poland from becoming another Soviet republic and possibly spared Germany, Czechoslovak ...
See also:Polish-Soviet War, Polish-Soviet War - Names and dates of the war, Polish-Soviet War - Prelude to the war, Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign, Polish-Soviet War - 1919, Polish-Soviet War - 1920, Polish-Soviet War - Aftermath, Polish-Soviet War - List of battles, Polish-Soviet War - Notes Read more here: » Polish-Soviet War: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Soviet War - Aftermath |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991 The Polish minority was one of the few whose numbers decreased over time, according to official statistics. They also belonged to the least educated ethnic group, which allegedly was caused by ethnic persecutions.
After 1989, Poles who survived in Kazakhstan started to emigrate due to national tensions, mainly to Russia and, supported by immigration society, to Poland. The number remaining is between 50 000 and 100 000.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the following post-Soviet countries have significant Polish m ...
See also:Polish minority in the Soviet Union, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - Related articles Read more here: » Polish minority in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991 |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - President of Ukraine - Presidents of Ukraine On July 5, 1991, the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR passed a law establishing the post of the President of the Ukrainian SSR. The title was changed to the President of Ukraine upon the proclamation of independence (August 24, 1991). The first election of the President of Ukraine was held on December 1, 1991.
Leonid Kravchuk,
December 5, 1991 -
July 19, 1994
Leonid Kuchma,
July 19, 1994 -
January 23, 2005
Vikt ...
See also:President of Ukraine, President of Ukraine - Presidents of the Ukrainian People's Republic, President of Ukraine - Chairmen of the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR, President of Ukraine - Chairmen of the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR, President of Ukraine - Presidents of Ukraine Read more here: » President of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - President of Ukraine - Presidents of Ukraine |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Soviet Union - Politics The government of the Soviet Union administered the country's economy and society. It implemented decisions made by the leading political institution in the country, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).
In the late 1980s, the government appeared to have many characteristics in common with liberal democratic political systems. For instance, a constitution established all organs of government and granted to citizens a series of political and civic rights. A legislative body, the Congress of People's Deputies, and its standing ...
See also:Soviet Union, Soviet Union - History, Soviet Union - Politics, Soviet Union - Leaders of the Soviet Union, Soviet Union - Foreign relations, Soviet Union - Republics, Soviet Union - Related articles Read more here: » Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Soviet Union - Politics |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Soviet War - Prelude to the war In 1918, with the end of the First World War, the map of Central and Eastern Europe had drastically changed. As Germany's defeat rendered her plans for the creation of the Mitteleuropa puppet states obsolete, and as Russia sank into the depths of the Russian Civil War, the newly emergent countries of that region saw a chance for real independence and were not prepared to easily relinquish this rare gift of fate. At the same time, the Russians saw these territories as rebellious Russian provinces but were unable to react swiftly, as Russia wa ...
See also:Polish-Soviet War, Polish-Soviet War - Names and dates of the war, Polish-Soviet War - Prelude to the war, Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign, Polish-Soviet War - 1919, Polish-Soviet War - 1920, Polish-Soviet War - Aftermath, Polish-Soviet War - List of battles, Polish-Soviet War - Notes Read more here: » Polish-Soviet War: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Soviet War - Prelude to the war |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Soviet War - Names and dates of the war The war is referred to by several names. "Polish-Soviet War" may be the most common, but is potentially confusing since "Soviet" is usually thought of as relating to the Soviet Union, which (by contrast with "Soviet Russia") did not officially come into being until December 1922. Alternative names include "Russo-Polish War [or Polish-Russian War] of 1919-21" (to distinguish it from earlier Polish-Russian wars) and "Polish-Bolshevik War." This second term (or just "Bolshevik War" (Polish: Wojna bolszewicka) is most common in Polish sou ...
See also:Polish-Soviet War, Polish-Soviet War - Names and dates of the war, Polish-Soviet War - Prelude to the war, Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign, Polish-Soviet War - 1919, Polish-Soviet War - 1920, Polish-Soviet War - Aftermath, Polish-Soviet War - List of battles, Polish-Soviet War - Notes Read more here: » Polish-Soviet War: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Soviet War - Names and dates of the war |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Culture
Lviv - Museums and art galleries.
There are many museums and art galleries in Lviv, most notable are the National Gallery, Museum of Religion (formerly Museum of Atheism) and National Museum (formerly Museum of Industry).
Lviv - Sport.
Historically Lviv was one of the most important centres of sports in Central Europe. The first professional football club, Czarni Lwów, was opened in 1903, and the first stadium was opened in 1913. Currently L'viv is home to several major profes ...
See also:Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Culture |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Education L'viv is one of the most important education centres of Ukraine. It is home to three major universities and a number of smaller schools of higher education. There are 8 institutes of the National Science Academy of Ukraine, more than 40 research institutes, 3 academies and 11 state-owned colleges.
The most important are:
University of Lviv (Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка)
Lviv Polytechnic (Національний університет "Львівська ...
See also:Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Education |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Podolia - Geography Podilia lies south of Volhynia, southwest of the Kiev Region, northeast of Moldova across the Dniester River, and east of Galicia across the Zbruch River, a tributary of the Dniester .
It has an area of about 40,000 km², extending for 320 km from northwest to southeast on the left bank of the Dniester. In the same direction run two ranges of relatively low hills separated by the Southern Bug, ra ...
See also:Podolia, Podolia - Geography, Podolia - History, Podolia - Reference Read more here: » Podolia: Encyclopedia II - Podolia - Geography |
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