First peace talks were started on August 17 1920 in Minsk but after an incident against Polish negotiators there, were moved to Riga and restarted on September 21. The chief negotiators were Jan Dąbski for Poland and Adolph Joffe for the Soviets. The Treaty of Riga was controversial from the very beginning. Many argued that much of what Poland had won during the 1920 war, was lost in the peace negotiations that were by many characterized as short-sighted and petty-minded. The ...

See also:

Peace of Riga, Peace of Riga - Background, Peace of Riga - The treaty

Read more here: » Peace of Riga: Encyclopedia II - Peace of Riga - The treaty

Witold Pilecki (May 13, 1901 – May 25, 1948; pronounced ['vitɔld pi'leʦki]; codenames Roman Jezierski, Tomasz Serafiński, Druh, Witold) was a soldier of the Second Polish Republic, founder of the resistance movement Secret Polish Army (Tajna Armia Polska) and member of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa). During World War II he was the only known person to volunteer to be imprisoned at Auschwitz Concentration Camp. While there, he organized inmate resistance, and as early as 1940 informed the Western Allies of Nazi ...

Including:

• Witold Pilecki - Biography
• Witold Pilecki - Pilecki's early life
• Witold Pilecki - World War II breaks out
• Witold Pilecki - The Auschwitz campaign: 945 days
• Witold Pilecki - Back outside Auschwitz: the Warsaw Uprising.
• Witold Pilecki - Liberation: Soviet-dominated Poland
• Witold Pilecki - Summary of Pilecki's Polish Army career

Read more here: » Witold Pilecki: Encyclopedia - Witold Pilecki

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, abbreviated USSR (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик (СССР) listen ▶ (help·info); tr.: Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik [SSSR]), more commonly known as the Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з; tr.: Including:

• Soviet Union - History
• Soviet Union - Politics
• Soviet Union - Leaders of the Soviet Union
• Soviet Union - Foreign relations
• Soviet Union - Republics
• Soviet Union - Related articles

Read more here: » Soviet Union: Encyclopedia - Soviet Union

1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). 1921 - Events. 1921 - January. January 1 - In American football, California defeats Ohio State 28-0 in the Rose Bowl. January 2 - The first religious radio broadcast (KDKA AM in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) January 2 - Spanish liner Santa Isabel sinks off Villa Garcia - 244 dead January 2 - DeYoung Museum in Golden Gate Park San Fr ...

Including:

• 1921 - Events
• 1921 - January
• 1921 - February
• 1921 - March
• 1921 - April
• 1921 - May
• 1921 - June
• 1921 - July
• 1921 - August
• 1921 - September
• 1921 - October
• 1921 - November
• 1921 - December
• 1921 - unknown dates
• 1921 - Fictitious Events
• 1921 - Births
• 1921 - Date unknown
• 1921 - January
• 1921 - February
• 1921 - March
• 1921 - April
• 1921 - May
• 1921 - June
• 1921 - July
• 1921 - August
• 1921 - September
• 1921 - October
• 1921 - November
• 1921 - December
• 1921 - Deaths
• 1921 - February
• 1921 - March
• 1921 - April
• 1921 - May
• 1921 - June
• 1921 - August
• 1921 - September
• 1921 - October
• 1921 - November
• 1921 - December
• 1921 - Nobel Prizes

Read more here: » 1921: Encyclopedia - 1921

Legend has it that a giant called Menesk or Mincz had a mill on the banks of a river near the city. He used to grind stones for making bread in order to feed his warriors. The name "Minsk", also known as Mensk or Miensk, more likely comes from the name of river Menka (20 km from the present center of the city). The legend which derives the name "Minsk" from the word мена (miena, "barter" in English) is not appro ...

See also:

Minsk, Minsk - History, Minsk - Historical names, Minsk - Features

Read more here: » Minsk: Encyclopedia II - Minsk - History

The Ukrainian People's Republic was formed after the Russian Revolution of 1917, and lasted until the Peace of Riga between Poland and Soviet Russia in March, 1921. Mykhailo Hrushevsky, 1917 - 1918 Volodymyr Vynnychenko[citation needed], 1918 - 1919 Symon Petliura[citation needed], 1919 - 1926, in exile since 1921 ...

See also:

President of Ukraine, President of Ukraine - Presidents of the Ukrainian People's Republic, President of Ukraine - Chairmen of the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR, President of Ukraine - Chairmen of the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR, President of Ukraine - Presidents of Ukraine

Read more here: » President of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - President of Ukraine - Presidents of the Ukrainian People's Republic

1921 - January. January 1 - In American football, California defeats Ohio State 28-0 in the Rose Bowl. January 2 - The first religious radio broadcast (KDKA AM in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) January 2 - Spanish liner Santa Isabel sinks off Villa Garcia - 244 dead January 2 - DeYoung Museum in Golden Gate Park San Francisco opens. January 20 - Royal Navy K-boat K5 sinks in the English C ...

See also:

1921, 1921 - Events, 1921 - January, 1921 - February, 1921 - March, 1921 - April, 1921 - May, 1921 - June, 1921 - July, 1921 - August, 1921 - September, 1921 - October, 1921 - November, 1921 - December, 1921 - unknown dates, 1921 - Fictitious Events, 1921 - Births, 1921 - Date unknown, 1921 - January, 1921 - February, 1921 - March, 1921 - April, 1921 - May, 1921 - June, 1921 - July, 1921 - August, 1921 - September, 1921 - October, 1921 - November, 1921 - December, 1921 - Deaths, 1921 - February, 1921 - March, 1921 - April, 1921 - May, 1921 - June, 1921 - August, 1921 - September, 1921 - October, 1921 - November, 1921 - December, 1921 - Nobel Prizes

Read more here: » 1921: Encyclopedia II - 1921 - Events

Henryk Dobrzański was born on June 22, 1897, in Jasło, to a Polish noble family of Henryk Dobrzański de Hubal and Maria Dobrzańska née Lubieniecka. In 1912 he joined the "Drużyny Strzeleckie", an underground Scouting organisation. When the World War I broke out he volunteered to Józef Piłsudski's Polish Legions. He served with distinction in the 2nd Regiment of Uhlans and participated in many battles such as Stawczany and Battle of Rarańcza. In 1918 after Poland rega ...

See also:

Henryk Dobrzański, Henryk Dobrzański - Biography

Read more here: » Henryk Dobrzański: Encyclopedia II - Henryk Dobrzański - Biography

Pochayiv Lavra - Origins. A first record of the monastery in Pochayiv dates back to 1527, although a local tradition claims that it was established three centuries earlier, during the Mongol invasion, by several runaway monks, either from the Kiev Monastery of the Caves or from the Holy Mountain. The legend has it that the Theotokos appeared to the monks in the shape of a column of fire, leaving her footprint in the rock she stood upon. This imprint came to be revered by the local population and brethren for the curative, medicinal pr ...

See also:

Pochayiv Lavra, Pochayiv Lavra - History, Pochayiv Lavra - Origins, Pochayiv Lavra - St Job of Pochayiv, Pochayiv Lavra - In union with Rome, Pochayiv Lavra - Between Poland and Russia, Pochayiv Lavra - Recent history, Pochayiv Lavra - Attractions

Read more here: » Pochayiv Lavra: Encyclopedia II - Pochayiv Lavra - History

Polish communities were inherited from Imperial Russia after the creation of the Soviet Union. After World War I, Poland became an independent country, and its secession was finalized by the Peace of Riga in 1921 at the end of the Polish-Soviet War, which left significant territories populated by Poles within the Soviet Union. Initially, the Poles were given 2 Polish Autonomous Districts, one in Belarus and one in Ukraine. The first one was named Dzierzynszczyzna, after Felix Dzierżyński; the second was named Marchlewszczyzna after Julian ...

See also:

Polish minority in the Soviet Union, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1917-1920, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1939-1947, Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1947-1991

Read more here: » Polish minority in the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Polish minority in the Soviet Union - 1921-1938

Polish-Soviet War - 1919. In 1918 the German Army in the east began to retreat westwards. The areas abandoned by the Central Powers became a field of conflict among local governments created by Germany, other local governments that independently sprang up after the German withdrawal, and the Bolsheviks, who hoped to incorporate those areas into Bolshevik Russia. Many of those groups were fragmented, merged, divided, formed short alliances with others, and almost constantly ...

See also:

Polish-Soviet War, Polish-Soviet War - Names and dates of the war, Polish-Soviet War - Prelude to the war, Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign, Polish-Soviet War - 1919, Polish-Soviet War - 1920, Polish-Soviet War - Aftermath, Polish-Soviet War - List of battles, Polish-Soviet War - Notes

Read more here: » Polish-Soviet War: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign

The Soviet Union is traditionally considered to be the successor of the Russian Empire. The last Russian czar, Nicholas II, ruled until March 1917 and was eventually executed. The Soviet Union was established in December 1922 as the union of the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by Bolshevik parties. By Soviet historiography, revolutionary activity in Russia began with the Decembrist Revolt of 1825, and although serfdom was abolished in 1861, its abolition was achieved on terms unfavorable to th ...

See also:

Soviet Union, Soviet Union - History, Soviet Union - Politics, Soviet Union - Leaders of the Soviet Union, Soviet Union - Foreign relations, Soviet Union - Republics

Read more here: » Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Soviet Union - History

The country has had human inhabitants since at least the beginning of the Neolithic period. Herodotus mentions it as the seat of the Graeco-Scythian Alazones and possibly Scythian Neuri. Subsequently the Dacians and the Getae arrived. The Romans left traces of their rule in Trajan’s Wall, which stretches through the modern districts of Kamianets-Podilskyi, Nova Ushytsia and Khmelnytskyi. During the Great Migration Period, many nationalities passed through this territory or settled within it for some time, leaving numerous traces in ...

See also:

Podolia, Podolia - Geography, Podolia - History, Podolia - Reference

Read more here: » Podolia: Encyclopedia II - Podolia - History

During World War I, Tsarist Russia experienced famine and economic collapse. The demoralized Russian Army suffered severe military setbacks, and many soldiers deserted the front lines. Dissatisfaction with the monarchy and its policy of continuing the war grew. Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in February of 1917. A provisional government was installed, led first by Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov, then by Aleksandr Kerensky, but it maintained its commitment to the war. T ...

See also:

History of the Soviet Union, History of the Soviet Union - The Russian Revolution, History of the Soviet Union - The Russian Civil War, History of the Soviet Union - The Polish-Soviet War, History of the Soviet Union - Creation of the USSR, History of the Soviet Union - The New Economic Policy, History of the Soviet Union - The death of Lenin and the fate of the NEP

Read more here: » History of the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of the Soviet Union - The Russian Revolution

Petliura was born in Poltava. He was co-founder (1905) of the Ukrainian Labor Party and editor (1905-1909) of Slovo (Word) and Ukrainskaya Zhyzn (Ukrainian Life). During World War I Petlyura served in the Tsarist Russian army. After the 1917 February Revolution he was a member of the Central Rada (a de facto parliament) which in June of 1917proclaimed Ukraine an autonomous republic. In July he became minister of military affairs. Soon afterward, the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) occupied Ukraine and installed a puppet government, thereby endi ...

See also:

Symon Petliura, Symon Petliura - Biography, Symon Petliura - Petlyura's role in pogroms, Symon Petliura - Petlyura's assassination

Read more here: » Symon Petliura: Encyclopedia II - Symon Petliura - Biography

Polish-Soviet War - 1919. Main article: Polish-Soviet War in 1919 In 1918 the German Army in the east began to retreat westwards. The areas abandoned by the Central Powers became a field of conflict among local governments created by Germany, other local governments that independently sprang up after the German withdrawal, and the Bolsheviks, who hoped to incorporate those areas into Bolshevik Russia. Many of those groups were fragmented, merged, divided, formed short alliances with others, and almost constantly ...

See also:

Polish-Soviet War, Polish-Soviet War - Names and dates of the war, Polish-Soviet War - Prelude to the war, Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign, Polish-Soviet War - 1919, Polish-Soviet War - 1920, Polish-Soviet War - Aftermath, Polish-Soviet War - List of battles, Polish-Soviet War - Notes

Read more here: » Polish-Soviet War: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign

The ancient city of Halicz (Halych) first appears in history in 981 when taken over by Kievan Rus'. Volhynia's early history coincides with that of the duchies or principalities of Halych and Volodymyr Volynskyi (Vladimir-Volynsky, Włodzimierz Wołyński). These two successor states of Kievan Rus' formed Halych-Volhynia between the 12th and the 14th centuries. After the disintegration of the Grand Duchy of Halych-Volodymyr (also called Galich-Vladimir Rus') circa 1340, Poland and Lithuania divided up the region between them, P ...

See also:

Volhynia, Volhynia - History

Read more here: » Volhynia: Encyclopedia II - Volhynia - History

Polish-Soviet War - 1919. Main articles: Polish-Soviet War in 1919, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]See also:

Polish-Soviet War, Polish-Soviet War - Names and dates of the war, Polish-Soviet War - Prelude to the war, Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign, Polish-Soviet War - 1919, Polish-Soviet War - 1920, Polish-Soviet War - Aftermath, Polish-Soviet War - List of battles, Polish-Soviet War - Notes

Read more here: » Polish-Soviet War: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign

Most of the area historically belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After the Partitions of Poland in late 18th century it was annexed by Imperial Russia. In the effect of World War I it was seized by Germany and given to the civilian administration of the Ober-Ost. With the German defeat in the Great War and the outbreak of hostilities between various factions of the Russian Civil War, the area became disputed by Poland, Lithuania and a short-lived [Belarusian People's Republic]]. As the latter state, crated as part of German plan of Mi ...

See also:

Vilnius region, Vilnius region - History, Vilnius region - Terminology, Vilnius region - Ethnography

Read more here: » Vilnius region: Encyclopedia II - Vilnius region - History

The Soviet Union is traditionally considered to be the successor of the Russian Empire. The last Russian monarch, Tsar Nicholas II, ruled until March 1917 and was eventually executed. The Soviet Union was established in December 1922 as the union of the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Transcaucasian Soviet republics ruled by Bolshevik parties. By Soviet historiography, revolutionary activity in Russia began with the Decembrist Revolt of 1825, and although serfdom was abolished in 1861, its abolition was achieved on terms unfavorab ...

See also:

Soviet Union, Soviet Union - History, Soviet Union - Politics, Soviet Union - Leaders of the Soviet Union, Soviet Union - Foreign relations, Soviet Union - Republics, Soviet Union - Related articles

Read more here: » Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - Soviet Union - History