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pathogenic | A Wisdom Archive on pathogenic | | pathogenic A selection of articles related to pathogenic | |
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pathogenic, Pathogen, Pathogen - Transmission of pathogens, Pathogen - Types of pathogens, Epidemiology, Microbiology
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO pathogenic | | | |  pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Myotonic dystrophy - OverviewMyotonic dystrophy (DM) is the most common muscular dystrophy in adults, and is the second most common muscular dystrophy after Duchenne muscular dystrophy. It is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder affecting one in 8,000 individuals. Onset is usually in the second or third decade and the life span of affected individuals is typically six decades. A congenital form of DM can occur in second or third generations, however, and can be fatal for affected infants. Characteristics of DM include myotonia, as well as progressive weakening ...
See also:Myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Overview, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical characteristics of myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical features of myotonic dystrophy type 1 Steinert's disease, Myotonic dystrophy - Mild DM, Myotonic dystrophy - Classical DM, Myotonic dystrophy - Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Correlation between expansion length and clinical signs in DM1 and CMyD, Myotonic dystrophy - Clinical Features of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 Proximal Myotonic Myopathy or PROMM, Myotonic dystrophy - Genetics of myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Management of patients with myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Myotonia, Myotonic dystrophy - Muscle weakness and wasting, Myotonic dystrophy - Cardiac conduction abnormalities, Myotonic dystrophy - Respiratory Complications, Myotonic dystrophy - Pregnancy, Myotonic dystrophy - CMyD, Myotonic dystrophy - Complications from anesthesia, Myotonic dystrophy - Genetic counseling considerations, Myotonic dystrophy - Molecular testing for myotonic dystrophy, Myotonic dystrophy - Summary Read more here: » Myotonic dystrophy: Encyclopedia II - Myotonic dystrophy - Overview |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Morpholino - Function Morpholinos do not degrade their target RNA molecules, unlike many antisense structural types (e.g. phosphorothioates, siRNA). Instead, Morpholinos act by "steric blocking", binding to a target sequence within an RNA and simply getting in the way of molecules which might otherwise interact with the RNA[6].
Morpholino oligos are often used to investigate the role of a specific mRNA transcript in an embryo. Developmental biologists inject Morpholino oligos into eggs or embryos of zebrafish[7], African clawed frog ( ...
See also:Morpholino, Morpholino - Structure, Morpholino - Function, Morpholino - Blocking translation, Morpholino - Modifying pre-mRNA splicing, Morpholino - Blocking other mRNA sites, Morpholino - Specificity stability and non-antisense effects Read more here: » Morpholino: Encyclopedia II - Morpholino - Function |
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| | | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Foodborne illness - Pathogenic agents An early theory on the causes of food poisoning involved ptomaines, alkaloids found in decaying animal and vegetable matter. While some poisonous alkaloids are the cause of poisoning, the discovery of bacteria left the ptomaine theory obsolete.
Foodborne illness - Bacteria.
Bacterial infection is the most common cause of food poisoning. In the United Kingdom during 2000 the individual bacteria involved were as follows: Campylobacter jejuni 77.3%, Salmonella 20.9%, Escherichia co ...
See also:Foodborne illness, Foodborne illness - Symptoms and mortality, Foodborne illness - Incubation period, Foodborne illness - Infectious dose, Foodborne illness - Pathogenic agents, Foodborne illness - Bacteria, Foodborne illness - Viruses, Foodborne illness - Parasites, Foodborne illness - Natural toxins, Foodborne illness - Other pathogenic agents, Foodborne illness - Statistics, Foodborne illness - In the United States, Foodborne illness - In France, Foodborne illness - Outbreaks, Foodborne illness - Political issues, Foodborne illness - United Kingdom, Foodborne illness - United States Read more here: » Foodborne illness: Encyclopedia II - Foodborne illness - Pathogenic agents |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Saprolegnia - Habits Saprolegnia, like most water moulds, is both a saprotroph and necrotroph. Typically feeding on waste from fish or other dead cells, they will also take advantage of creatures that have been injured or compromised eggs. When they inhabit a live animal, they exhibit as a fungal infection known as mycoses.
Saprolegnia is tolerent to a wide range of temperature, 3oC to 33oC, but is more prevelant in lower temperatures. While it is found most frequently in freshwater, it will also tolera ...
See also:Saprolegnia, Saprolegnia - Habits, Saprolegnia - Reproduction, Saprolegnia - Characteristics of Infection, Saprolegnia - Other sites Read more here: » Saprolegnia: Encyclopedia II - Saprolegnia - Habits |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Agar plate - Preparation of agar plates Most types of agar are purchased pre-prepared in powder form, although it is possible to buy a base agar mix and add nutrients separately. They are dissolved in distilled water as per their instructions. It is usually necessary to gently boil the mixture to facilitate dissolving: this can be done in a microwave oven, or over a gentle flame. Once dissolved the agar needs to be sterilised, usually by pouring it into a Erlenmeyer flask, then sealing the top with a cotton wool wad, and finally covering the cotton wool with a loose layer of alumi ...
See also:Agar plate, Agar plate - Preparation of agar plates, Agar plate - Inoculation techniques, Agar plate - Streaking, Agar plate - Christmas tree, Agar plate - Stab culture, Agar plate - Preparing a lawn, Agar plate - Incubation of agar plates, Agar plate - Types of agar plates, Agar plate - Safe disposal of agar plates Read more here: » Agar plate: Encyclopedia II - Agar plate - Preparation of agar plates |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Epidemiology Sporadic infection of people is usually caused by Hyalomma tick bite. Clusters of illness typically appear after people treat, butcher or eat infected livestock, particularly ruminants and ostriches. Outbreaks have occurred in clinical facilities where health workers have been exposed to infected blood and fomites.
The causitive organism is found in Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, a belt across central Africa and South Africa and Madagascar (see map [1]) The main environmental reservoir for the virus is small mamm ...
See also:Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Epidemiology, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Manifestations, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Public health measures, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Treatment, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Notable outbreaks Read more here: » Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Encyclopedia II - Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Epidemiology |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - HVAC - Heating Heating systems may be classified as central or local.
HVAC - Central heating.
Central heating is often used in cold climates to heat private houses and public buildings. Such a system contains a central boiler, furnace or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air; piping or ductwork to distribute the heated fluid, and radiators to transfer this heat to the air. The term radiator in this context is misleading, since most heat transfer from the heat exchanger is by convection, not r ...
See also:HVAC, HVAC - Heating, HVAC - Central heating, HVAC - Ventilation, HVAC - Natural ventilation, HVAC - Forced ventilation, HVAC - Air-conditioning, HVAC - Thermostats Read more here: » HVAC: Encyclopedia II - HVAC - Heating |
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| | | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Influenzavirus A - In nonhumans Wild fowl act as natural asymptomatic carriers of avian flu virus. Prior to the current H5N1 epizootic, strains of avian influenza virus had been demonstrated to be transmitted from wild fowl to only birds, pigs, horses, seals, whales and humans; and only between humans and pigs and between humans and domestic fowl; and not other pathways such as domestic fowl to horse. [7] H5N1 has been shown to be also transmitted to tigers, leopards, ...
See also:Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus A - Subtypes, Influenzavirus A - Annual flu, Influenzavirus A - Genetics, Influenzavirus A - In nonhumans, Influenzavirus A - In humans, Influenzavirus A - Sources Read more here: » Influenzavirus A: Encyclopedia II - Influenzavirus A - In nonhumans |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - HVAC - Displacement ventilation Airflow in ventilated spaces generally can be classified by two different types; mixing (or dilution) ventilation and displacement ventilation. Mixing ventilation systems generally supply air in a manner such that the entire room air is fully mixed. The cool supply air exits the outlet at high velocity, inducing room air to provide mixing and temperature equalization. Since the entire room is fully mixed, temperature variations are small while the contaminant con ...
See also:HVAC, HVAC - Heating, HVAC - Ventilation, HVAC - Displacement ventilation, HVAC - Natural ventilation, HVAC - Forced ventilation, HVAC - Ventilation issues in houses, HVAC - Ventilation checklist:, HVAC - Air-conditioning, HVAC - Thermostats Read more here: » HVAC: Encyclopedia II - HVAC - Displacement ventilation |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Nosocomial infection - Pathogens
Nosocomial infection - Bacteria.
These are the most common nosocomial pathogens and can be divided into:
Commensal bacteria found in normal flora of healthy humans. These have a significant protective role by preventing colonization by pathogenic microorganisms. Some commensal bacteria may cause infection if the natural host is compromised. For example, cutaneous coagulase negative staphylococci cause intravascular line infection and intestinal Escherichia coli are the most common cause ...
See also:Nosocomial infection, Nosocomial infection - Rationale For Isolation Precautions In Hospitals, Nosocomial infection - Source, Nosocomial infection - Host, Nosocomial infection - Pathogens, Nosocomial infection - Bacteria, Nosocomial infection - Viruses, Nosocomial infection - Parasites and Fungi, Nosocomial infection - Transmission, Nosocomial infection - Predisposition to infection, Nosocomial infection - Isolation, Nosocomial infection - Handwashing and Gloving, Nosocomial infection - Patient Placement, Nosocomial infection - Transport of Infected Patients, Nosocomial infection - Masks Respiratory Protection Eye Protection Face Shields, Nosocomial infection - Gowns and Protective Apparel, Nosocomial infection - Patient-Care Equipment and Articles, Nosocomial infection - Linen and Laundry, Nosocomial infection - Routine and Terminal Cleaning Read more here: » Nosocomial infection: Encyclopedia II - Nosocomial infection - Pathogens |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Apoptosis - Functions of apoptosis
Apoptosis - Cell damage or infection.
Apoptosis can occur, for instance, when a cell is damaged beyond repair, or infected with a virus. The "decision" for apoptosis can come from the cell itself, from its surrounding tissue or from a cell that is part of the immune system.
If a cell's capability of apoptosis is damaged (for example, by mutation), or if the initiation of apoptosis is blocked (by a virus), a damaged cell can continue dividing without restrictions, developing into cancer. For example, as par ...
See also:Apoptosis, Apoptosis - Functions of apoptosis, Apoptosis - Cell damage or infection, Apoptosis - Response to stress or DNA damage, Apoptosis - Homeostasis, Apoptosis - Development, Apoptosis - Immune cell regulation, Apoptosis - Apoptotic process, Apoptosis - Morphology, Apoptosis - Biochemical signals for safe disposal, Apoptosis - Intrinsic and extrinsic inducers, Apoptosis - Biochemical execution, Apoptosis - Implication and role of apoptosis in diverse pathologies, Apoptosis - Apoptosis and HIV progression, Apoptosis - Apoptosis and the role of interferon in tumor suppression, Apoptosis - Cancer and defective apoptotic pathways, Apoptosis - Role of apoptotic products in tumor immunity, Apoptosis - Laboratory assays for apoptosis, Apoptosis - History and highlights in apoptosis research, Apoptosis - Early research and the worm people at Cambridge, Apoptosis - Coining of the term apoptosis, Apoptosis - 1988, Apoptosis - 1990s and later, Apoptosis - Etymology Read more here: » Apoptosis: Encyclopedia II - Apoptosis - Functions of apoptosis |
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| | | | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Soap - Handmade soap Some individuals continue to make soap in the home. The traditional name "soaper", for a soapmaker, is still used by those who make soap as a hobby. Those who make their own soaps are also known as soapcrafters.
The most popular soapmaking processes today is the cold process method, where fats such as olive oil react with lye. Novice soapmakers sometimes use the melt and pour process, where a premade soap base is melted and poured in individual molds. Some soapers also practice other processes, such as the historical hot process, and mak ...
See also:Soap, Soap - Purification and finishing, Soap - Use, Soap - The history and process of soap making, Soap - Handmade soap, Soap - Disadvantages Read more here: » Soap: Encyclopedia II - Soap - Handmade soap |
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| | | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Influenzavirus A - In humans "Human influenza virus" usually refers to those subtypes that spread widely among humans. H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 are the only known avian flu virus subtypes currently circulating among humans. [18]
Genetic factors in distinguishing between "human flu viruses" and "avian flu viruses" include:
PB2: (RNA polymerase): Amino acid (or residue) position 627 in the PB2 protein encoded by the PB2 RNA gene. Until H5N1, all known avian influenza viruses "had a Glu at position 627, while all human influenza viruses had a lysine."
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See also:Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus A - Subtypes, Influenzavirus A - Annual flu, Influenzavirus A - Genetics, Influenzavirus A - In nonhumans, Influenzavirus A - In humans, Influenzavirus A - Sources Read more here: » Influenzavirus A: Encyclopedia II - Influenzavirus A - In humans |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Nosocomial infection - Host People are at the centre of hospital acquired infection: as a reservoir or source of microorganisms, as the transmitter of microorganisms and as a receptor for microorganisms – thus becoming a reservoir themselves and beginning the cycle anew. Infections tend to be endemic as opposed to epidemic, either coming from another person in the hospital (cross-infection), from an inanimate object recently contaminated by a human source (environmental infection) or may be caused by a patient’s own flora (endogenous infection). The majority of infections are caused by organisms common in the general popula ...
See also:Nosocomial infection, Nosocomial infection - Rationale For Isolation Precautions In Hospitals, Nosocomial infection - Source, Nosocomial infection - Host, Nosocomial infection - Pathogens, Nosocomial infection - Bacteria, Nosocomial infection - Viruses, Nosocomial infection - Parasites and Fungi, Nosocomial infection - Transmission, Nosocomial infection - Predisposition to infection, Nosocomial infection - Isolation, Nosocomial infection - Handwashing and Gloving, Nosocomial infection - Patient Placement, Nosocomial infection - Transport of Infected Patients, Nosocomial infection - Masks Respiratory Protection Eye Protection Face Shields, Nosocomial infection - Gowns and Protective Apparel, Nosocomial infection - Patient-Care Equipment and Articles, Nosocomial infection - Linen and Laundry, Nosocomial infection - Routine and Terminal Cleaning Read more here: » Nosocomial infection: Encyclopedia II - Nosocomial infection - Host |
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| | | | | pathogenic: Encyclopedia II - Chagas disease - Epidemiology and geographical distribution Chagas disease currently affects 16-18 million people, killing around 20,000 people annually and with some 100 million at risk of acquiring the disease. Chronic Chagas disease remains a major health problem in many Latin American countries, despite the effectiveness of hygienic and preventive measures, such as eliminating the transmitting insects, which have reduced to zero new infections in at least two countries of the region. With increased population movements, however, the possibility of transmission by blood transfusion has become more ...
See also:Chagas disease, Chagas disease - History, Chagas disease - Epidemiology and geographical distribution, Chagas disease - Clinical manifestations, Chagas disease - Infection cycle, Chagas disease - Alternative infection mechanism, Chagas disease - Laboratory diagnosis, Chagas disease - Treatment, Chagas disease - Prevention, Chagas disease - Original publication, Chagas disease - Sources Read more here: » Chagas disease: Encyclopedia II - Chagas disease - Epidemiology and geographical distribution |
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