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pathogenic | A Wisdom Archive on pathogenic | | pathogenic A selection of articles related to pathogenic | |
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pathogenic, Pathogen, Pathogen - Transmission of pathogens, Pathogen - Types of pathogens, Epidemiology, Microbiology
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO pathogenic | | | |  pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - ManifestationsTypically, after a 1–3 day incubation period following a tick bite (5–6 days after exposure to infected blood or tissues), flu-like symptoms appear, which may resolve after one week. In up to 75% of cases, however, signs of hemorrhage appear within 3–5 days of the onset of illness: first mood instability, agitation, mental confusion and throat petechiae, then soon nosebleeds, bloody urine and vomiting, and black stools. The liver becomes swollen and painful. Disseminated intravascular coagulation may occur as well as acute kidney fai ...
See also:Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Epidemiology, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Manifestations, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Public health measures, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Treatment, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Notable outbreaks Read more here: » Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Encyclopedia II - Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Manifestations |
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| | | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Apoptosis - Implication and role of apoptosis in diverse pathologies
Apoptosis - Apoptosis and HIV progression.
In the review article by Alimonti et al (2004), they describe how HIV-1 causes apoptosis in bystander CD4+ T cells leading to AIDS.
Apoptosis - Apoptosis and the role of interferon in tumor suppression.
In their Nature article on the "Integration of interferon-alpha/beta signaling to p53 responses..." (see previous section on Cell damage or infection), Takaoka and co-workers have described their research on how interferon ...
See also:Apoptosis, Apoptosis - Functions of apoptosis, Apoptosis - Cell damage or infection, Apoptosis - Response to stress or DNA damage, Apoptosis - Homeostasis, Apoptosis - Development, Apoptosis - Immune cell regulation, Apoptosis - Apoptotic process, Apoptosis - Morphology, Apoptosis - Biochemical signals for safe disposal, Apoptosis - Intrinsic and extrinsic inducers, Apoptosis - Biochemical execution, Apoptosis - Implication and role of apoptosis in diverse pathologies, Apoptosis - Apoptosis and HIV progression, Apoptosis - Apoptosis and the role of interferon in tumor suppression, Apoptosis - Cancer and defective apoptotic pathways, Apoptosis - Role of apoptotic products in tumor immunity, Apoptosis - Laboratory assays for apoptosis, Apoptosis - History and highlights in apoptosis research, Apoptosis - Early research and the worm people at Cambridge, Apoptosis - Coining of the term apoptosis, Apoptosis - 1988, Apoptosis - 1990s and later, Apoptosis - Etymology Read more here: » Apoptosis: Encyclopedia II - Apoptosis - Implication and role of apoptosis in diverse pathologies |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Apoptosis - Apoptotic process
Apoptosis - Morphology.
A cell undergoing apoptosis shows a characteristic morphology that can be seen under a microscope:
The cell becomes round (circular). This occurs because the protein structures that conform the cytoskeleton are digested by specialized peptidases (called caspases) that have been activated inside the cell.
Chromatin (DNA and its packaging proteins in the cell nucleus) undergoes initial degradation and condensation (see the article by Madeleine Kihlmark et al.< ...
See also:Apoptosis, Apoptosis - Functions of apoptosis, Apoptosis - Cell damage or infection, Apoptosis - Response to stress or DNA damage, Apoptosis - Homeostasis, Apoptosis - Development, Apoptosis - Immune cell regulation, Apoptosis - Apoptotic process, Apoptosis - Morphology, Apoptosis - Biochemical signals for safe disposal, Apoptosis - Intrinsic and extrinsic inducers, Apoptosis - Biochemical execution, Apoptosis - Implication and role of apoptosis in diverse pathologies, Apoptosis - Apoptosis and HIV progression, Apoptosis - Apoptosis and the role of interferon in tumor suppression, Apoptosis - Cancer and defective apoptotic pathways, Apoptosis - Role of apoptotic products in tumor immunity, Apoptosis - Laboratory assays for apoptosis, Apoptosis - History and highlights in apoptosis research, Apoptosis - Early research and the worm people at Cambridge, Apoptosis - Coining of the term apoptosis, Apoptosis - 1988, Apoptosis - 1990s and later, Apoptosis - Etymology Read more here: » Apoptosis: Encyclopedia II - Apoptosis - Apoptotic process |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Cell wall - Prokaryotic cell walls Cell walls of bacteria are primarily used for protection against hostile environments or, in the case of pathogenic bacteria, against the immune system of the host. They contain peptidoglycan, which can be made visible in Gram-positive bacteria by Gram staining. The cell walls of bacteria are also vital for containing the high osmotic pressure inside bacterial cells caused by the high concentration of solutes in the cytoplasm. This pressure can often be as high as 15 atmospheres. Many antibiotics, including penicillin an ...
See also:Cell wall, Cell wall - Plant cell walls, Cell wall - Composition of plant cell walls, Cell wall - Algal cell walls, Cell wall - Diatom cell walls, Cell wall - Prokaryotic cell walls, Cell wall - Fungal cell walls, Cell wall - Pictures Read more here: » Cell wall: Encyclopedia II - Cell wall - Prokaryotic cell walls |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Cell wall - Algal cell walls Like plants, algae have cell walls (Sendbusch, 2003). Algal cell walls contain cellulose and a variety of glycoproteins. The inclusion of addition polysaccharides in algal cells walls is used as a feature for algal taxonomy.
Manosyl form microfibrils in the cell walls of a number of marine green algae including those from the genera, Codium, Dasycladus, and Acetabularia as well as in the walls of some red algae, like Porphyra and Bangia.
Xylanes
Alginic acid is a common polysa ...
See also:Cell wall, Cell wall - Plant cell walls, Cell wall - Composition of plant cell walls, Cell wall - Algal cell walls, Cell wall - Diatom cell walls, Cell wall - Prokaryotic cell walls, Cell wall - Fungal cell walls, Cell wall - Pictures Read more here: » Cell wall: Encyclopedia II - Cell wall - Algal cell walls |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Soap - Handmade soap Some individuals continue to make soap in the home. The traditional name "soaper", for a soapmaker, is still used by those who make soap as a hobby. Those who make their own soaps are also known as soapcrafters.
The most popular soapmaking processes today is the cold process method, where fats such as olive oil react with lye. Novice soapmakers sometimes use the melt and pour process, where no actual soap is made, but where industrial soap base, known an glycerin, is melted and poured in individual shapes. Some soapers also practice other processes, such as the historical hot process, and mak ...
See also:Soap, Soap - Purification and finishing, Soap - Use, Soap - The history and process of soap making, Soap - Handmade soap, Soap - Disadvantages Read more here: » Soap: Encyclopedia II - Soap - Handmade soap |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Soap - Use Although the word soap continues to be used informally in everyday speech and product labels, in practice nearly all kinds of "soap" in use today are actually synthetic detergents, which are less expensive, more effective, and easier to manufacture. While effort has been made to reduce their negative effect upon the environment, the results have been mixed.
Soaps are useful for cleansing because soap molecules attach readily to both nonpolar molecules (such as grease or oil) and polar molecules (such as water). Although grease ...
See also:Soap, Soap - Purification and finishing, Soap - Use, Soap - The history and process of soap making, Soap - Handmade soap, Soap - Disadvantages Read more here: » Soap: Encyclopedia II - Soap - Use |
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| | | | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Agar plate - Inoculation techniques Before inoculation, important information is written on the bottom of the plates, close to the rim:
date of inoculation
temperature of incubation
duration of incubation
microorganism inoculated
Agar plate - Streaking.
The most common method of inoculating an agar plate is streaking.
With this method, a small amount of sample is placed on the side of the agar plate (either with a swab, or as a drop from an inoculating loop if the sample is a liquid ...
See also:Agar plate, Agar plate - Preparation of agar plates, Agar plate - Inoculation techniques, Agar plate - Streaking, Agar plate - Christmas tree, Agar plate - Stab culture, Agar plate - Preparing a lawn, Agar plate - Incubation of agar plates, Agar plate - Types of agar plates, Agar plate - Safe disposal of agar plates Read more here: » Agar plate: Encyclopedia II - Agar plate - Inoculation techniques |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Agar plate - Safe disposal of agar plates Plates, once finished with, must be made safe before throwing away. The usual method is to place inside an autoclave bag and then sterilise by autoclaving at 121 °C, 103 kPa (15 psi) for 15 minutes. Plastic plates will melt (hence the bag). After about 20 minutes the autoclave will have cooled down and the bag can safely be thrown away. If no autoclave is available an ordinary domestic pressure cooker can be used, or, in a hospital or professional lab an incinerator may be used.
Other equipment may be decontaminated by being pla ...
See also:Agar plate, Agar plate - Preparation of agar plates, Agar plate - Inoculation techniques, Agar plate - Streaking, Agar plate - Christmas tree, Agar plate - Stab culture, Agar plate - Preparing a lawn, Agar plate - Incubation of agar plates, Agar plate - Types of agar plates, Agar plate - Safe disposal of agar plates Read more here: » Agar plate: Encyclopedia II - Agar plate - Safe disposal of agar plates |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Agar plate - Incubation of agar plates Plates are incubated upside down to prevent drops of condensation from collecting on the inoculated surface.
Most plates are incubated at 37° C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere: the temperature and conditions that most of the body's bacteria will grow. Special incubators can maintain these conditions.
Some bacteria must be incubated anaerobically (without any oxygen). These can be placed in containers, along with a substance that removes oxygen, and the tightly sealed container placed in the regular incubator.
Fungi, and some bacteria (e.g. Yersinia sp.), should be incubated slightly coo ...
See also:Agar plate, Agar plate - Preparation of agar plates, Agar plate - Inoculation techniques, Agar plate - Streaking, Agar plate - Christmas tree, Agar plate - Stab culture, Agar plate - Preparing a lawn, Agar plate - Incubation of agar plates, Agar plate - Types of agar plates, Agar plate - Safe disposal of agar plates Read more here: » Agar plate: Encyclopedia II - Agar plate - Incubation of agar plates |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Apoptosis - History and highlights in apoptosis research A timeline of apoptosis research can be found in Cell Death and Differentiation (2002) 9:349-54.[16]
Apoptosis - Early research and the worm people at Cambridge.
Sydney Brenner's studies on animal development began in the late-1950s in what was to become the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge, UK. It was at this lab that during the 1970s and 1980s, a team led by John Sulston succeeded in tracing the nematode C. elegan's entire embryonic cell lineage. In other words, Sulston and his team had traced where each and every cell in the roundw ...
See also:Apoptosis, Apoptosis - Functions of apoptosis, Apoptosis - Cell damage or infection, Apoptosis - Response to stress or DNA damage, Apoptosis - Homeostasis, Apoptosis - Development, Apoptosis - Immune cell regulation, Apoptosis - Apoptotic process, Apoptosis - Morphology, Apoptosis - Biochemical signals for safe disposal, Apoptosis - Intrinsic and extrinsic inducers, Apoptosis - Biochemical execution, Apoptosis - Implication and role of apoptosis in diverse pathologies, Apoptosis - Apoptosis and HIV progression, Apoptosis - Apoptosis and the role of interferon in tumor suppression, Apoptosis - Cancer and defective apoptotic pathways, Apoptosis - Role of apoptotic products in tumor immunity, Apoptosis - Laboratory assays for apoptosis, Apoptosis - History and highlights in apoptosis research, Apoptosis - Early research and the worm people at Cambridge, Apoptosis - Coining of the term apoptosis, Apoptosis - 1988, Apoptosis - 1990s and later, Apoptosis - Etymology Read more here: » Apoptosis: Encyclopedia II - Apoptosis - History and highlights in apoptosis research |
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| | | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical features of myotonic dystrophy type 1 Steinert's disease The clinical findings of DM1 can be categorized into three overlapping phenotypes - mild, classical and congenital (CMyD).
Myotonic dystrophy - Mild DM.
Individuals affected with the mild DM phenotype may lead active lives and be unaware that they have the disorder. If they note muscle weakness or mild myotonia, they may attribute it to "stiffness" or arthritis. Clinical findings of cataracts or diabetes mellitus, in the absence of marked muscle weakness, pronounced myotonia, or family history of DM, are u ...
See also:Myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Overview, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical characteristics of myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical features of myotonic dystrophy type 1 Steinert's disease, Myotonic dystrophy - Mild DM, Myotonic dystrophy - Classical DM, Myotonic dystrophy - Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Correlation between expansion length and clinical signs in DM1 and CMyD, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical Features of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 Proximal Myotonic Myopathy or PROMM, Myotonic dystrophy - Genetics of myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Management of patients with myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Myotonia, Myotonic dystrophy - Muscle weakness and wasting, Myotonic dystrophy - Cardiac conduction abnormalities, Myotonic dystrophy - Respiratory Complications, Myotonic dystrophy - Pregnancy, Myotonic dystrophy - CMyD, Myotonic dystrophy - Complications from anesthesia, Myotonic dystrophy - Genetic counseling considerations, Myotonic dystrophy - Molecular testing for myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Summary Read more here: » Myotonic dystrophy: Encyclopedia II - Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical features of myotonic dystrophy type 1 Steinert's disease |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Morpholino - Specificity stability and non-antisense effects Morpholinos have become a standard knockdown tool in animal embryonic systems, which have a broader range of gene expression than adult cells and can be strongly affected by an off-target interaction. Following initial injections at the single-cell or few-cell stage, Morpholino effects have been measured at least five days later, after most of the processes of organogenesis and differentiation are past, with observed phenotypes consistent with target-gene knockdown. Control oligos with irrelevent sequences usually produce no change in embryo ...
See also:Morpholino, Morpholino - Structure, Morpholino - Function, Morpholino - Blocking translation, Morpholino - Modifying pre-mRNA splicing, Morpholino - Blocking other mRNA sites, Morpholino - Specificity stability and non-antisense effects Read more here: » Morpholino: Encyclopedia II - Morpholino - Specificity stability and non-antisense effects |
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| | | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical Features of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 Proximal Myotonic Myopathy or PROMM DM2 is phenotypically similar to DM1. Affected individuals may present with proximal and distal limb weakness, myotonia, cardiac arrhythmias, frontal balding and cataracts.
Unlike DM1, there is no reported correlation between repeat expansion size and age of onset and severity of symptoms for DM2. In addition, there is no reported congenital form of the disorder.
...
See also:Myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Overview, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical characteristics of myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical features of myotonic dystrophy type 1 Steinert's disease, Myotonic dystrophy - Mild DM, Myotonic dystrophy - Classical DM, Myotonic dystrophy - Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Correlation between expansion length and clinical signs in DM1 and CMyD, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical Features of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 Proximal Myotonic Myopathy or PROMM, Myotonic dystrophy - Genetics of myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Management of patients with myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Myotonia, Myotonic dystrophy - Muscle weakness and wasting, Myotonic dystrophy - Cardiac conduction abnormalities, Myotonic dystrophy - Respiratory Complications, Myotonic dystrophy - Pregnancy, Myotonic dystrophy - CMyD, Myotonic dystrophy - Complications from anesthesia, Myotonic dystrophy - Genetic counseling considerations, Myotonic dystrophy - Molecular testing for myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Summary Read more here: » Myotonic dystrophy: Encyclopedia II - Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical Features of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 Proximal Myotonic Myopathy or PROMM |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Myotonic dystrophy - Genetics of myotonic dystrophy DM1 and CMyD are caused by an abnormal trinucleotide (CTG) repeat expansion in the DM1 locus on chromosome 19q13.3.
DM2 is caused by an abnormal tetranucleotide (CCTG) repeat expansion in the DM2 locus on chromosome 3q21.
Exactly how the expansions in the DMPK and ZNF9 genes result in DM are unknown. Researchers hypothesize that after the repeat expansion is transcribed in RNA, the RNA has a pathogenic effect that disrupts cellular function. For example, in the case of DM1, the CTG repeat expansion (transcribed as CUG in the RN ...
See also:Myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Overview, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical characteristics of myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical features of myotonic dystrophy type 1 Steinert's disease, Myotonic dystrophy - Mild DM, Myotonic dystrophy - Classical DM, Myotonic dystrophy - Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Correlation between expansion length and clinical signs in DM1 and CMyD, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical Features of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 Proximal Myotonic Myopathy or PROMM, Myotonic dystrophy - Genetics of myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Management of patients with myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Myotonia, Myotonic dystrophy - Muscle weakness and wasting, Myotonic dystrophy - Cardiac conduction abnormalities, Myotonic dystrophy - Respiratory Complications, Myotonic dystrophy - Pregnancy, Myotonic dystrophy - CMyD, Myotonic dystrophy - Complications from anesthesia, Myotonic dystrophy - Genetic counseling considerations, Myotonic dystrophy - Molecular testing for myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Summary Read more here: » Myotonic dystrophy: Encyclopedia II - Myotonic dystrophy - Genetics of myotonic dystrophy |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Myotonic dystrophy - Genetic counseling considerations Although DM is inherited as a classic autosomal dominant disease, incomplete penetrance, possible anticipation, and extreme variation in clinical expression make genetic counseling a critical component of DM diagnosis and case management.
Genetic counseling encompasses the clinical, technical and psychosocial components of genetic testing and disease. The genetic counseling process is an opportunity for patients to explore their questions and concerns about genetic disease and testing, as well as a mean ...
See also:Myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Overview, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical characteristics of myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical features of myotonic dystrophy type 1 Steinert's disease, Myotonic dystrophy - Mild DM, Myotonic dystrophy - Classical DM, Myotonic dystrophy - Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Correlation between expansion length and clinical signs in DM1 and CMyD, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical Features of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 Proximal Myotonic Myopathy or PROMM, Myotonic dystrophy - Genetics of myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Management of patients with myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Myotonia, Myotonic dystrophy - Muscle weakness and wasting, Myotonic dystrophy - Cardiac conduction abnormalities, Myotonic dystrophy - Respiratory Complications, Myotonic dystrophy - Pregnancy, Myotonic dystrophy - CMyD, Myotonic dystrophy - Complications from anesthesia, Myotonic dystrophy - Genetic counseling considerations, Myotonic dystrophy - Molecular testing for myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Summary Read more here: » Myotonic dystrophy: Encyclopedia II - Myotonic dystrophy - Genetic counseling considerations |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Myotonic dystrophy - Management of patients with myotonic dystrophy While there is no cure for myotonic dystrophy, managing the clinical manifestations of the disorder can greatly improve the quality of life of individuals affected with this disorder.
Myotonic dystrophy - Myotonia.
Because myotonia precedes weakness in adult onset DM, electromyograms can aid in the assessment of disease progression. Myotonia can be controlled with phenytoin, carbamazepine, or quinine su ...
See also:Myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Overview, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical characteristics of myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical features of myotonic dystrophy type 1 Steinert's disease, Myotonic dystrophy - Mild DM, Myotonic dystrophy - Classical DM, Myotonic dystrophy - Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Correlation between expansion length and clinical signs in DM1 and CMyD, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical Features of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 Proximal Myotonic Myopathy or PROMM, Myotonic dystrophy - Genetics of myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Management of patients with myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Myotonia, Myotonic dystrophy - Muscle weakness and wasting, Myotonic dystrophy - Cardiac conduction abnormalities, Myotonic dystrophy - Respiratory Complications, Myotonic dystrophy - Pregnancy, Myotonic dystrophy - CMyD, Myotonic dystrophy - Complications from anesthesia, Myotonic dystrophy - Genetic counseling considerations, Myotonic dystrophy - Molecular testing for myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Summary Read more here: » Myotonic dystrophy: Encyclopedia II - Myotonic dystrophy - Management of patients with myotonic dystrophy |
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