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Peace of Riga | A Wisdom Archive on Peace of Riga | | Peace of Riga A selection of articles related to Peace of Riga | |
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Peace of Riga
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Peace of Riga | | | |  Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - The 20th centuryWhen World War I and the Bolshevik revolution in Russia shattered the Austrian and Russian empires, Ukrainians were caught in the middle. Between 1917 and 1918, several separate Ukrainian republics manifested independence, the Central Rada, the Hetmanate, the Directorate, the Ukrainian People's Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic. However, with the defeat in the Polish-Ukrainian War and then the failure of the Piłsudski's and Petliura's Kiev Operation, by the end of the Polish-Soviet War after the Peace of Riga in March 1921, ...
See also:History of Ukraine, History of Ukraine - Early prehistory, History of Ukraine - Kievan Rus’, History of Ukraine - Halych-Volynia, History of Ukraine - Loss of independence, History of Ukraine - Under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Ukraine - The Cossack era, History of Ukraine - Transition to Russian and Austrian rule, History of Ukraine - The 20th century, History of Ukraine - Post-war and independence, History of Ukraine - Ukraine after independence Read more here: » History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - The 20th century |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938 Polish communities were inherited from Imperial Russia after the creation of the Soviet Union. After World War I, Poland became an independent country, and its secession was finalized by the Peace of Riga in 1921 at the end of the Polish-Soviet War, which left significant territories populated by Poles within the Soviet Union. Initially, the Poles were given 2 Polish Autonomous Districts, one in Belarus and one in Ukraine. The first one was named Dzierzynszczyzna, after Felix Dzierżyński; the second was named Marchlewszczyzna after Julian ...
See also:Polish minority in the Soviet Union, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - Related articles Read more here: » Polish minority in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938 |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Witold Pilecki - Biography
Witold Pilecki - Pilecki's early life.
Witold Pilecki was born May 13, 1901, in Olonets on the shores of Lake Ladoga in Karelia, Russia, where his family had been forcibly resettled by Tsarist Russian authorities after the suppression of Poland's January Uprising of 1863-1864. His grandfather, Józef Pilecki, had spent seven years in exile in Siberia for his part in the Uprising. In 1910 Pilecki moved with his family to Wilno (now Vilnius, Lithuania), where he completed Commercial School and joined the secret ZHP scouts organization. In 1916 he moved to Orel, ...
See also:Witold Pilecki, Witold Pilecki - Biography, Witold Pilecki - Pilecki's early life, Witold Pilecki - World War II breaks out, Witold Pilecki - The Auschwitz campaign: 945 days, Witold Pilecki - Back outside Auschwitz: the Warsaw Uprising., Witold Pilecki - Liberation: Soviet-dominated Poland, Witold Pilecki - Summary of Pilecki's Polish Army career Read more here: » Witold Pilecki: Encyclopedia II - Witold Pilecki - Biography |
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| | | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - History
Lviv - Early history.
Recent archaeological excavations show that the area of Lviv has been populated since at least the 5th century. At the dawn of history, the area became incorporated into the Empire of Great Moravia, then became an area of contention between two emerging states: Poland (during the reign of Mieszko I, ruler of the Polans) and the Kievan Rus. Mieszko is thought to have controlled the area from 960 to 980. According to Nestor's chronicle, in 981 this area was conquered by Volodymyr ...
See also:Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - History |
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| | | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947 During World War II, the Soviet Union occupied vast areas of eastern Poland (so called Kresy), and another 5.2-6.5 million Poles (from the total population of about 13,5 million of these territories) were added. Some claim that as many as 1.7 million of Poles were later deported to far away territories of USSR, such as Siberia. Other historians give a much lower estimation, about half a million Poles murdered and deported.
On March 30, 2004, the head of the Archival Service of Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, general Vasil ...
See also:Polish minority in the Soviet Union, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1917-1920, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991 Read more here: » Polish minority in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947 |
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| | | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Soviet War - Aftermath According to the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, the Polish-Bolshevik War "largely determined the course of European history for the next twenty years or more. […] Unavowedly and almost unconsciously, Soviet leaders abandoned the cause of international revolution." The Bolsheviks' defeat in the war prevented Poland from becoming another Soviet republic and possibly spared Germany, Czechoslovakia and other nearby states from a similar fate.
Much of what Poland had won during the 1920 war was lost in peace negotiations that were ch ...
See also:Polish-Soviet War, Polish-Soviet War - Names and dates of the war, Polish-Soviet War - Prelude to the war, Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign, Polish-Soviet War - 1919, Polish-Soviet War - 1920, Polish-Soviet War - Aftermath, Polish-Soviet War - List of battles, Polish-Soviet War - Notes Read more here: » Polish-Soviet War: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Soviet War - Aftermath |
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| | | | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Education L'viv is one of the most important education centres of Ukraine. It is home to three major universities and a number of smaller schools of higher education. There are 8 institutes of the National Science Academy of Ukraine, more than 40 research institutes, 3 academies and 11 state-owned colleges.
The most important are:
University of Lviv (Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка)
Lviv Polytechnic ...
See also:Lviv, Lviv - Geography, Lviv - Location, Lviv - Climate, Lviv - History, Lviv - Early history, Lviv - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lviv - Decline of the Commonwealth, Lviv - Partitions, Lviv - 20th century, Lviv - Government, Lviv - Administrative division, Lviv - Public Transportation, Lviv - Buses, Lviv - Tramways, Lviv - Trolleybuses, Lviv - Railway, Lviv - Airports, Lviv - Culture, Lviv - Museums and art galleries, Lviv - Sport, Lviv - Films and books featuring Lviv, Lviv - Education, Lviv - Tourist attractions, Lviv - Famous Leopolitans Read more here: » Lviv: Encyclopedia II - Lviv - Education |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - History of the Soviet Union - The Russian Civil War Immediately, however, supporters of the Tsarist regime broke out in revolt, resulting in years of all-out civil war, which lasted until 1922. Known as the "whites," these forces were aided by Western intervention. Allied armies led by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, seeking to prevent the spread of Communism or Russia's exit from the war effort, attempted to invade the Soviet Union and support forces hostile to the Bolsheviks with the intention of overthrowing the Soviet regime.
The Bolsheviks, later the Communist P ...
See also:History of the Soviet Union, History of the Soviet Union - The Russian Revolution, History of the Soviet Union - The Russian Civil War, History of the Soviet Union - The Polish-Soviet War, History of the Soviet Union - Creation of the USSR, History of the Soviet Union - The New Economic Policy, History of the Soviet Union - The death of Lenin and the fate of the NEP Read more here: » History of the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of the Soviet Union - The Russian Civil War |
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| | | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Soviet Union - Republics The Soviet Union was a federation of Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR). The first Republics were established shortly after the October Revolution of 1917. At that time, republics were technically independent from one another but their governments acted in closely coordinated confederation, as directed by the CPSU leadership. In 1922, four Republics (Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR, Belarusian SSR, and Transcaucasian SFSR) joined into the Soviet Union. Between 1922 and 1940, the number of Republics grew to sixteen. S ...
See also:Soviet Union, Soviet Union - History, Soviet Union - Politics, Soviet Union - Leaders of the Soviet Union, Soviet Union - Foreign relations, Soviet Union - Republics Read more here: » Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Soviet Union - Republics |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Soviet Union - Republics The Soviet Union was a federation of Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR). The first Republics were established shortly after the October Revolution of 1917. At that time, republics were technically independent from one another but their governments acted in closely coordinated confederation, as directed by the CPSU leadership. In 1922, four Republics (Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR, Belarusian SSR, and Transcaucasian SFSR) joined into the Soviet Union. Between 1922 and 1940, the number of Republics grew to sixteen. S ...
See also:Soviet Union, Soviet Union - History, Soviet Union - Politics, Soviet Union - Leaders of the Soviet Union, Soviet Union - Foreign relations, Soviet Union - Republics, Soviet Union - Related articles Read more here: » Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Soviet Union - Republics |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991 The Polish minority was one of the few whose numbers decreased over time, according to official statistics. They also belonged to the least educated ethnic group, which allegedly was caused by ethnic persecutions.
After 1989, Poles who survived in Kazakhstan started to emigrate due to national tensions, mainly to Russia and, supported by immigration society, to Poland. The number remaining is between 50 000 and 100 000.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the following post-Soviet countries have significant Polish m ...
See also:Polish minority in the Soviet Union, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1917-1920, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991 Read more here: » Polish minority in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991 |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Soviet Union - Politics The government of the Soviet Union administered the country's economy and society. It implemented decisions made by the leading political institution in the country, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).
In the late 1980s, the government appeared to have many characteristics in common with liberal democratic political systems. For instance, a constitution established all organs of government and granted to citizens a series of political and civic rights. A legislative body, the Congress of People's Deputies, and its standing ...
See also:Soviet Union, Soviet Union - History, Soviet Union - Politics, Soviet Union - Leaders of the Soviet Union, Soviet Union - Foreign relations, Soviet Union - Republics Read more here: » Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Soviet Union - Politics |
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| | | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - Transition to Russian and Austrian rule See also: Partitions of Poland
Tsarist rule over central Ukraine gradually replaced 'protection' over the subsequent decades. After the Partitions of Poland in 1772, 1793 and 1795, the extreme west of Ukraine fell under the control of the Austrians, with rest being taken over by the Russians. Ottoman Empire control receded from south-central Ukraine, while the rule of Hungary over the Transcarpathian region continued. Ukrainian writers and intellectuals were inspired by the nationalistic spirit stirring other European peoples e ...
See also:History of Ukraine, History of Ukraine - Early prehistory, History of Ukraine - Kievan Rus’, History of Ukraine - Halych-Volynia, History of Ukraine - Loss of independence, History of Ukraine - Under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Ukraine - The Cossack era, History of Ukraine - Transition to Russian and Austrian rule, History of Ukraine - The 20th century, History of Ukraine - Post-war and independence, History of Ukraine - Ukraine after independence Read more here: » History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - Transition to Russian and Austrian rule |
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| | | | | Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - The Cossack era See also: History of Cossacks
The 1648 Ukrainian Cossack (Kozak) rebellion and war of independence (Khmelnytsky Uprising), which started an era known as the Ruin (in Polish history as The Deluge), undermined the foundations and stability of the Commonwealth. The nascent Cossack state, the Zaporozhian Host, usually viewed as precursor of Ukraine, found itself in a three-sided military and diplomatic rivalry with the Ottoman Turks, who controlled the Tatars to the south, the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, and the ri ...
See also:History of Ukraine, History of Ukraine - Early prehistory, History of Ukraine - Kievan Rus’, History of Ukraine - Halych-Volynia, History of Ukraine - Loss of independence, History of Ukraine - Under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Ukraine - The Cossack era, History of Ukraine - Transition to Russian and Austrian rule, History of Ukraine - The 20th century, History of Ukraine - Post-war and independence, History of Ukraine - Ukraine after independence Read more here: » History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - The Cossack era |
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