An agar plate is a sterile Petri dish that contains agar plus nutrients, and is used to culture microorganisms. Generally, selecting substances are also added to the plate, such as antibiotics. Agar plate - Preparation of agar plates. Most types of agar are purchased pre-prepared in powder form, although it is possible to buy a base agar mix and add nutrients separately. They are dissolved in distilled water as per their instructions. It is usually necessary to gently boil the mixture to facilitate dissolvi ...

Including:

• Agar plate - Preparation of agar plates
• Agar plate - Inoculation techniques
• Agar plate - Streaking
• Agar plate - Christmas tree
• Agar plate - Stab culture
• Agar plate - Preparing a lawn
• Agar plate - Incubation of agar plates
• Agar plate - Types of agar plates
• Agar plate - Safe disposal of agar plates

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In biology, apoptosis (from the Greek words apo = from and ptosis = falling, commonly pronounced ap-a-tow'-sis[1]) is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD). As such, it is a process of deliberate life relinquishment by an unwanted cell in a multicellular organism. In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis is carried out in an ordered process that generally confers advantages during an organism's life cycle. For ...

Including:

• Apoptosis - Functions of apoptosis
• Apoptosis - Cell damage or infection
• Apoptosis - Response to stress or DNA damage
• Apoptosis - Homeostasis
• Apoptosis - Development
• Apoptosis - Immune cell regulation
• Apoptosis - Apoptotic process
• Apoptosis - Morphology
• Apoptosis - Biochemical signals for safe disposal
• Apoptosis - Intrinsic and extrinsic inducers
• Apoptosis - Biochemical execution
• Apoptosis - Implication and role of apoptosis in diverse pathologies
• Apoptosis - Apoptosis and HIV progression
• Apoptosis - Apoptosis and the role of interferon in tumor suppression
• Apoptosis - Cancer and defective apoptotic pathways
• Apoptosis - Role of apoptotic products in tumor immunity
• Apoptosis - Laboratory assays for apoptosis
• Apoptosis - History and highlights in apoptosis research
• Apoptosis - Early research and the worm people at Cambridge
• Apoptosis - Coining of the term apoptosis
• Apoptosis - 1988
• Apoptosis - 1990s and later
• Apoptosis - Etymology

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Vibrio fischeri is a rod-shaped bacterium found globally in the marine environments. It has bioluminescent properties, and is found predominately in symbiosis with various marine animals, such as the Bobtail squid. It is heterotrophic and moves by means of flagella. Free living vibrios survive on decaying organic matter (see saprophyte). The bacterium is a key research organism for examination of microbial fluorescence and bacterial-animal symbiosis. Vibrio fischeri - Ecology. Planktonic V. fische ...

Including:

• Vibrio fischeri - Ecology
• Vibrio fischeri - Symbiotic relationship
• Vibrio fischeri - Bioluminescence
• Vibrio fischeri - Genetics of bioluminescence
• Vibrio fischeri - List of pseudonyms

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In American and Canadian English, a veterinarian (from Latin veterinae, "draught animals") is an animal doctor, a practitioner of veterinary medicine. The equivalent term in British English is veterinary surgeon, and both terms are often shortened to vet. The word veterinarian was first used in English by the doctor Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682). Perhaps the most popular depiction of this kind of doctor at work is in the autobiographical books by James Herriot and the television adaptation, All ...

Including:

• Veterinarian - Overview
• Veterinarian - Regulatory medicine
• Veterinarian - Education
• Veterinarian - Government
• Veterinarian - Professional organizations

Read more here: » Veterinarian: Encyclopedia - Veterinarian

Soap is a surfactant cleaning compound used for personal or minor cleaning. It usually comes in solid moulded form, termed bars. In somewhat recent years, the use of thick liquid soap has become increasingly widespread, especially from dispensers in public washrooms. Soap is used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning. The wet soap residue and the dirt or soil are rinsed off with clean water afterwards. In the developed world, synthetic deterg ...

Including:

• Soap - Purification and finishing
• Soap - Use
• Soap - The history and process of soap making
• Soap - Handmade soap
• Soap - Disadvantages

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Bacteriocins are proteinaceous toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar bacterial strain(s). They are phenomenologically analogous to yeast and paramecium killing factors, and are structurally, functionally, and ecologically diverse. Bacteriocins were first discovered by Gratia in 1925. He was involved in the process of searching for ways to kill bacteria, which also resulted in the development of antibiotics and the discovery of bacteriophage, all within a span of a few years. He called his first discovery a ...

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread tick-borne viral disease, a zoonosis of domestic animals and wild animals, that may affect humans. The pathogenic virus, especially common in East and West Africa, is a member of the Bunyaviridae family of RNA viruses. Clinical disease is rare in infected mammals, but commonly severe in infected humans, with a 30% mortality rate. Outbreaks of illness are usually attributable to handling infected animals or people. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Ep ...

Including:

• Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Epidemiology
• Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Manifestations
• Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Public health measures
• Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Treatment
• Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - Notable outbreaks

Read more here: » Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Encyclopedia - Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

Bluetongue disease (also called catarrhal fever) is a non-contagious, arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants, mainly sheep and less frequently of cattle, goats, buffaloes, deer, dromedaries and antelopes. There are no reports of human transmission. The pathogenic virus is a member of the Reoviridae. It is transmitted by a midge, Culicoides imicola and other culicoid species. Bluetongue has been observed in Australia, the USA, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Europe. Its occurrence is seasonal in the affected Mediterranean countries, subsiding when tempe ...

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HVAC (pronounced either "H-V-A-C" or, occasionally, "H-VAK") is an initialism/acronym that stands for "heating, ventilation and air-conditioning". This is sometimes referred to as climate control. These three functions are closely interrelated, as they control the temperature and humidity of the air within a building in addition to providing for smoke control, maintaining pressure relationships between spaces, and providing fresh air for occupants. I ...

Including:

• HVAC - Heating
• HVAC - Central heating
• HVAC - Ventilation
• HVAC - Natural ventilation
• HVAC - Forced ventilation
• HVAC - Air-conditioning
• HVAC - Thermostats

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A cell wall is a more or less solid layer surrounding a cell. They are found in bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, and algae. Animals and most other protists have cell membranes without surrounding cell walls. When a cell wall is removed using cell wall degrading enzymes, what is left of the cell and its surrounding plasma membrane is called a protoplast. The cell walls main purpose is to actually protect the interior from any physical movement that may damage the cell.. Cell wall - Plant cell walls. Plant c ...

Including:

• Cell wall - Plant cell walls
• Cell wall - Composition of plant cell walls
• Cell wall - Algal cell walls
• Cell wall - Diatom cell walls
• Cell wall - Prokaryotic cell walls
• Cell wall - Fungal cell walls
• Cell wall - Pictures

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Honey fungus is a potentially fatal pathogenic organism that affects trees, shrubs, woody climbers and, rarely, woody herbaceous perennials. Honey fungus grows on living trees as well as on dead and decaying woody material. Honey fungus spreads both from living trees, dead and live roots and stumps by means of reddish-brown to black root-like rhizomorphs ('bootlaces') at the rate of around 1 m a year, although infection by root contact is also possible. Infection by spores is rare. Rhizomorphs grow relatively close to the soil surface ...

See also:

Honey fungus, Honey fungus - Honey mushrooms, Honey fungus - Honey fungus as a plant disease white rot root disease, Honey fungus - Preventing infections

Read more here: » Honey fungus: Encyclopedia II - Honey fungus - Honey fungus as a plant disease white rot root disease

Aspergilli are highly aerobic organisms and are found in almost all oxygen-rich environments, where they commonly grow as moulds on the surface of a substrate, as a result of the high oxygen tension. Commonly, fungi are grown on carbon-rich substrates, mainly monosaccharides such as glucose. Aspergillus, however, can also secrete amylase enzymes, which allow it to use polysaccharides as a carbon source, for example starch. As a result of this, Aspergillus species are common contaminants of starchy foods, for example bre ...

See also:

Aspergillus, Aspergillus - Growth And Distribution, Aspergillus - Commercial Importance, Aspergillus - Pathogens, Aspergillus - Aspergillosis

Read more here: » Aspergillus: Encyclopedia II - Aspergillus - Growth And Distribution

Human genetic engineering - Curing medical conditions. When treating problems that arise from genetic disorder, one solution is gene therapy. A genetic disorder is a situation where some genes are missing or faulty. When this happens, genes may be expressed in unfavorable ways or not at all, and this generally leads to further complicatons. The idea of gene therapy is that a non-pathogenic virus or other delivery system can be used to insert a piece of DNA--a good copy of the gene--into cells of the living ...

See also:

Human genetic engineering, Human genetic engineering - Applications, Human genetic engineering - Curing medical conditions, Human genetic engineering - Adapting humans to new specifications, Human genetic engineering - Chimeras, Human genetic engineering - The process, Human genetic engineering - When to make changes, Human genetic engineering - Changes at conception, Human genetic engineering - Changes after conception, Human genetic engineering - Considerations, Human genetic engineering - Interference from laws and politics, Human genetic engineering - Ethical considerations, Human genetic engineering - Social considerations, Human genetic engineering - Metaphysical considerations, Human genetic engineering - Examples, Human genetic engineering - Genetic engineering in fiction, Human genetic engineering - Movies, Human genetic engineering - TV, Human genetic engineering - Books

Read more here: » Human genetic engineering: Encyclopedia II - Human genetic engineering - Applications

Incubation periods can vary greatly, and are generally expressed as a range. When possible, it is best to express the mean and the 10th and 90th percentiles, though this information is not always available. The values below are arranged roughly in ascending order by number of days, although in some cases the mean had to be inferred. For many conditions, incubation periods are longer in adults than they are in children or infants. Cellulitis caused by Pasteurella multocida -- less than 1 day [1] Cholera ...

See also:

Incubation period, Incubation period - Examples of incubation periods

Read more here: » Incubation period: Encyclopedia II - Incubation period - Examples of incubation periods

"Human influenza virus" usually refers to those subtypes that spread widely among humans. H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 are the only known avian flu virus subtypes currently circulating among humans. [18] Genetic factors in distinguishing between "human flu viruses" and "avian flu viruses" include: PB2: (RNA polymerase): Amino acid (or residue) position 627 in the PB2 protein encoded by the PB2 RNA gene. Until H5N1, all known avian influenza viruses "had a Glu at position 627, while all human influenza viruses had a lysine." ...

See also:

Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus A - Genetics, Influenzavirus A - In nonhumans, Influenzavirus A - In humans, Influenzavirus A - Sources

Read more here: » Influenzavirus A: Encyclopedia II - Influenzavirus A - In humans

H5N1 is a type of avian influenza virus (bird flu virus) that has mutated[7] through antigenic drift into dozens of highly pathogenic varieties, but all currently belonging to genotype Z of avian influenza virus H5N1. Genotype Z emerged through reassortment in 2002 from earlier highly pathogenic genotypes of H5N1[8] that first appeared in China in 1996 in birds and i ...

See also:

H5N1, H5N1 - Transmission and infection, H5N1 - Global spread, H5N1 - Preparations for a potential influenza pandemic, H5N1 - Technical, H5N1 - Terminology, H5N1 - H5N1 virus structure

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The bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma (trivial name: mycoplasmas) and their close relatives are largely characterized by lack of a cell wall. In spite of this deficiency, the shapes of these cells often conform to one of several possibilities with varying degrees of intricacy. For example, the members of the genus Spiroplasma assume an elongated helical shape without the aid of a rigid structural cell envelope. These cell shapes presumably contribute to the ability of mycoplasmas to thrive in their respective environments. M. ...

See also:

Mycoplasma, Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma History and General Characteristics, Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma Taxonomy and Phylogeny

Read more here: » Mycoplasma: Encyclopedia II - Mycoplasma - Mycoplasma History and General Characteristics

The disease was named after the Brazilian physician and infectologist Carlos Chagas, who first described it in 1909, but the disease was not seen as a major public health problem in humans until the 1960s. He discovered that the intestines of Triatomidae harbored a flagellate protozoan, a new species of the Trypanosoma genus, and was able to prove experimentally that it could be transmitted to marmoset monk ...

See also:

Chagas disease, Chagas disease - History, Chagas disease - Epidemiology and geographical distribution, Chagas disease - Clinical manifestations, Chagas disease - Infection cycle, Chagas disease - Alternative infection mechanism, Chagas disease - Laboratory diagnosis, Chagas disease - Treatment, Chagas disease - Prevention, Chagas disease - Original publication, Chagas disease - Sources

Read more here: » Chagas disease: Encyclopedia II - Chagas disease - History

While a veterinarian does hold a doctoral degree in veterinary medicine (in the United States and Canada, at least), not all veterinarians enter clinical practice. Those that do still have a wide range of options: companion animal or "pet" medicine (dogs, cats, rabbits, ferrets, etc), "exotic" animal medicine (various rodents, sugar gliders, possums, hedgehogs, reptiles), reptile medicine, ratite medicine, livestock medicine, equine medicine (sports or race track or show or rodeo, etc.), or laboratory animal medicine, to name a few. Those wh ...

See also:

Veterinarian, Veterinarian - Overview, Veterinarian - Regulatory medicine, Veterinarian - Education, Veterinarian - Government, Veterinarian - Professional organizations

Read more here: » Veterinarian: Encyclopedia II - Veterinarian - Overview

Symbiotic realtionships in monocentrid fishes and sepolid squid appear to have evolved separately. the most prolific of these relationships is with the Hawaiian bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes) Free-living vibrios in the ocean waters inoculate the light organs of juvenile squid and fish. Ciliated cells within the light organs selectively draw in the symbiotic bacteria. These cells promote the growth of the sybionts and actively reject any competitors. Through quorum sensing the bacteria cause these cells ...

See also:

Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio fischeri - Ecology, Vibrio fischeri - Symbiotic relationship, Vibrio fischeri - Bioluminescence, Vibrio fischeri - Genetics of bioluminescence, Vibrio fischeri - List of pseudonyms

Read more here: » Vibrio fischeri: Encyclopedia II - Vibrio fischeri - Symbiotic relationship