pasteurization

The 'Concord' grape was developed in 1849 by Ephraim Wales Bull in Concord, Massachusetts. Bull planted seeds from wild Vitis labrusca and evaluated over 20,000 seedlings before finding the perfect grape, the original vine of which still grows at his former home. The pollen parent is unknown, but although 'Concord' is frequently considered to be basically a Vitis labrusca cultivar, some have argued that the hermaphrodite flowers suggest at least a small amount of Vitis vinifera in its pedigree, as the trait has not been ...

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Concord grape, Concord grape - History, Concord grape - External link

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Carl Wilhelm Scheele, (December 9, 1742 - May 21, 1786) a Swedish chemist, born in Stralsund, Pomerania, Germany (back then a Swedish province), was the discoverer of many chemical substances, most notably discovering oxygen before Joseph Priestley. Scheele worked as a pharmacist in Stockholm, from 1770 to 1775 in Uppsala, and later in Köping. His studies led him to the discovery of oxygen and nitrogen in 1772-1773, which he published in his only book, Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer (Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire) in 1777, losing some fame to Jos ...

Including:

• Carl Wilhelm Scheele - Bibliography

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Brucellosis (Undulant fever or Malta fever) is an infectious disease caused by the Brucella bacteria, which induces inconstant fevers, sweating, weakness, anorexia, headaches, depression and muscular and bodily pain. The popular name of the condition is originated due to the inconstance (or undulance) of the fever, which raises and falls constantly. Brucellosis is named after its researcher David Bruce. The disease is transmitted either through contaminated or untreated milk (and its derivates) or through d ...

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Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease of the bowel that usually affects the distal end of the large intestine and rectum. It has no known cause, although there is a genetic component to susceptibility. Ulcerative colitis - Features. Chronic diarrhoea (sometimes bloody). Other symptoms may include abdominal pain and discomfort, bloating, and nausea. No infective cause of diarrhea found. Inflammatory changes are most often confined to the left side and distal parts of the large ...

Including:

• Ulcerative colitis - Features
• Ulcerative colitis - Comparison to Crohn's disease
• Ulcerative colitis - Cause
• Ulcerative colitis - Diagnosis
• Ulcerative colitis - Course
• Ulcerative colitis - Treatment
• Ulcerative colitis - Current research and treatment alternatives

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In chemical engineering and related fields, a unit operation is a basic step in a process. For example in milk processing, homogenization, pasteurization, chilling, and packaging are each unit operations which are connected to create the overall process. A process may have many unit operations to obtain the desired product. Historically, the different chemical industries were regarded as different industrial processes and with different principles. In 1923 William H. Walker, Warren K. Lewis and William H. McAdams wrote the book ...

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Concord grapes are a cultivar of grape used as both a table grapes and wine grapes. Concord grapes are a cultivar of the North American Vitis labrusca species, or fox grape. Concord grape - History. The 'Concord' grape was developed in 1849 by Ephraim Wales Bull in Concord, Massachusetts. Bull planted seeds from wild Vitis labrusca and evaluated over 20,000 seedlings before finding the perfect grape, the original vine of which still grows at his former home. The pollen parent is unknow ...

Including:

• Concord grape - History
• Concord grape - External link

Read more here: » Concord grape: Encyclopedia - Concord grape

Cobalt is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Co and atomic number 27. Cobalt - Notable characteristics. Cobalt is a hard ferromagnetic silver-white element. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1.6~1.7 Bohr magnetons per atom. It is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important radioactive tracer a ...

Including:

• Cobalt - Notable characteristics
• Cobalt - Applications
• Cobalt - Use in medicine
• Cobalt - History
• Cobalt - Biological role
• Cobalt - Occurrence
• Cobalt - Compounds
• Cobalt - Isotopes
• Cobalt - Precautions

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Dairy products are generally defined as foodstuffs produced from milk. A production plant for such processing is called a dairy. Raw milk for processing generally comes from cows, but occasionally from other mammals such as goats, sheep, water buffalo, yaks, or horses. There are more than 30 main products made from milk with a number of sub-products in each category. Dairy products include: Milk, after optional homogenization, pasteurization, in several grades after standardization of the fat level Cream, ...

Including:

• Dairy product - History
• Dairy product - Eggs as dairy?
• Dairy product - Beef as dairy?

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Scurvy is a disease that results from insufficient intake of vitamin C and leads to the formation of livid spots on the skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from almost all mucous membranes. The spots are most abundant on the thighs and legs, and a person with the ailment looks pale, feels depressed, and is partially immobilized. Scurvy was at one time common among sailors whose ships were out to sea longer than perishable fruits and vegetables could be stored and by soldiers who were similarly sep ...

Including:

• Scurvy - Symptoms
• Scurvy - History
• Scurvy - Modern incidence
• Scurvy - Pathophysiology

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April 20 is the 110th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (111th in leap years). There are 255 days remaining. April 20 - Events. 1653 - Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament. 1657 - Jews of New Amsterdam (later New York City) granted freedom of religion. 1689 - The former King James II of England, now deposed, lays siege to Derry. 1770 - Lieutenant James Cook's expedition (first voyage) makes first sighting of eastern Australian ...

Including:

• April 20 - Events
• April 20 - Births
• April 20 - Deaths
• April 20 - Holidays and observances

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Techniques - Utensils Weights and measures Spices and Herbs Sauces - Soups - Desserts Cheese - Pasta - Bread Other ingredients Africa - Asia - Caribbean South Asian - Latin America Middle East - The West Other cuisines... Famous chefs Kitchens - Meals Wikibooks: Cookbook Cheese is a solid food made from the curdled milk of cows, goats, sheep, or other mammals. The milk is curdled using some combination of rennet (or re ...

Including:

• Cheese - History
• Cheese - Origins
• Cheese - Classical times
• Cheese - Post-classical Europe
• Cheese - Modern era
• Cheese - Cultural attitudes
• Cheese - Types of cheese
• Cheese - Fresh
• Cheese - Distinctively aged
• Cheese - Other categories
• Cheese - Health and nutrition
• Cheese - Making cheese
• Cheese - Curdling
• Cheese - Curd processing
• Cheese - Aging
• Cheese - Cheese in language
• Cheese - Notes

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Tuberculosis (commonly shortened to TB) is an infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system (meningitis), lymphatic system, circulatory system (Miliary tuberculosis), genitourinary system, bones and joints. Tuberculosis is the most common major infectious disease today, infecting two billion people or one-third of the world's population, with nine million new cases of active disease annually, resulting in ...

Including:

• Tuberculosis - Other names for the disease
• Tuberculosis - The bacterium
• Tuberculosis - The disease
• Tuberculosis - Transmission
• Tuberculosis - Pathogenesis
• Tuberculosis - Progression
• Tuberculosis - Drug resistance
• Tuberculosis - Diagnosis
• Tuberculosis - Treatment
• Tuberculosis - Prevention
• Tuberculosis - BCG vaccine
• Tuberculosis - Tuberculosis vaccine
• Tuberculosis - Animals
• Tuberculosis - History
• Tuberculosis - Tuberculosis in art literature history and film

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In the Western world, cow's milk is most often extracted on an industrial scale for human consumption and industrial uses. It is the most commonly consumed form of milk. Dairy farming has become such a large business that in many countries the process is highly automated, with farmers using machines that attach directly to the teats of the cow's udder to speed milking, and breeds of cattle, such as Holstein, specially bred for increased milk production. Milk - Co ...

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Milk, Milk - Composition and nutrition, Milk - Cow's milk, Milk - Commercial processing of milk, Milk - Distribution, Milk - Varieties and brands, Milk - Other milk animals, Milk - Curdling, Milk - Why milk expands on heating

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The concept of the modern world as distinct from an ancient world of historical and outmoded artifacts rests on a sense that the modern world is primarily the product of relatively recent and revolutionary change. Advances in all areas of human activity -- politics, industry, society, economics, commerce, transport, communication, mechanization, automation, science, medicine, technology and culture -- appear to have transformed an "Old World" into the 'Modern or New World. In each case, the identification of a Revolutionary change can be used to demarcate the old and old-fashioned from the modern. < ...

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Modern world, Modern world - Beginning and ending, Modern world - Characteristics, Modern world - Politics, Modern world - Science and technology, Modern world - Warfare, Modern world - Culture, Modern world - Famous people, Modern world - 15th century and 16th century, Modern world - 17th century, Modern world - 18th century, Modern world - 19th century, Modern world - 20th century, Modern world - Partisan use of the term Worldwide

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Tuberculosis - Transmission. TB is spread through aerosol droplets which are expelled when persons with active TB disease cough, sneeze, speak, or spit. Close contacts (people with prolonged, frequent, or intense contact) are at highest risk of becoming infected (typically 22 percent infection rate but everything is possible, even up to 100%). A person with untreated, active tuberculosis can infect an estimated 20 other people per year. Others at risk include foreign-born from areas where TB is common, immunocomp ...

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Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis - Other names for the disease, Tuberculosis - The bacterium, Tuberculosis - The disease, Tuberculosis - Transmission, Tuberculosis - Pathogenesis, Tuberculosis - Progression, Tuberculosis - Drug resistance, Tuberculosis - Diagnosis, Tuberculosis - Treatment, Tuberculosis - Prevention, Tuberculosis - BCG vaccine, Tuberculosis - Tuberculosis vaccine, Tuberculosis - Animals, Tuberculosis - History, Tuberculosis - Tuberculosis in art literature history and film

Read more here: » Tuberculosis: Encyclopedia II - Tuberculosis - The disease

The concept of the modern world as distinct from an ancient world of historical and outmoded artifacts rests on a sense that the modern world is primarily the product of relatively recent and revolutionary change. Advances in all areas of human activity -- politics, industry, society, economics, commerce, transport, communication, mechanization, automation, science, medicine, technology and culture -- appear to have transformed an "Old World" into the 'Modern or New World. In each case, the identification of a Revolutionary change can be used to demarcate the old and old-fashioned from the modern. < ...

See also:

Modern world, Modern world - Beginning and ending, Modern world - Characteristics, Modern world - Politics, Modern world - Science and technology, Modern world - Warfare, Modern world - Culture, Modern world - Famous people, Modern world - 15th century and 16th century, Modern world - 17th century, Modern world - 18th century, Modern world - 19th century, Modern world - 20th century, Modern world - 21st century, Modern world - Partisan use of the term Worldwide

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Proponents believe that it preserves the natural flavors, and claim that calves fed pasteurized milk die before maturity. They believe that: The pasteurization process kills most, if not all, resident micro-organisms (including beneficial ones that aid in its digestion and metabolization) and many nutritional constituents. The resulting pasteurized product causes digestive problems, is less nutritional and turns rancid (as opposed to souring) when aging. The pasteurization process also enables the milk industry to raise cows in ...

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Raw milk, Raw milk - Views by supporters, Raw milk - Views by opponents

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The method of pasteurizing grape juice to halt the fermentation has been attributed to a New Jersey physician and dentist, Dr. Thomas Bramwell Welch in 1869. A strong supporter of the temperance movement, he produced a non-alcoholic wine to be used for church services in his hometown of Vineland, New Jersey. His fellow parishioners continued to prefer and use regular wine. His son Dr. Charles E. Welch, also a dentist, eventually gave up his practice to promote grape juice, founding Welch's Grape Juice Company. The product was given to ...

See also:

Grape juice, Grape juice - The founding of Welch's Grape Juice, Grape juice - Content of grape juice

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History of medicine - Egyptian medicine. See main article: Ancient Egyptian medicine. Medical information contained in the Edwin Smith Papyrus date as early as 3000 BC ([1]). The earliest known surgery was performed in Egypt around 2750 BC (see surgery). Imhotep in the 3rd dynasty is credited as the founder of ancient Egyptian medicine and as the original author of the Edwin Smith papyrus, detailing cures, ailments and anatomical observations. The Edwin Smith papyrus is regarded as a copy of several ...

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History of medicine, History of medicine - General review of the history of medicine, History of medicine - Egyptian medicine, History of medicine - Muslim medicine, History of medicine - Hebrew medicine, History of medicine - Chinese medicine, History of medicine - Indian medicine, History of medicine - Early European medicine, History of medicine - Renaissance and Enlightenment medicine, History of medicine - Modern medicine, History of medicine - Special history of medicine, History of medicine - Museums and collections of health and medicine, History of medicine - Bibliography

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Milk contains a wide variety of fats and proteins. Some of these are suspended solids and minerals; others are liquids. The process of separating the solids from the liquids is curdling; the white solid remainder is known as curds, and the greenish liquid remainder whey. Cheese is curds in a wide variety of forms. Soft cheeses are little changed from the original curd; they are typically drained but not pressed, and are usually unaged. Semisoft (or semihard) cheeses are drained and lightly pressed, and may be aged. Hard ...

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Home cheesemaking, Home cheesemaking - General cheesemaking details, Home cheesemaking - Stages and timing, Home cheesemaking - Draining, Home cheesemaking - Pressing, Home cheesemaking - The rind, Home cheesemaking - Ricotta: a special cheese, Home cheesemaking - General rules for making all cheeses, Home cheesemaking - Additional rules for making hard cheeses, Home cheesemaking - Common curdling agents, Home cheesemaking - Lactic acid bacterial culture types, Home cheesemaking - Other common cultures, Home cheesemaking - Cooking, Home cheesemaking - Pressing, Home cheesemaking - Soft cheeses, Home cheesemaking - Semisoft and hard cheeses

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