Encyclopedia - Agar Plate: Encyclopedia - Agar Plate
An agar plate is a sterile Petri dish that contains agar plus nutrients, and is used to culture microorganisms. Generally, selecting subs...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apoptosis: Encyclopedia - Apoptosis
In biology, apoptosis (from the Greek words apo = from and ptosis = falling, commonly pronounced ap-a-tow'-sis[1]) is one of the main typ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vibrio Fischeri: Encyclopedia - Vibrio Fischeri
Vibrio fischeri is a rod-shaped bacterium found globally in the marine environments. It has bioluminescent properties, and is found predo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Veterinarian: Encyclopedia - Veterinarian
In American and Canadian English, a veterinarian (from Latin veterinae, "draught animals") is an animal doctor, a practitioner of veterin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Soap: Encyclopedia - Soap
Soap is a surfactant cleaning compound used for personal or minor cleaning. It usually comes in solid moulded form, termed bars. In somew...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bacteriocin: Encyclopedia - Bacteriocin
Bacteriocins are proteinaceous toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar bacterial strain(s). They are phenomenologica...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crimean-congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Encyclopedia - Crimean-congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread tick-borne viral disease, a zoonosis of domestic animals and wild animals, that ma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Bluetongue Disease: Encyclopedia - Bluetongue Disease
Bluetongue disease (also called catarrhal fever) is a non-contagious, arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants, mainly sheep and less f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hvac: Encyclopedia - Hvac
HVAC (pronounced either "H-V-A-C" or, occasionally, "H-VAK") is an initialism/acronym that stands for "heating, ventilation and air-condi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Wall: Encyclopedia - Cell Wall
A cell wall is a more or less solid layer surrounding a cell. They are found in bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and algae. Animals and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Honey Fungus: Encyclopedia Ii - Honey Fungus - Honey Fungus As A Plant Disease White Rot Root Disease
Honey fungus is a potentially fatal pathogenic organism that affects trees, shrubs, woody climbers and, rarely, woody herbaceous perennia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aspergillus: Encyclopedia Ii - Aspergillus - Growth And Distribution
Aspergilli are highly aerobic organisms and are found in almost all oxygen-rich environments, where they commonly grow as moulds on the s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Genetic Engineering: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Genetic Engineering - Applications
Human genetic engineering - Curing medical conditions. When treating problems that arise from genetic disorder, one solution is gene th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Incubation Period: Encyclopedia Ii - Incubation Period - Examples Of Incubation Periods
Incubation periods can vary greatly, and are generally expressed as a range. When possible, it is best to express the mean and the 10th a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenzavirus A: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenzavirus A - In Humans
"Human influenza virus" usually refers to those subtypes that spread widely among humans. H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 are the only known avian f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - H5n1: Encyclopedia Ii - H5n1 - Technical
H5N1 is a type of avian influenza virus (bird flu virus) that has mutated[7] through antigenic drift into dozens of highly pathogenic var...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mycoplasma: Encyclopedia Ii - Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma History And General Characteristics
The bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma (trivial name: mycoplasmas) and their close relatives are largely characterized by lack of a cell wa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chagas Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Chagas Disease - History
The disease was named after the Brazilian physician and infectologist Carlos Chagas, who first described it in 1909, but the disease was ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Veterinarian: Encyclopedia Ii - Veterinarian - Overview
While a veterinarian does hold a doctoral degree in veterinary medicine (in the United States and Canada, at least), not all veterinarian...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vibrio Fischeri: Encyclopedia Ii - Vibrio Fischeri - Symbiotic Relationship
Symbiotic realtionships in monocentrid fishes and sepolid squid appear to have evolved separately. the most prolific of these relationshi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myotonic Dystrophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Myotonic Dystrophy - Overview
Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is the most common muscular dystrophy in adults, and is the second most common muscular dystrophy after Duchenne ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Morpholino: Encyclopedia Ii - Morpholino - Function
Morpholinos do not degrade their target RNA molecules, unlike many antisense structural types (e.g. phosphorothioates, siRNA). Instead, M...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medical Laboratory: Encyclopedia Ii - Medical Laboratory - Sample Processing
What happens to a sample after it has been taken varies between localities and labs, but it will usually start with a set of samples and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Foodborne Illness: Encyclopedia Ii - Foodborne Illness - Pathogenic Agents
An early theory on the causes of food poisoning involved ptomaines, alkaloids found in decaying animal and vegetable matter. While some p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saprolegnia: Encyclopedia Ii - Saprolegnia - Habits
Saprolegnia, like most water moulds, is both a saprotroph and necrotroph. Typically feeding on waste from fish or other dead cells, they ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agar Plate: Encyclopedia Ii - Agar Plate - Preparation Of Agar Plates
Most types of agar are purchased pre-prepared in powder form, although it is possible to buy a base agar mix and add nutrients separately...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crimean-congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Encyclopedia Ii - Crimean-congo Hemorrhagic Fever - Epidemiology
Sporadic infection of people is usually caused by Hyalomma tick bite. Clusters of illness typically appear after people treat, butcher or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hvac: Encyclopedia Ii - Hvac - Heating
Heating systems may be classified as central or local. HVAC - Central heating. Central heating is often used in cold climates to heat p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Wall - Plant Cell Walls
Plant cell walls have a number of functions: they provide rigidity to the cell for structural and mechanical support, maintaining cell sh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenzavirus A: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenzavirus A - In Nonhumans
Wild fowl act as natural asymptomatic carriers of avian flu virus. Prior to the current H5N1 epizootic, strains of avian influenza virus ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hvac: Encyclopedia Ii - Hvac - Displacement Ventilation
Airflow in ventilated spaces generally can be classified by two different types; mixing (or dilution) ventilation and displacement ventil...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nosocomial Infection: Encyclopedia Ii - Nosocomial Infection - Pathogens
Nosocomial infection - Bacteria. These are the most common nosocomial pathogens and can be divided into: Commensal bacteria found in n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apoptosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Apoptosis - Functions Of Apoptosis
Apoptosis - Cell damage or infection. Apoptosis can occur, for instance, when a cell is damaged beyond repair, or infected with a virus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - The History And Process Of Soap Making
The earliest known evidence of soap use are Babylonian clay cylinders dating from 2800 BC containing a soap-like substance. A formula for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - The History And Process Of Soap Making
The earliest known evidence of soap use are Babylonian clay cylinders dating from 2800 BC containing a soap-like substance. A formula for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - Handmade Soap
Some individuals continue to make soap in the home. The traditional name "soaper", for a soapmaker, is still used by those who make soap ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - Disadvantages
Today, fat-based soaps have mostly been superseded by modern detergents. Washing agents do not contain soap for cleaning fabric, but to r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenzavirus A: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenzavirus A - In Humans
"Human influenza virus" usually refers to those subtypes that spread widely among humans. H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 are the only known avian f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nosocomial Infection: Encyclopedia Ii - Nosocomial Infection - Host
People are at the centre of hospital acquired infection: as a reservoir or source of microorganisms, as the transmitter of microorganisms...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chagas Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Chagas Disease - Epidemiology And Geographical Distribution
Chagas disease currently affects 16-18 million people, killing around 20,000 people annually and with some 100 million at risk of acquiri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saprolegnia: Encyclopedia Ii - Saprolegnia - Reproduction
It has a diploid life cycle which includes both sexual and asexual reproduction. In the asexual phase, a spore of Saprolegnia will releas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chagas Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Chagas Disease - Clinical Manifestations
The human disease occurs in two stages: the acute stage shortly after the infection. A local lesion (so called chagoma (see picture), pal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenzavirus A: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenzavirus A - Genetics
Influenza A viruses contain their genome in eight separate linear segments of negative-sense RNA, which code for ten proteins (eleven for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vibrio Fischeri: Encyclopedia Ii - Vibrio Fischeri - Bioluminescence
The bioluminescence of V. fischeri is also caused by transcription induced by population-dependent quorum sensing. The luminescence is on...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Wall - Algal Cell Walls
Like plants, algae have cell walls (Sendbusch, 2003). Algal cell walls contain cellulose and a variety of glycoproteins. The inclusion of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hvac: Encyclopedia Ii - Hvac - Ventilation Issues In Houses
Proper ventilation in the attic: Keeps the house cool in the summer. (Attics radiate heat downward in the summer when they are hotter th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Genetic Engineering: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Genetic Engineering - The Process
First, the ability that you want to carry over has to be isolated. If, for instance, you want to be able to regrow almost everything, you...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Genetic Engineering: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Genetic Engineering - When To Make Changes
Human genetic engineering - Changes at conception. Genetic engineering is most easily accomplished by making changes just after the egg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Genetic Engineering: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Genetic Engineering - Genetic Engineering In Fiction
main article: Genetic engineering in fiction Examples in fiction of genetically engineered humans: Human genetic engineering - Movies. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Genetic Engineering: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Genetic Engineering - Considerations
Human genetic engineering - Interference from laws and politics. Due to tough regulatory laws, research in this field have been stifled...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenzavirus A: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenzavirus A - In Nonhumans
Wild fowl act as natural asymptomatic carriers of avian flu virus. Prior to the current H5N1 epizootic, strains of avian influenza virus ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenzavirus A: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenzavirus A - Genetics
Influenza A viruses contain their genome in eight separate linear segments of negative-sense RNA, which code for ten proteins (eleven for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chagas Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Chagas Disease - Treatment
Medication for Chagas disease is usually only effective when given during the acute stage of infection. The drugs of choice are azole or ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hvac: Encyclopedia Ii - Hvac - Heating
All but the simplest systems have a pump to circulate the water and ensure an equal supply of heat to all the radiators. The heated wate...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chagas Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Chagas Disease - Prevention
A reasonably effective vaccine was developed in Ribeirão Preto in the 1970s, using cellular and subcellular fractions of the parasite, b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Influenzavirus A: Encyclopedia Ii - Influenzavirus A - Subtypes
The avian flu virus subtypes are labeled according to an H number (for hemagglutinin) and an N number (for neuraminidase). Each subtype v...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Aspergillus: Encyclopedia Ii - Aspergillus - Aspergillosis
Aspergillosis is the group of diseases caused by Aspergillus. The symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain or breathlessness, which also...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hvac: Encyclopedia Ii - Hvac - Air-conditioning
An air-conditioning system provides heating, cooling, ventilation and humidity control for a building. It is often installed in modern of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chagas Disease: Encyclopedia Ii - Chagas Disease - Infection Cycle
An infected triatomine insect vector takes a blood meal and releases trypomastigotes in its feces near the site of the bite wound. By scr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myotonic Dystrophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Myotonic Dystrophy - Clinical Characteristics Of Myotonic Dystrophy
Individuals affected with DM1 and DM2 can present with a range of symptoms, including myotonia, muscle weakness and wasting, cataracts, f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hvac: Encyclopedia Ii - Hvac - Air-conditioning
An air-conditioning system provides heating, cooling, ventilation and humidity control for a building. It is often installed in modern of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hvac: Encyclopedia Ii - Hvac - Ventilation
Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. Methods for ventilating a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Wall - Fungal Cell Walls
Not all species of fungi have cell walls but in those that do, the cell walls are composed of cellulose, glucosamine, and chitin, the sam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crimean-congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Encyclopedia Ii - Crimean-congo Hemorrhagic Fever - Manifestations
Typically, after a 1–3 day incubation period following a tick bite (5–6 days after exposure to infected blood or tissues), flu-like s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crimean-congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Encyclopedia Ii - Crimean-congo Hemorrhagic Fever - Public Health Measures
Where mammal and tick infection is common agricultural regulations require de-ticking farm animals before transportation or delivery for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apoptosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Apoptosis - Implication And Role Of Apoptosis In Diverse Pathologies
Apoptosis - Apoptosis and HIV progression. In the review article by Alimonti et al (2004), they describe how HIV-1 causes apoptosis in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apoptosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Apoptosis - Apoptotic Process
Apoptosis - Morphology. A cell undergoing apoptosis shows a characteristic morphology that can be seen under a microscope: The cell be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Wall - Prokaryotic Cell Walls
Cell walls of bacteria are primarily used for protection against hostile environments or, in the case of pathogenic bacteria, against the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cell Wall: Encyclopedia Ii - Cell Wall - Algal Cell Walls
Like plants, algae have cell walls (Sendbusch, 2003). Algal cell walls contain cellulose and a variety of glycoproteins. The inclusion of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - Handmade Soap
Some individuals continue to make soap in the home. The traditional name "soaper", for a soapmaker, is still used by those who make soap ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - Use
Although the word soap continues to be used informally in everyday speech and product labels, in practice nearly all kinds of "soap" in u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - Purification And Finishing
The common process of purifying soap involves removal of sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, and glycerol. These impurities are removed by...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Soap: Encyclopedia Ii - Soap - Disadvantages
Today, fat-based soaps have mostly been superseded by modern detergents. Washing agents do not contain soap for cleaning fabric, but to r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agar Plate: Encyclopedia Ii - Agar Plate - Inoculation Techniques
Before inoculation, important information is written on the bottom of the plates, close to the rim: date of inoculation temperature of i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agar Plate: Encyclopedia Ii - Agar Plate - Safe Disposal Of Agar Plates
Plates, once finished with, must be made safe before throwing away. The usual method is to place inside an autoclave bag and then sterili...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agar Plate: Encyclopedia Ii - Agar Plate - Incubation Of Agar Plates
Plates are incubated upside down to prevent drops of condensation from collecting on the inoculated surface. Most plates are incubated at...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apoptosis: Encyclopedia Ii - Apoptosis - History And Highlights In Apoptosis Research
A timeline of apoptosis research can be found in Cell Death and Differentiation (2002) 9:349-54.[16] Apoptosis - Early research and the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Veterinarian: Encyclopedia Ii - Veterinarian - Education
More than 3800 veterinarians in the USA currently work at veterinary schools, teaching student vets what they need to know to graduate â€...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myotonic Dystrophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Myotonic Dystrophy - Clinical Features Of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Steinert's Disease
The clinical findings of DM1 can be categorized into three overlapping phenotypes - mild, classical and congenital (CMyD). Myotonic dyst...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Morpholino: Encyclopedia Ii - Morpholino - Specificity Stability And Non-antisense Effects
Morpholinos have become a standard knockdown tool in animal embryonic systems, which have a broader range of gene expression than adult c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Medical Laboratory: Encyclopedia Ii - Medical Laboratory - Types Of Laboratory
In many countries, there are two main types of labs that process the majority of medical specimens. Hospital laboratories are attached to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myotonic Dystrophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Myotonic Dystrophy - Clinical Features Of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 Proximal Myotonic Myopathy Or Promm
DM2 is phenotypically similar to DM1. Affected individuals may present with proximal and distal limb weakness, myotonia, cardiac arrhythm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myotonic Dystrophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Myotonic Dystrophy - Genetics Of Myotonic Dystrophy
DM1 and CMyD are caused by an abnormal trinucleotide (CTG) repeat expansion in the DM1 locus on chromosome 19q13.3. DM2 is caused by an a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myotonic Dystrophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Myotonic Dystrophy - Genetic Counseling Considerations
Although DM is inherited as a classic autosomal dominant disease, incomplete penetrance, possible anticipation, and extreme variation in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myotonic Dystrophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Myotonic Dystrophy - Management Of Patients With Myotonic Dystrophy
While there is no cure for myotonic dystrophy, managing the clinical manifestations of the disorder can greatly improve the quality of li...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Honey Fungus: Encyclopedia Ii - Honey Fungus - Preventing Infections
Honey fungus can be prevented by removing tree stumps or other dead woody material such as roots from the soil, for example by mechanical...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Honey Fungus: Encyclopedia Ii - Honey Fungus - Honey Mushrooms
The fruiting bodies of the fungus are mushrooms that grow on wood, typically in centipose clusters. The cap is 3-15 cm in diameter, typic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Foodborne Illness: Encyclopedia Ii - Foodborne Illness - Outbreaks
The vast majority of reported cases of foodborne illness occur as individual or sporadic cases. In most cases these originate, and occur,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Foodborne Illness: Encyclopedia Ii - Foodborne Illness - Statistics
There are every year about 76 million foodborne illnesses in the United States (26,000 cases for 100,000 inhabitants), 2 million in the U...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Foodborne Illness: Encyclopedia Ii - Foodborne Illness - Incubation Period
The delay between consumption of a contaminated food and appearance of the first symptoms of illness is called the incubation period. Thi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Foodborne Illness: Encyclopedia Ii - Foodborne Illness - Political Issues
Foodborne illness - United Kingdom. Since the 1970s, key changes in UK food safety law have taken place following serious outbreaks of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - H5n1: Encyclopedia Ii - H5n1 - Transmission And Infection
Infected birds pass on H5N1 through their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. Other birds may pick up the virus through direct contact w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - H5n1: Encyclopedia Ii - H5n1 - Preparations For A Potential Influenza Pandemic
"[T]he United States is collaborating closely with eight international organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - H5n1: Encyclopedia Ii - H5n1 - Global Spread
"Since 1997, studies of influenza A (H5N1) indicate that these viruses continue to evolve, with changes in antigenicity and internal gene...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Myotonic Dystrophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Myotonic Dystrophy - Molecular Testing For Myotonic Dystrophy
DNA diagnostic tests that measure the length of the CTG repeat expansion responsible for DM1 can now establish the diagnosis of DM1 with ...   » Read the article