Encyclopedia - Paul Reynaud: Encyclopedia Ii - Paul Reynaud - Return To Government
Reynaud returned to the cabinet in 1938 as Minister of Justice under Édouard Daladier. The Munich crisis, which began not long after Rey...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vichy France: Encyclopedia - Vichy France
Vichy France, or the Vichy regime was the de facto French government of 1940-1944 during the Nazi Germany occupation of World War II. Now...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alfred Sauvy: Encyclopedia - Alfred Sauvy
Alfred Sauvy (1898-1990) was a demographer, anthropologist and historian of the French economy. Sauvy coined the term Third World (Tiers ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle
General Charles André Joseph Marie De Gaulle (listen ▶ (help·info)) (November 22, 1890-November 9, 1970), in France commonly referred...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Maginot Line: Encyclopedia Ii - Maginot Line - Features
The specification of the defenses was very high, with extensive and interconnected bunker complexes for thousands of men; there were 108 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pierre Laval: Encyclopedia Ii - Pierre Laval - Career
He was born in Châteldon in the Puy-de-Dôme département of the Auvergne region. After earning a law degree, he worked as a lawyer, in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1962–1968 Politics Of Grandeur
With the Algerian conflict behind, De Gaulle was able to achieve his two main objectives: To reform and develop the French economy, and t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Norwegian Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Norwegian Campaign - German Invasion
Norwegian Campaign - Movement of the fleets. The German invasion first started on April 3, 1940 when supply vessels began to head out i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vichy France: Encyclopedia Ii - Vichy France - Vichy Composition And Policies
The composition of the Vichy cabinet, and its policies, were mixed. Many Vichy officials such as Pétain, though not all, were reactionar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1962–1968 Politics Of Grandeur
With the Algerian conflict behind, de Gaulle was able to achieve his two main objectives: To reform and develop the French economy, and t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of France - May: Low Countries And Northern France
Germany launched its offensive, Fall Gelb, on the night prior to and principally on the morning of 10 May. During the night German forces...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of World War Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of World War Ii - 1940
Timeline of World War II - January. 1: Conscription extended in Britain: all men between 20 and 27 now liable. 4: Hermann Göring plac...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of France - May: Low Countries And Northern France
See also: Battle of the Netherlands Germany launched its offensive in the early hours of May 10. During the night, German forces occupied...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vichy France: Encyclopedia Ii - Vichy France - Vichy Composition And Policies
The composition of the Vichy cabinet, and its policies, were mixed. Many Vichy officials such as Pétain, though not all, were reactionar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free French Forces: Encyclopedia Ii - Free French Forces - History
Free French Forces - Prelude. General Charles De Gaulle was a member of the French cabinet during the Battle of France, in 1940. As Fre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - De Gaulle's Third Ministry, 9 June 1958 - 8 January 1959
Changes 12 June 1958 - André Malraux enters the cabinet as Minister of Radio, Television, and Press 14 June 1958 - Guy Mollet becomes M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - De Gaulle's Third Ministry 9 June 1958 - 8 January 1959
Changes 12 June 1958 - André Malraux enters the cabinet as Minister of Radio, Television, and Press 14 June 1958 - Guy Mollet becomes M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - Works
Charles de Gaulle - French editions. La Discorde Chez l'Ennemi (1924) Histoire des Troupes du Levant (1931) Written by Major de Gaulle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - Private Life
Charles de Gaulle married on April 7, 1921 to Yvonne Vendroux ("Tante Yvonne"). They had 3 children: Philippe (1921), Elisabeth (1924), a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1958: The Collapse Of The Fourth Republic
The Fourth Republic was tainted by political instability, its failures in Indochina and its inability to resolve the Algerian question. O...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1946–1958: The Desert Crossing
De Gaulle's opposition to the proposed constitution failed as the parties of the left supported a weak presidency to prevent any repetiti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1940–1945: The Free French Forces
On June 18, de Gaulle prepared to speak to the French people, via BBC radio, from London. The British Cabinet attempted to block the spee...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1958—1962: Founding Of The Fifth Republic
In the November 1958 elections, de Gaulle and his supporters (initially organised in the Union pour la Nouvelle République-Union Démocr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - May 1968
De Gaulle's government, however, was criticized within France, particularly for its heavy-handed style. While the written press and elect...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of France - Prelude
Following the Polish September Campaign of the preceding year, a period of inaction called the Phony War occurred between the major power...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1970 - A Humble Death
He retired once again to Colombey-les-deux-Églises, where he died suddenly in 1970, while in the middle of writing his memoirs. In perfe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - Retrospect
Though controversial throughout his political career, not least among ideological opponents on the left and among overseas strategic part...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of France - Aftermath
France formally surrendered to the German armed forces on 25 June in the same railroad car at Compiègne that Germany in 1918 had been fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Norwegian Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Norwegian Campaign - Important People
Norwegian Campaign - Norwegians. Carl Joachim Hambro: Speaker in the Norwegian Parliament, organised escape of King and government Haa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Norwegian Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Norwegian Campaign - Analysis
The operation as planned was a decisive success for Germany. Both Denmark and Norway were occupied with relatively light casualties: 3,80...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pierre Laval: Encyclopedia Ii - Pierre Laval - Laval's Third Ministry 7 June 1935 - 24 January 1936
Pierre Laval - Changes. 17 June 1935 - Mario Roustan succeeds Marcombes (d. 13 June) as Minister of National Education. William Bertra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vichy France: Encyclopedia Ii - Vichy France - The Fall Of France And The Establishment Of The Vichy Regime
France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 following the German invasion of Poland. After the eight month Phony War the Germans l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vichy France: Encyclopedia Ii - Vichy France - German Invasion November 1942
President Roosevelt continued to cultivate Vichy and promoted General Henri Giraud as a preferable alternative to de Gaulle, despite the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vichy France: Encyclopedia Ii - Vichy France - Liberation Of France And Aftermath
Following the Allied invasions of France, Pétain and his ministers were taken to Germany by the German forces where they established a g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Norwegian Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Norwegian Campaign - Ground Campaign
When the nature of the German invasion became apparent to the British military, it began to make preparations for a counterattack. Dissen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Norwegian Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Norwegian Campaign - Norwegian Situation
The German invasions for the most part achieved their goal of simultaneous assault and caught the Norwegian forces off guard, a situation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of France - Prelude
Following the Polish September Campaign of the preceding year, a period of inaction called the Phony War occurred between the major power...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vichy France: Encyclopedia Ii - Vichy France - Liberation Of France And Aftermath
Following the Allied invasions of France, Pétain and his ministers were taken to Germany by the German forces where they established a g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Norwegian Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Norwegian Campaign - Background
Norwegian Campaign - Value of Norway. Both the United Kingdom and France had signed military assistance treaties with Poland, and two d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Norwegian Campaign: Encyclopedia Ii - Norwegian Campaign - Initial Plans
Norwegian Campaign - Allied plans. With the end of the Winter War, the Allies determined that any occupation of Norway or Sweden would ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1912–1940: Military Career
Young Charles de Gaulle chose a military career and spent four years at the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (the French equivalen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of France - Forces And Dispositions
See also: Order of Battle for the Battle of France The German Army was divided into three army groups: Army Group A under [Gerd von Rund...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of World War Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of World War Ii - 1944
Timeline of World War II - January. 4: Battle of Monte Cassino begins. 15: 27th Polish Home Army Infantry Division recreated, marking ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - Retrospect
Though controversial throughout his political career, not least among ideological opponents on the left and among overseas strategic part...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - Private Life
Charles De Gaulle married on April 7, 1921 to Yvonne Vendroux ("Tante Yvonne"). They had 3 children: Philippe (1921), Elisabeth (1924), a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - Works
Charles de Gaulle - French editions. La Discorde Chez l'Ennemi (1924) Histoire des Troupes du Levant (1931) Written by Major De Gaulle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - De Gaulle's Third Ministry 9 June 1958 - 8 January 1959
Changes 12 June 1958 - André Malraux enters the cabinet as Minister of Radio, Television, and Press 14 June 1958 - Guy Mollet becomes M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Maginot Line: Encyclopedia Ii - Maginot Line - Planning And Construction
The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joffre. He was opposed by modernists such as Paul Reynaud and Charles de Gaulle who favoured ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free French Forces: Encyclopedia Ii - Free French Forces - Liberation Of France
During the Italian campaign of 1943, 100,000 Free French soldiers fought on the Allied side. By the time of the Normandy Invasion, the Fr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1970 - A Humble Death
He retired once again to Colombey-les-deux-Églises, where he died suddenly in 1970, while in the middle of writing his memoirs. In perfe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - May 1968
De Gaulle's government, however, was criticized within France, particularly for its heavy-handed style. While the written press and elect...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1912–1940: Military Career
Young Charles De Gaulle chose a military career and spent four years at the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (the French equivalen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1890–1912: Formative Years
Charles De Gaulle was the third child of a morally conservative but socially progressive Catholic bourgeois family. His father's side of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1940–1945: The Free French Forces
On June 18, De Gaulle prepared to speak to the French people, via BBC radio, from London. The British Cabinet attempted to block the spee...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1946–1958: The Desert Crossing
De Gaulle's opposition to the proposed constitution failed as the parties of the left supported a weak presidency to prevent any repetiti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1958–1962: Founding Of The Fifth Republic
In the November 1958 elections, De Gaulle and his supporters (initially organised in the Union pour la Nouvelle République-Union Démocr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1958: The Collapse Of The Fourth Republic
The Fourth Republic was tainted by political instability, its failures in Indochina and its inability to resolve the Algerian question. O...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Charles De Gaulle: Encyclopedia Ii - Charles De Gaulle - 1890–1912: Formative Years
Charles de Gaulle was the third child of a morally conservative but socially progressive Catholic bourgeois family. His father's side of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Maginot Line: Encyclopedia Ii - Maginot Line - The Line After Wwii
After the war the Line was re-manned by the French and underwent some modifications. However when France withdrew from NATO (in 1966) muc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of France - Forces And Dispositions
See also: Order of Battle for the Battle of France The German Army was divided into three army groups: Army Group A, composed of 45½ di...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of France - Prelude
Following the Polish September Campaign of the preceding year, a period of inaction called the Phony War had occurred between the war's m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of France - June: France
The best and most modern French armies had been sent north and lost in the resulting encirclement; the French had lost their best heavy w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of France - Aftermath
France formally surrendered to the German armed forces on 25 June in the same railroad car at Compiègne that Germany in 1918 had been fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of France - Historiography
The great controversy of the Battle of the France focuses on causes for the catastrophic defeat suffered by the French army, and to a les...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Battle Of France: Encyclopedia Ii - Battle Of France - Casualties
Casualty estimates vary in the Battle of France. Battle of France - German. Approximately 27,074 Germans were killed and 111,034 were w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Maginot Line: Encyclopedia Ii - Maginot Line - Referenced In A Separate Peace
In A Separate Peace by John Knowles, the Maginot Line is used as a metaphor referring to the boys' false sense of security they have towa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of World War Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of World War Ii - 1945
Timeline of World War II - January. 2: Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay dies in plane crash. 17: Warsaw liberated by Red Army troops. 27: Th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vichy France: Encyclopedia Ii - Vichy France - German Invasion November 1942
President Roosevelt continued to cultivate Vichy and promoted General Henri Giraud as a preferable alternative to de Gaulle, despite the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vichy France: Encyclopedia Ii - Vichy France - The Fall Of France And The Establishment Of The Vichy Regime
France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 following the German invasion of Poland. After the eight month Phony War the Germans l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of World War Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of World War Ii - 1943
Timeline of World War II - January. 14: Casablanca Conference of Allied leaders begins. 23: Allies capture Tripoli, Libya. 31: Large p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vichy France: Encyclopedia Ii - Vichy France - Liberation Of France And Aftermath
Following the Allied invasions of France, Pétain and his ministers fled to Germany and established a government in exile at Sigmaringen....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of World War Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of World War Ii - 1942
Timeline of World War II - January. 2: Japanese troops occupy Manila. 11: Japanese troops capture Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 12: Japan in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of World War Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of World War Ii - 1939
Timeline of World War II - September. 1: The Polish September Campaign begins at 4:30 a.m. with the German Luftwaffe attacking several...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Timeline Of World War Ii: Encyclopedia Ii - Timeline Of World War Ii - 1941
Timeline of World War II - January. 12: British and Australian troops capture Tobruk. Timeline of World War II - February. 25: Mog...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paul Reynaud: Encyclopedia Ii - Paul Reynaud - Postwar Life
After the war, Reynaud was made again a member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1946. Reynaud was in several cabinet positions in the postwa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paul Reynaud: Encyclopedia Ii - Paul Reynaud - Early Life And Politics
Reynaud was born in Barcelonnette, France. His father had made a fortune in the textile industry, enabling Reynaud to study law at the So...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Paul Reynaud: Encyclopedia Ii - Paul Reynaud - Prime Minister And Arrest
Although Reynaud was increasingly popular, the Chamber of Deputies elected Reynaud premier by only a single vote with most of his own par...   » Read the article